閱讀技巧之推理判斷

1、閱讀技巧之-推理判斷題所謂推斷，就是根據(jù)閱讀材料中所提供的信息，推斷出未知的信息，即把有關(guān)的文字作為已知部分，從中推斷出未知部分。據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字可能是詞或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。此類考題雖然沒有明確的答案，但考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上可以進(jìn)行推理和判斷其答案。推理判斷題主要包括推斷隱含意思、推斷目標(biāo)讀者、推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度、推斷文章出處、推斷寫作意圖等。尤以推斷隱含意義的題居多。第一類推斷隱含意義旨在考查考生透過詞語的字面意義去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力。一、常見的設(shè)問形式推斷隱含意義的題干中常含infer（推斷），suggests音示），imply（暗示），indicate（暗

2、示），conclude（推斷，得出結(jié)論）等詞語。常見的題干設(shè)題形式如下：1. Wecanknowfromthepassagethat.2. Wecaninferfromthe（first/last）passagethat.3. Thepassage/authorimplies/suggeststhat.4. Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat5. Theunderlinedsentenceindicatesthat.二、解題方法解答這類題時(shí)，首先通過尋讀找到相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)（推理的依據(jù)）；然后細(xì)讀、理解相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)的字面意義；最后結(jié)合語境和常識，在字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行

3、符合邏輯的推斷，從而理解作者的言外之意。解答此類題目，需注意以下幾個(gè)問題：1.嚴(yán)格按照閱讀材料中所提供的信息進(jìn)行推理，切忌摻雜自己的主觀想法或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。2 .如果某選項(xiàng)中的內(nèi)容是閱讀材料的簡單重復(fù)，那它就不是推論，也就不是正確答案。3 .如果某選項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與經(jīng)驗(yàn)相吻合，文中卻沒有涉及，那它屬于主觀臆斷的結(jié)論，也不是正確答案。4 .如果某個(gè)選項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容雖在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正確答案。5 .文中的虛擬語氣和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（should,must,may等）往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，這有助于我們確定正確答案。6 .注意作者在文章中的措辭，比如作者在形容詞前用了too,excess

4、ively,rather等，則常帶有否定的意味。例Thepositionwasofferedatthelastminute,andIwasgiventwoweekstoprepare,aperiodIspentsearchingforbriefcase（公文包）andstandingbeforemyfulllengthmirror,repeatingthewords,“Hello,class.ImMr.Davis.SometimesIwouldgivemyselfanaggressivevoice.SometimesIwouldsoundexperienced.Butwhenthedayeve

5、ntuallycamemynerveskickedinandthetrueMr.Daviswasthere.Isoundednotlikeathoughtfulprofessorbutrathera12yearoldboy.WhatcanwelearnabouttheauthorfromtheParagraph?A. Hewouldbeaggressiveinhisfirstclass.B. Hewaswellpreparedforhisfirstclass.C. Hegotnervousuponthearrivalofhisfirstclass.D. Hewaitedlongforthear

6、rivalofhisfirstclass.推斷隱含意義題。根據(jù)本段中的“Butwhenthedayeventuallycame,mynerveskickedinandthetrueMr.Daviswasthere.”和“Isoundednotlikeathoughtfulprofessor,butrathera12yearoldboy.”可知本題選Co第二類推斷寫作意圖推斷寫作意圖，即要求考生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容推斷作者寫該文章的目的。一、常見的設(shè)問形式1. Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto.2. Thepassageismeantto3. Th

7、eauthorspurposeistoshow.4. Thepurposeofthearticleisto.二、解題方法作者的寫作目的通常有娛樂讀者、說服讀者接受某種觀點(diǎn)和告知讀者某些信息三種。解答此類題時(shí)主要有兩種方法：1 .主旨推斷法：寫作目的是闡述作者為何要表達(dá)某個(gè)中心主題，因此可根據(jù)主旨推斷作者的寫作目的。2 .文體推斷法：根據(jù)文體的特點(diǎn)和用途來推斷作者的寫作目的。如記敘文，特別是個(gè)人的有趣經(jīng)歷或幽默故事類的文章，其目的是娛樂讀者；夾敘夾議的文章，其目的是讓讀者得到某種啟示或教育；廣告和議論文的目的是說服讀者接受某種產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或接受某種觀點(diǎn)；科普說明文或新聞報(bào)告，其目的是告知讀者某些信

