錢(qián)學(xué)森與《工程控制論》（Qian xuesen and engineering cybernetics）

1、錢(qián)學(xué)森與?工程控制論?Qian xuesen and engineering cyberneticsQian xuesen and "engineering cybernetics" qian xuesen and "engineering cybernetics"Qian xuesen, a native of hangzhou, zhejiang province, was born in Shanghai on December 11, 1911. In 1929, qian xuesen was admitted to the mechanica

2、l engineering institute of Shanghai jiaotong university to study mechanics and mechanics. In 1934, qian xuesen graduated from university and enrolled in the preparatory class for studying abroad in tsinghua university. In 1935, qian xuesen traveled to the United States to study for a master's de

3、gree in aeronautics. 1936He earned a master's degree in aviation from Massachusetts institute of technology a year later, and in the same year, qian xuesen transferred to California institute of technology for a doctorate. Three years later, in 1939, qian was awarded a doctorate in aeronautics a

4、nd mathematics from Caltech.Von Karman, the doctoral tutor of qian xuesen, was the founder of modern mechanics and led the jet propulsion laboratory, the earliest rocket research institute in the United States.After getting his PhD, qian was in charge of the rocket missile research and became an imp

5、ortant member of the von karman research team and the jet propulsion laboratory.In the 1940s, qian had many groundbreaking contributions to aerodynamics and aeronautical engineering, and became a world-class rocket scientist. 1943Years, qian xuesen and Ma Boer (Marble) in collaboration with the long

6、-range rocket comments and preliminary analysis study, developed for the 40 s of the 20th century s jet propulsion laboratory successfully sounding rockets and missiles laid a theoretical foundation.One of the most prominent contributions of qian xuesen to science is that it proposes a transonic flo

7、w similarity law. Qian xuesen and von kamen first proposed the concept and theory of hypersonic flow, which provided the basis for the aircraft to overcome the sound barrier and thermal barrier, and laid the foundation for the development of aerodynamics. The formula for high subsonic speed is the &

8、quot;karman-tsien" formula, named after qian xuesen and von Karman.In 1945,The U.S. government has formed a scientific advisory group of 36 leading experts to Germany. The mission will take part in an important strategic action. He was appointed to the rank of major general in the scientific ad

9、visory group. Qian xuesen was appointed director of the rocket team and was awarded the rank of colonel.Von kamen later recalled:Qian xuesen, "our friend is in 1945, I recommend one of the experts of the scientific advisory group to the air force. He was America's leading first-class rocket

10、 scientist, became world famous news.""Qian xuesen as Caltech rocket team veteran, who during the world war ii rocket research make a major contribution to the United States. There is no doubt that he is a genius, his work greatly promote the development of high-speed aerodynamics and jet

11、propulsion science. I happily strip him to Germany at Hitler's secret technology development."In 1949, when the People's Republic of China was founded, qian xuesen of the United States demanded his return to China and was eager to play for the new China.Qian's return to the country

12、was rejected by the U.S. government. In an effort to stop qian from returning to China, the U.S. government placed Mr. Qian under house arrest. Some very important ideas, perhaps more valuable to his future scientific creation, began to emerge in the mind of qian xuesen, as he was under house arrest

13、.Before being put under house arrest by the U.S. government, qian studied the science of aerodynamics, elastic mechanics, jet and rocket propulsion. These areas of research are closely related to military and defense, which is why the U.S. government does not want qian to come home. As the United St

14、ates says: "he is always worth three to five divisions."To reassure the U.S. government, qian decided to engage in scientific research away from military and defense issues during the house arrest. Confined to the environment of house arrest, qian could not have had the experimental resear

15、ch conditions of the past, so he could only choose to approach mathematics.As a world-class missile and rocket scientist, qian is naturally familiar with control issues and control system issues.At that time, wiener's cybernetics had just been published, and cybernetics had just emerged as a new

16、 subject.Qian turned to the study of cybernetics.For qian xuesen biography for this is that such a narrative, "he thought, with the development of modern science and technology by leaps and bounds, the activities of science and technology is becoming more and more complex, there is an urgent ne

17、ed to use the shortest possible time, in the least amount of manpower and material resources and effective use of the latest technological achievements, to complete the economic construction and national defense construction and other various tasks. To do this, just rely on a particular technology a

18、nd knowledge of a subject, organization and management skills and experience, and a few, is not enough. To adopt the latest achievements in various disciplines, and must be handled synthetically, quantitatively and scientifically, makes it possible to experience from the decision-making to scientifi

19、c decision-making. Then, a new theory was raised, this is cybernetics."After the end of world war ii, qian xuesen had made an in-depth observation and research on the rapid development of control and guidance engineering techniques. Qian xuesen studied the guidance control system and made some

20、progress and became a pioneer in such research work. Therefore, wiener's cybernetics and qian xuesen rocket guidance engineering problems are interlinked.Qian xuesen introduced the idea of "Cybernetics" to the navigation and guidance system of the familiar aerospace system, thus formin

21、g a new subject: "Engineering Cybernetics".In 1954, qian xuesen's "engineering control theory" was published by McGraw-hill book publishing company.The advent of "engineering cybernetics" soon attracted the attention of the American scientific community and the worl

22、d scientific community. The scientific community believes that "engineering cybernetics" is the foundation of this field, and it is another brilliant achievement after the wiener cybernetics."Engineering cybernetics" has won international reputation and has been translated into R

23、ussian, German, Chinese and other languages successively.Recalling the work of engineering cybernetics, qian said:"The study of engineering cybernetics was designed to divert attention from us agents and get permission to return to the motherland.In the case of engineering cybernetics, an Ameri

24、can columnist commented on this:"Engineers focus on practice, to solve specific problems, not good at rise to theory level; mathematicians, theoretical analysis, but not good at from the more general to the individual to solve practical problems. Qian xuesen focuses on two advantages, superior

25、to two wheels into a chariots, grinding out a new way to the study of the engineering cybernetics."On August 1, 1955, China and the United States negotiated the return of the prisoners of war and the return of the poor. At the beginning of the negotiation, on August 1, the representative of Chi

26、na announced to the representative of the United States that 11 American pilots were released on July 31, leaving Beijing for the return of Hong Kong to the United States. On August 2, the U.S. representative said that the United States had issued a notice in April 1954 to cancel the detention of Ch

27、inese students. The Chinese representative presented qian xuesen's letter asking the Chinese government to help him return home. On August 4, the U.S. immigration department notified qian xuesen that he could return to China.After five years of suffering, qian xuesen was finally able to board th

28、e Cleveland.In 1955, when qian xuesen was about to leave the United States to return to China, he gave the engineering control theory to his mentor, feng kamen. Von kamen said to qian,"I'm proud of you. The engineering cybernetics you created is a huge contribution to the development of modern science. You are now more academically than I am."Wiener's "cybernetics" is a philosophy, an idea, a world view, an epistemology and methodology. The obscurity of philosophy makes cybernetics difficult to understand, and it is d