關(guān)于無(wú)損檢測(cè)的相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)語(yǔ)

1、無(wú)損檢測(cè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)語(yǔ)匯總英文漢文flaw傷flaw characterization傷特性impenfection不完整性indication指示interpretation解釋Nondestructive Testing 無(wú)損檢測(cè)Nondestructive Evaluation無(wú)損評(píng)價(jià)Nondestructive Examination無(wú)損檢驗(yàn)Nondestructive Inspection無(wú)損檢查nonrelevant indication 非相關(guān)指示relevant indication相關(guān)指示standardization設(shè)備標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化acoustic emission聲發(fā)射acousti

2、c emission channel聲發(fā)射通道acoustic emission count聲發(fā)射計(jì)數(shù)scoustic emission count rate聲發(fā)射計(jì)數(shù)率acoustie emission sensor聲發(fā)射事件acoustice emission event ener-gy聲發(fā)射事件能量acoustic enission sensor聲發(fā)射探頭aeoustic enission gignal am-plitude聲發(fā)射信號(hào)幅值coustic emission signal 聲發(fā)射信號(hào)acoustic emission signature聲發(fā)射特征acoustic emissi

3、on waveguide聲發(fā)射傳感器akaptive location適應(yīng)性定位AE activity聲發(fā)射活動(dòng)acoustic emissionn waveguide聲發(fā)射波導(dǎo)AE rms聲發(fā)射斜率AE signal durationAE信號(hào)持續(xù)時(shí)間AE signal generatorAE信號(hào)發(fā)生器AE signal rise timeAE信號(hào)上升時(shí)間AE siganl startAE信號(hào)的開始arriwal time interval到達(dá)時(shí)間間隔attenuation衰減burst emission突發(fā)發(fā)射channel acoustic emission通道聲發(fā)射continuous

4、emission連續(xù)發(fā)射xount a-coustic emission 計(jì)數(shù)聲發(fā)射count event計(jì)數(shù)事件count rate acoustic emission 計(jì)數(shù)率count ring-down計(jì)數(shù)振鈴couplant耦合劑cumulativeamplitude distribution累計(jì)振幅分布dead time空載時(shí)間differential amplitude distribution微分振幅分布differen-tialthreshold crossing distribution越過(guò)閥值微分分布distribution amplitude cumulative分布幅度

5、累積dis-tribution threshold crosing cumulative分布超過(guò)閥值distribution differentialamplitude分布累計(jì)幅度distri-bution difthreshold crossing分布越過(guò)閥值累積distribution logarithmicamplitude分布對(duì)數(shù)幅度dynamic range動(dòng)態(tài)范圍effective velocity有效速度emission burst發(fā)射突法emission continuous發(fā)射連續(xù)energy acoustic emissonevent聲發(fā)射事件能量evaluation th

6、reshold評(píng)價(jià)閥值event acousticemission發(fā)射事件event count rate 事件計(jì)數(shù)examinatoon area檢測(cè)范圍examination region檢驗(yàn)區(qū)域Felicity effect費(fèi)利西蒂效應(yīng)Felicity ratio費(fèi)利西蒂比值instrumentation deadtime儀器的空載時(shí)間first hit location首次命中定位floating threshold浮動(dòng)閥值hit命中interal arrival time到達(dá)時(shí)間差Kaiser effect愷撒效應(yīng)location accuracy定位精度location clusf

7、er定位群集location computed定位計(jì)算location continuous AE signal定位連續(xù)AE信號(hào)location source源定位location zone區(qū)域定位logarithmic amplitude distribution對(duì)數(shù)幅值分布o(jì)verload recovery time過(guò)載恢復(fù)時(shí)間preaaure design壓力設(shè)計(jì)peocessing cspacity處理能力processing speed 處理速度rate event count 速率事件計(jì)數(shù)ring-down count振鈴計(jì)數(shù)sensor acoustic emission聲發(fā)射s

8、ignal scoustic emission發(fā)射信號(hào)signal overload level信號(hào)幅度 聲發(fā)射signal overload level信號(hào)過(guò)載電平signal overload point信號(hào)過(guò)載點(diǎn)signature acouslic emission 特征stimulation激勵(lì)system examinatien thresh-old系統(tǒng)檢驗(yàn)閥值transducer acoustic emis-sion傳感器voltage threshold電壓閥值waveguide acoustic emis-sion波導(dǎo)桿absolute coil絕對(duì)式線圈absolute me