8、息。例Coldweathercanbehardonpets,justlikeitcanbehardonpeople.Sometimesownersforgetthattheirpetsarejustasusedtothewarmshelter（住所）astheyare.Someownerswillleavetheiranimalsoutsideforalongperiodoftime,thinkingthatallanimalsareusedtolivingoutdoors.Thiscanputtheirpetsindangerofseriousillness.Therearethingsyo

9、ucandotokeepyouranimalwarmandsafe.Keepyourpetsinsideasmuchasyoucanwhentheweatherisbad.Ifyouhavetotakethemout，stayoutsidewiththem.Whenyourecoldenoughtogoinside，theyprobablyaretoo.Ifyoumustleavethemoutsideforalongtime,makesuretheyhaveawarm,solidshelteragainstthewind,thickbedding,andplentyofnonfrozenwa

10、ter.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A. Tosolveaproblem.B. Togivepracticaladvice.C. Totellaninterestingstory.D. Topresentaresearchresult.推斷寫作目的題。根據(jù)第一段的中心句（最后一句）可知，這是一篇說明文，其目的是給養(yǎng)寵物的人提一些實(shí)用的建議。答案：B第三類推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度，即要求考生推斷作者對某人某事的看法或作者所持的觀點(diǎn)。一、常見的設(shè)問形式1. Theauthorseemstobeinfavorof/against2. Theauthormayprobably

11、agreewith/support3. Whatstheauthorsopinionabout.?4. Intheauthorsopinion.?二、解題方法根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容和作者的措辭能推斷作者所持的觀點(diǎn)或看法，判斷作者的態(tài)度是客觀的、主觀的，肯定的、否定的或是中立的。例Itisnotjustunkindbutalsodangeroustosayafourhourlyfeedingschedulewillmakeababysatisfied.ThefirstoftheexpertstoadvocateastrictclockwatchingschedulewasDr.FredericTruby

12、Kingwhowasagainstfeedinginthenight.IveneverheardanythingsoRidiculous.Babyfeedingshouldntfollowatimetablesetbythemum.Whatisimportantisfeedingababyinthebestway,thoughitmaycausesomeinconvenienceinthefirstfewweeks.WhatdoestheauthorthinkaboutDr.FredericTrubyKing?AHeisstrict.B. Heisunkind.C. Hehasthewrong

13、idea.D. Hesetsatimetableformothers.推斷作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由Iveneverheardanythingsoridiculous（荒謬可笑的）可知C。第四類推斷文章出處推斷文章出處，即通過閱讀材料，感知內(nèi)容，從而推斷材料的來源。一、常見的設(shè)問形式1 Thetextismostlikelytobetakenfrom2 Wheredoesthetextprobablycomefrom?3 Wherecanwemostprobablyreadthistext?二、解題方法解答這類推斷題時(shí)，可根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來推斷，也可根據(jù)各種文體的特征來判斷其出處，如廣告的用詞和格

14、式非常特殊，因此容易辨認(rèn)；報(bào)紙的前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱；產(chǎn)品說明的特點(diǎn)也比較明顯，一般會(huì)介紹其名稱、作用或操作方式等。例ThemultimillionpoundnewLibraryofBirmingham（LoB）willbethemostvisiblesignofthewaythecityisacceptingthedigitalization（數(shù)字化）ofeverydaylife.Settoopenin2013,the188mLoBisalreadybeginningtotakeshapenexttotheBirminghamRepertoryTheatre,withwhichi

15、twillsharesomeequipment.Asdigitalmedia（媒介）isimportanttoitsidea,theprojectisalreadyprovidingchancesforsomeofthemanysmallnewlocalcompaniesworkingatthenewtechnologies.BrianGambles,theLoBprojectdirector,saysitisaboutgivingpeopletherighttoolsforlearning.Theaimistomixthephysicalwiththedigital,providing24h

16、ourserviceswhichcanbeusedthroughmanydifferentways.Itisimportanttoenableustoreachmorepeople,moreeffectively.Thedigitallibrarywill，hesays，beasimportantasthephysicalone，allowingthedistantuseoftheservices，makingsurethatitisneverclosedtothepublic.EvenbeforetheLoBiscomplete,thepublichasbeenabletogoonlinet

