語法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)定語從句

1、語法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)：定語從句定語從句在句中做定語，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，有時(shí)也可以修飾部分或整個(gè)句子。被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。關(guān)系代詞：who,whom,that,which,whose,as關(guān)系副詞：when,where,why。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接作用，同時(shí)又可做定語從句的一個(gè)成分。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做賓語時(shí)可以省略。如：Heistheboywhooftengoestoschoollate.先行詞關(guān)系詞定語從句定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。1、限制性定語從句：從句與主句關(guān)系密切，去掉從

2、句，主句意義不完整，甚至不合邏輯。如：Iwastheonlypersoninourofficewhowasinvited.(去掉定語從句，意思就不完整)2、非限制性定語從句：從句對(duì)先行詞關(guān)系不密切，只是起補(bǔ)充、說明的作用，去掉定從句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗號(hào)隔開，不能that用引導(dǎo)。如：Tomisfather,Woisoversixty,stillworksharddayandnight.(who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，整個(gè)句子可分成兩句來翻譯)一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1、who指人，在定語從句中作主語。如：(1) TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromCla

3、ssOne.(2) YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.2、whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語。如：(1) Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.(2) Mr.Lingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.注意：whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。如：Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.3、which指物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。如：(1) Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.(2) T

4、hisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4、that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which,在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略。如：(1) Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.(2) Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?5、whose指人或指物，在定語從句中做定語，表示“所屬”關(guān)系。如：(1) Hehasafriendwhosefatherisateacher.(2) Theclassroomwh

5、osedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.注意：【一】定語從句中用which而不用that引導(dǎo)的情況：1、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。如：Hehadfailedinthemaths,whichmadehisfatherveryangry.2、介詞+關(guān)系代詞。如：Thisistheroominwhichmyfatherlivedlast.3、當(dāng)先行詞本身是that時(shí)。如：Thatwhichyoutoldhimaboutiswhatwewanttoknow.4、如果主從復(fù)合句中有兩個(gè)定語從句，且已經(jīng)有一個(gè)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)，另一個(gè)定語從句用which引導(dǎo)。如：Hebough

6、tabookthatcouldgivehimmuchknowledgeandwhichcouldhelphimtokillthetime.【二】定語從句中用that而不用which引導(dǎo)的情況：1、先行詞是不定代詞，如：anything,nothing,everything,all,much,few,any,little等時(shí)。如：Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingjhathehadstolentothepolice.2、先行詞有theonly,thevery,thejust修飾時(shí)。如：Heisthevery

7、manthathelpedthegirloutofthewater.3、先行詞為序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如：ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinGulinwasElephantTrunkHill.ThisisthebestfilmthatIwanttobuy.4、先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。如：Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathevisited.5、當(dāng)主句是以who或which開始的特殊疑問句時(shí)，用that以避免重復(fù)。如：Whoisthepersonjhatisstandingatthegate.Whichisthebiket

8、hatyoulost?二、關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，as在從句中做主語、賓語或表語。1、as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，常用于下列句式：(1) such+名詞+as像一樣的，像之類(2) thesameW詞+as和同樣的如：(1) Wehavefoundsuchmaterialsasareusedintheirfactory.(2) Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.(3) Heisnotthesamemanashewas.注意：區(qū)別下列句型：(1) such-as(定語從句

9、)“像那樣”such-that(狀語從句)“如此以至于”如：ThisissuchaneasyquestionasIcananswe定語從句)ThisissuchaneasyquestionthatIcananswe門t吠語從句)(2) thesame-as-表示相似的東西thesame-that-表示同一人或物如：Thisisthesameknife_asIlost.ThisisthesameknifethatIlost.2、as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，常用于下列句式：asyouknow,aswehaveseen,asisknowntoall,asanybodycansee,aswasexpec

10、ted,aswecanimagine,ashasbeenpointedout等，as意為“正如”。如：Asisknowntoall,Bellinventedthetelephone.3、asftwhich引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用來修飾整個(gè)句子；而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能置于主句之后。如：Aswehaveseen,oceanscovermorethan70percentoftheearth.Oceanscovermorethan70percentoftheearth,aswehaveseen.Theweathertu

11、rnedouttobeverygood,whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.三、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1、when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中做時(shí)間狀語。如：(1) IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.(2) Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.2、where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語。如：(1) ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.(2) ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.3、why指原因，在定