9、asurements絕對(duì)測(cè)量absolute system絕對(duì)式系統(tǒng)absolute read out絕對(duì)讀出acceptance level驗(yàn)收水平acceptance standard驗(yàn)收范圍amplitude response幅度畸變ammular coli clearance環(huán)行線圈間隙ammular coils環(huán)行線圈arlificial disconlinuity人工不連續(xù)性band pass filter帶通濾波器bobbin coil管狀線圈bucking coils反接線圈circumferential coils圓環(huán)線圈coil absduta線圈,絕對(duì)式coil refe

10、rence線圈,參考coil size線圈大小coil spacing線圈間距coil test線圈,測(cè)試comparative mensurements比較測(cè)量comparative readout比較讀出comparative system比較系統(tǒng)comparator coils比較式線圈conductivity傳導(dǎo)率coupling耦合cut-of level刪除水平defect resolultion缺陷分辨率depth of penetration穿透深度diamag netic material抗磁性材料differential mensurements差動(dòng)測(cè)量differenti

11、al readout差動(dòng)讀出differentiated signal差動(dòng)信號(hào)differential system差動(dòng)系統(tǒng)eddy current渦流eddy current testing渦流檢測(cè)edge effect邊緣效應(yīng)effective depth penetration有效穿透深度effective pemeability有效磁導(dǎo)率electrical center電中心electromagnetic testing電磁檢測(cè)encircling coils環(huán)繞式線圈end effect 端部效應(yīng)feed-through coils穿透式線圈ferromagnetic materi

12、al鐵磁性材料fill factor填充系數(shù)filler濾波器freguency頻率gate 限度harmoic analysis諧波分析ID coilID線圈impedance阻抗impedance analysis阻抗分析impedance plane diagram阻抗平面圖incremental permeability增量磁導(dǎo)率indications顯示指示initial permeability初始磁導(dǎo)率inserted coil插入式線圈inside coil內(nèi)部線圈lift-off effect提離效應(yīng)magnetic history磁化史magnetic leakage fl

13、ux漏磁通magnetic saturation磁飽和modulation analysis調(diào)制分析noise噪聲nonferromugnetic material非鐵磁性材料normal permeabiliy標(biāo)準(zhǔn)磁導(dǎo)率off-line testing離線檢測(cè)on-line testing在線檢測(cè)optimum frequency最佳頻率paramagnetic material順磁性材料permeability a-c交流磁導(dǎo)率permeability d-c直流磁導(dǎo)率phase analysis相位分析phase angle相位角phase detection相位檢測(cè)phase-sens

14、itive system相敏系統(tǒng)phase shift相位移probe coil探頭式線圈probe coil clearance探頭線圈間隙reccvery time恢復(fù)時(shí)間refemce coil參考線圈reference standard參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)rejection level拒收水平selectivity選擇性sensitivity control靈敏度控制signal gradient信號(hào)梯度signal-to-noise ratio信噪比skin depth集膚深度speed effect速度效應(yīng)standard標(biāo)準(zhǔn)standard depth of penetra-tion標(biāo)準(zhǔn)穿透

15、深度test coil檢測(cè)線圈test frequency檢測(cè)頻率test quality level檢測(cè)質(zhì)量水平three way sort三檔分選threshold level閥值電平threshold setting閥值設(shè)置transducer傳感器two-way sort兩檔分選wobble擺動(dòng)absorbed dose吸收劑量absorbed dose rate吸收劑量率absorption吸收accelerating potential加速電位activation活化acute radiation syndrome強(qiáng)輻射并發(fā)癥alphanumeric字母數(shù)字符alpha parti

16、cle粒子anode 陽(yáng)極anode current陽(yáng)極電流aperture孔徑array processor陣列處理器area of interest受檢區(qū)artifact假缺陷autoradiograph自輻射照片betatron電子感應(yīng)加速器blocking or masking 遮蔽blooming圖像開花cassette暗盒characteristic curve特性曲線cine-radiography電影射線照相術(shù)collimator準(zhǔn)直器composite viewing復(fù)片觀察contrast sensitivity對(duì)比靈敏度contract stretch對(duì)比寬度容限defi