17、ovisittheVirtual（虛擬的）LoB,designedbyBaden,theBirminghamvirtualworldsspecialists.NotonlyhavethepublicbeenabletolearnabouttheLoBbutthevirtualonehasalsoenabledthoseworkingontheLoBtounderstandthebuildingandhowitwillworkbeforeitevenopens.TwoothersmallBirminghambaseddigitalcompaniesarealsoworkingontheLoBpr

18、ojects.Substrat,adigitaldesigncompany,isdevelopingwhatitcallsanexampleofan“enlargedreality“projectisabouttheuseofanexcitingsmartphone,animportantpartoftheLoBwhichisintheearlystagesofdevelopment.AndThePeoplesArchiveisanonlinelibraryofhistoricalfiguresofthecitybeingbuiltupbyadigitalcontentcompanyinCah

19、oots,inwhichuserswillbeencouragedtoaddtoandcommentonthematerial.Gamblessays:Technologywillenableustomakethelibraryscontentandservicesopentocitizensasneverbefore.”ThetextismostprobablytakenfromA.acomputerbookBalibraryguideCaprojecthandbookDanewspaperreport推斷文章出處。文章開頭用簡短的話概括文章，結(jié)尾又有評論，符合新聞報(bào)道的特點(diǎn)。D第五類推斷目

20、標(biāo)讀者推斷目標(biāo)讀者，即要求考生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和文中的措辭推斷此篇文章主要是寫給誰看的。一、常見的設(shè)問形式1. Thepassageisprobablywrittenfor.2. Whoisthepassagewrittenfor?3. Thetextiswrittenmainlyfor二、解題方法解答此類題要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，特別是從作者使用的詞語、口氣和人稱來判斷。例ExploityourparkingspaceAnunusedparkingspaceorgaragecanmakemoney.Ifyoulivenearacitycenteroranairport,youcouldmakeanyth

21、ingupto200or300aweek.Putanadvertisement（廣告）forfreeonLetparkorAtmyhousepark.Rent（出租）aroomSpareroom?Notonlywillalodger（房客）earnyouanincome,butalso,thankstothegovernmentbacked“rentaroomprogyomwonthavetopayanytaxonthefirst4,500youmakeperyear.TryadvertisingyourroomonRoomspareorRoommateeasy.Makemoneyduring

22、specialeventsDontwantafulltimelodger?Thenrentonashorttermbasis.Ifyouliveinthecapital,rentingaroomoutduringtheOlympicsorotherbigeventscouldbringinmoney.Grashpaddercanadvertiseyourspace.Forwhomisthetextmostprobablywritten?A. Lodgers.B. Advertisers.CHouseowners.DOnlinecompanies.推斷目標(biāo)讀者題。文中圍繞如何利用家中閑置的空間來

23、賺取額外的收入進(jìn)行論述，故其目標(biāo)讀者應(yīng)為房主。C即學(xué)即練閱讀下列文段，從題后所給的A、B、C和D項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。1. WhenIwasateenager,mymothersbrokenEnglishembarrassedme.Butnow,Iseeitdifferently.Tome,mymothersEnglishisperfectlyclear,perfectlynatural.Itismymothertongue.Herlanguage,asIhearit,isvivid,direct,andfullofobservationandwisdom.Itwasthelanguagethat

24、helpedshapethewayIsawthings,expressedideas,andmadesenseoftheworld.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofhermothersEnglishnow?A. Itconfusesher.B. Itembarrassesher.C. Ithelpsherunderstandtheworld.D. Ithelpshertoleraterudepeople.推斷隱含意義。由Butnow,Iseeitdifferently.Tome.andmadesenseoftheworld”可知選Co2. WhenIputonmyflashli

25、ghts,Iwassayingtootherdrivers,“Ihaveaproblemhere.IamweakanddoingthebestIcan.Andeveryoneundeevood.times,Isawdriverswhowantedtopass.Theycouldntgetaroundmebecauseofthestreamofpassingtraffic.Butinsteadofgettingimpatientandangry,theywaited,knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.Whatdidtheotherdriv

26、ersdowhentheysawtheflashlights?A. Theyspeededuptopass.B. Theywaitedwithpatience.C. Theytriedtheirbesttohelp.D. Theyputontheirflashlightstoo.推斷隱含意義。由該段中的Butinsteadofgettingimpatientandangry,theywaited,knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.”可知選B。3. Sometimessituationscallforustoactstrongandbraveevenwhenwedontfeelthatway.Butthosearefewandfarbetween.Moreoften,itwouldbebetterifwedon