12、語從句中做原因狀語。如：(1) Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.(2) Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.注意：1、先行詞是theway,在定語從句中做方式狀語時(shí)，關(guān)系詞有三種情況：that,inwhich或省略。如：Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuttheway(that/inwhich)hesaidit.2、引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有時(shí)可以用“介詞+which”來代替。如：October1,1949wasthedayonwiich(=when)the

13、People'sRepublicofChinawasfounded.3、當(dāng)定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞是帶介詞或副詞的固定短語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，短語動(dòng)詞的各個(gè)固定部分不要拆開。如：Thesickmanwhomsheislookingafterisherfather.4、當(dāng)先行詞為case,point,position,situation等詞且關(guān)系詞在從句中做狀語時(shí)，常用where引導(dǎo)定語從句。如：Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatewitheachother.四、定語從句中應(yīng)注意的問題1、定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞必須在人稱上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致。如：

14、ThemanwholivesdownstairsspeaksEnglishfluently.ThestudentswhoareinGradeThreearegoingtoclimbthehilltomorrow.注意以下結(jié)構(gòu)：Heisoneoftheleaderswhoareinchargeofthecompany.Heistheoneoftheleaderswh.isinchargeofthecompany.HeistheonlyoneoftheleaderswhoJsinchargeofthecompany.2、定語從句有時(shí)不直接緊靠先行詞，中間由一個(gè)定語、狀語或謂語隔開。如：Therei

15、sanexpressioninhiseyethatIcan'tunderstand.Becauseofthefinancialcrisis,daysaregonewhenlocal5-starhotelscharged6000yuanforonenight.3、當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞時(shí)，應(yīng)注意引導(dǎo)詞在定語從句中做的成分。如：Doyoustillrememberthedaysthat/whichwespentinQingdao?DoyoustillrememberthedayswhenwespentthesummerholidaysinQingdao?五、多角度考查定語從句定語從句是高

16、中英語學(xué)習(xí)的重要語法項(xiàng)目之一，也是歷年高考的熱點(diǎn)。改變句子的正常語序或和其他語法項(xiàng)目結(jié)合在一起就增加了難度，現(xiàn)對(duì)定語從句的一些常見難點(diǎn)歸納和總結(jié)如下：（一）疑問句中考查定語從句1. Isthisthefarmyouvisitedlastweek?A.whereB.theoneC.onwhichD./2. Isthisfarmyouvisitedlastweek?A.whichB.whereC.theoneD./3. Wasitintheshopsoldchildren'sclothingthatyoulostyourwallet?A./B.whereC.thatD.when【解析】正確

17、答案：1.D2.C3.C。命題人經(jīng)常利用疑問句的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)來干擾學(xué)生的正確選擇。遇到這類定語從句時(shí)，最好的辦法是先把疑問句還原成陳述句，然后判斷誰是先行詞，再看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，最后確定正確答案。（二）倒裝句中考查定語從句4. Wecametoaplace,stoodabigtower.A.whichB.thatC./D.where5. Theyfinallycametoawhitehouse,satasmallboy.A.infrontofwhichB.whichC.whereD.infrontofthat【解析】正確答案：4.D5.A。為了保持句子平衡，上面兩個(gè)句子都用了倒裝語

18、序。倒裝的使用使定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)變得較為特殊，因此對(duì)于使用倒裝語序的定語從旬，我們應(yīng)先把倒裝旬還原成正常語序，這樣句子結(jié)構(gòu)就比較清晰了。(三)考查介詞提前的情況6. TheygaveamedaltoTom,achievementswewereveryproud.A.whoseB.ofwhoseC.ofwhomD.who7. Theystayedwithusthreeweeks,timetheydrankallthewineIhad.A.whoseB.whichC.duringwhichD.when8. Lincoln,lifewasoncehard,wereelectedPresidentofA

19、merica.A.forwhomB.whoC.towhomD./【解析】正確答案：6.B7.C8.A。介詞提前的情況有很多種，比較常見的有：介詞+which/whom；介詞+whose+名詞；the+名詞+介詞+which/whom和介詞+whichtime等。先找到先行詞，然后把介詞結(jié)構(gòu)還原是做題的關(guān)鍵。(四)識(shí)別固定搭配中名詞或代詞后的定語從句9. Thesecondisconnectedwiththeusethebodymakesoffood.A.ofwhichB.whereC.todoD.that10. Whycan'tyourealizetheparttheyhaveplayedinourlife?A.whichB.onwhichC.whenD.where11. Thankyoufort