17、nition image defini tion圖像清晰度densitometer黑度計(jì)exposure radiographic ex-posute射線照相曝光expisure table曝光表格film speed膠片對(duì)比度f(wàn)ilter濾光板fluorescence熒光fluorescencet screen熒光屏fluoroscopy熒光檢查法focal spot焦點(diǎn)fog灰霧aging老化灰霧base片基灰霧chemical化學(xué)灰霧dichroic 兩向色灰霧oxidation氧化灰霧exposure曝光灰霧density film黑度density xomparison strip黑

18、度比較片digital數(shù)字的digital數(shù)字圖像digital image acquisition system數(shù)字圖像識(shí)別系統(tǒng)digital image enhancement數(shù)字圖像增強(qiáng)digital image ptocessing system數(shù)字圖像處理系統(tǒng)digitize數(shù)字化dynamic range動(dòng)態(tài)范圍equivalent IQI sensitivity像質(zhì)指示器當(dāng)量靈敏度equivalent penetrameter sensitivity透度計(jì)當(dāng)量靈敏度erasable optical medium可擦光學(xué)介質(zhì)photographic照相灰霧threshold閥值灰霧

19、fog density灰霧度f(wàn)orward scattered radiation正面散射輻射gamma-radiography射線照相術(shù)gamma-ray射線geometic unsharpness幾何不清晰度graininess顆粒度half-life半衰期half-value半值層half-value thickness半值厚度image definition圖象清晰度image procesing 圖象處理image quality indicator像質(zhì)指示器dndication指示intensifying screen增感屏metal screen金屬屏fluorescent sc

20、reen熒光屏fluorescent -metallic screen 熒光金屬屏IQI sensitivity像質(zhì)指示器靈敏度kilo electron voltKeV千電子伏特Kilo electron voltKeV千伏特latent image潛像lead screen鉛屏line pair pattem線對(duì)檢測(cè)圖linear accelerator直線加速器lime pair per millimetre每毫米線對(duì)數(shù)location marker定位標(biāo)記low-energy gamma radiation低能輻射luminosity流明magnetic storage medium磁

21、儲(chǔ)介質(zhì)milliamperemA毫安mage or million electronMeV兆電子伏特micro focus X-ray tube微焦點(diǎn)X光管net density 凈黑度neutron radiography中子射線照相術(shù)noise噪聲onerasble optical data不可刪除光學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)non-screentype film非增感型膠片nuclear activity核活性object film distance膠片距離optical density光學(xué)密度optrcal line pair test pattem光學(xué)線對(duì)檢測(cè)圖pair production電子對(duì)產(chǎn)生

22、pencil bearm光錐束penetrameter sensitivity透度計(jì)靈敏度phosphor熒光照相束photostimulable luminescence光敏發(fā)光pixel像素pixel size像素尺寸primary radiation一次射線radiograph射線照相radiographic contrast射線照片對(duì)比度radiographic exposure射線照相曝光量radiographic inspection射線照相檢查radiographic sensitivity射線照相質(zhì)量radiographic sensitivity射線照相靈敏度radiolog

23、ical examination射線的檢驗(yàn)radiography射線照相束radiology輻射學(xué)radioscopy射線檢查法rare earth screens稀土屏real time radioscopy實(shí)時(shí)射線檢查法recording media 記錄介質(zhì)recording medium記錄工具representative quality indicator代表性質(zhì)量指示器scintillators and scintillatingcrystals閃爍器和閃爍晶體screen屏secondary radiation二次射線sensitivty靈敏度shim墊片signal信號(hào)sour

24、ce-film diatance射線源-膠片距離step-wadge calibrationfilm階梯楔塊校準(zhǔn)底片step wedge階梯楔塊subject contrast被檢件透射對(duì)比度svstem induced artifacts系統(tǒng)感生物system noise系統(tǒng)噪聲target耙tenth -value layer(TVL)十分之一值層tomograhy層折X射線照相術(shù)totalimage unsharpness總的圖像不清晰度translucent base media半透明載體介質(zhì)transmission densitometer透射密度計(jì)tansmitted film d

25、ensity檢測(cè)底片黑度tube current管電流vacuum cassette真空暗盒absolute manometer絕對(duì)壓力計(jì)absolute pressure絕對(duì)壓力absorption吸收accumulation test累積檢測(cè)alkali ion diode堿離子二極管apeture leak小孔泄漏atmosphere大氣壓atmospheric pressure大氣壓力atomic mass unit原子質(zhì)量單位audile leak indicator音響泄漏指示器back pressure初始?jí)毫ack pressave test初始?jí)毫z測(cè)background

26、signal本底信號(hào)backing pump初始泵backing space反流空間backing space technique反流技術(shù)bake-out烘烤除氣Bayard-Alpert ionization gageB-A型電離計(jì)bell jar鐘罩bell jar testing鐘罩檢測(cè)bomb test高壓彈檢測(cè)bubble immersion test浸沒氣泡檢測(cè)clean-up清除clusec克流西克cold-cathode ionization gage冷陰極電離計(jì)concentration ratio濃度比comnductance導(dǎo)氣率cracking 裂解differenti

27、al leak detector差動(dòng)式檢漏儀differential Purani gage差動(dòng)式皮拉尼計(jì)diffusion擴(kuò)散discharge pressure排氣壓力discharge pressure放電管泄漏指示器dissociation 離解drift漂移dynamic leak test動(dòng)態(tài)泄漏檢測(cè)dynamic leakage measurement動(dòng)態(tài)泄漏測(cè)量dynamic sensitivity of leak detector檢漏儀的動(dòng)態(tài)靈敏度equivalent mitrogen pressure等效氮壓exhaust tubulation排氣壓力exhaust tub

28、ulation排氣管道flooded sysetm滿流系統(tǒng)flow流flow rate流率fore-line前級(jí)管道fore-line valve前級(jí)管道閥門forepressure前級(jí)壓力fore pressure前級(jí)泵gas氣體gage pressure表壓halogen leak detector鹵素halogen leak detector鹵素檢漏儀helium bombing氦轟擊發(fā)helium leak detector氦檢漏儀hermetically tight seal氣密密封high vacuum高真空holding pump維持泵hood test護(hù)罩檢測(cè)hot-catho

29、de ionization gage熱陰極電離計(jì)hot-filament ionization gage熱燈絲電力計(jì)hydraulic pressure test液壓試驗(yàn)hudrostatic test流體靜力試驗(yàn)ideal gas理想氣體in-leakage rate泄入率inlet入口inlet flange入口法蘭inlet port入口孔inside-out testing外泄檢測(cè)ion pump離子泵ion source離子源ionization potential電離電位ionization vacuum gage電離真空計(jì)phillips菲利浦isolation test隔離檢測(cè)

30、lead artifact泄漏孔lead detector檢漏儀leakage rate泄漏率leak testing泄漏試驗(yàn)low vacuum底真空l(shuí)usec流西克masking遮蔽mass spectrometer質(zhì)量數(shù)mass numbet質(zhì)譜儀radio-frequency M.S.射頻質(zhì)譜儀micron微米millimetre of mercury毫米汞住minimum detectable leakage rate最小可探泄漏率molecular flow分子流molecular flow分子泄漏mewton(N)牛頓momcondensable gas非冷凝氣體occlusio

31、n吸留outgassing除氣outlet pressure出口壓力palladium barrier leak detector鈀屏檢漏儀partial pressure分壓permeability coefficient透氣系數(shù)Phillips ionization gage菲利浦電離計(jì)pressure difference壓力差pressure dye test壓力著色檢測(cè)pressure-evacuation test壓力抽空檢測(cè)pressure probe壓力探頭pressure testing 壓力試驗(yàn)probe探頭probe gas探頭氣體probe test探頭檢測(cè)propor

32、tioning probe比例探頭pump-out tubulation抽氣時(shí)間radioisotope leak test sustem放射性同位素泄漏檢測(cè)裝置rate of rise升壓率resistance(to flow)氣阻respinse factor響應(yīng)系數(shù)response time響應(yīng)時(shí)間roughing低真空roughing line低真空管道roughing pump低真空泵sampling probe取樣探頭scattering散射search-gas探測(cè)氣體sensitivity靈敏度sensitivity of leak test泄漏檢測(cè)靈敏度sniffing pro

33、be嗅吸探頭sorption吸著spark coil leak detector電火花線圈檢漏儀spray probe噴射探頭squealer發(fā)生器standard leak標(biāo)準(zhǔn)泄漏孔standard leak rate標(biāo)準(zhǔn)泄漏率thermal conductivity vacuum gage熱傳導(dǎo)真空率thermocouple gage熱電偶計(jì)thrmistor gage熱繁電阻計(jì)bimetallic strip gage雙金屬片計(jì)throttling節(jié)流throughput通氣量torr乇tracer示蹤氣體trcer probe leak location示蹤探頭泄漏定位ultra-hi

34、gh vacuum超高真空vacuum 真空vacuum testing真空檢測(cè)vapor pressure蒸汽壓virtual leak假漏viscous flow粘滯性流viscous leak粘滯性泄漏angstrom unit埃background本底black light黑光black light filter黑光濾光片bleedout滲出blotting吸取carrier載體clean清理contaminant污染物contrast對(duì)比度detergent remoner清潔去除劑developer顯像劑developer aqueous顯像劑 水性developer dry po

35、wer顯像劑 干粉developer liquid film顯像劑 液膜developer soluble顯像劑 可溶developer nonaqueous顯像劑 非水developing time顯影時(shí)間dragout帶出drain time滴落時(shí)間drying oven干燥箱drying time干燥時(shí)間dwell time滯留時(shí)間electrostatic time靜電噴漆eluant洗提液emulsification乳化時(shí)間emulsifire乳化劑emulsifier hybrophilic乳化劑 親水性emulsifier lipophilic乳化劑 親油性etching浸蝕fa

36、mily族fluorescence熒光footcandle英尺燭光hydrophilic emulsifier親水乳化劑immersion rinse浸沒清洗immorion rinse檢查lipophilic emulsifier親油乳化劑liquid penetrant examination液體滲透檢測(cè)overwashing過(guò)洗oveemulsification過(guò)乳化penetrant滲透劑penetrant comparator滲透對(duì)比試塊penetrant fluorescent熒光滲透劑penetrant poat emulsifiable滲透劑 后乳化penetrant solv

37、ent-removable溶劑去除型penetrant visible著色滲透劑penetrant visible滲透劑 水洗型penetration time滲透時(shí)間pooling 匯集post-cleaning后清理post emulsificution 后乳化precleaning預(yù)清理rinse清洗solvent renover溶劑去除劑temperature envelope溫度范圍viscosity粘度visihle light可見光wash水洗visttal adaptation視覺適應(yīng)water tolerance水容限wetting action潤(rùn)濕作用ammeter shu

38、nt安培分流器back tums安匝a(bǔ)re strikes電弧放電background本底bath槽液bipolar field雙極磁場(chǎng)black light黑光black light filter黑光濾光片carrier fluid載液central conductor中心導(dǎo)體circular conductor周向磁場(chǎng)circular magnetization周向磁化coercive force矯頑力coil method線圈法coil technique線圈技術(shù)conditioning agent添加劑contact head接觸頭contact pad接觸墊contimuous me

39、thod連續(xù)法core of an electromagnetic insppecticn circuit芯體curie point居里點(diǎn)current flow method通電法current induction method電流感應(yīng)法dark adaptation暗適應(yīng)demagnetizations退磁diffuse indications松散指示direct contact magnetization直接接觸磁化dry method干法dry powder干粉dry rechnique干粉技術(shù)electromagnet電磁鐵energizing cycle激勵(lì)周期exeminatio

40、n medium檢驗(yàn)介質(zhì)ferromagnetic鐵磁性field bipolar雙極磁場(chǎng)field circular magnetic周向磁場(chǎng)field longitudinal magnetic縱向磁場(chǎng)field magnetic磁場(chǎng)field residual magnetic漏磁磁場(chǎng)field resultant magnetic復(fù)合磁場(chǎng)field strength場(chǎng)強(qiáng)fill factor填充系數(shù)flash magnetization瞬時(shí)磁化flash magnetization閃點(diǎn)fluorescence熒光fluorescent examination method熒光檢驗(yàn)法fl

41、uorescent magnetic particle inspection熒光磁粉檢驗(yàn)flux dendity magnetic磁通密度f(wàn)lux leakage field漏磁場(chǎng)flux lines磁通線flux penetration磁通透入深度f(wàn)ull-wave direct current全波直流furring絨毛狀跡痕half-wave current (HW)半波電流hysteresis磁滯indirect magnetization間接磁化induced current method感應(yīng)電流法iduced current method感應(yīng)磁場(chǎng)inherent fluorescen

42、ce固有熒光inspection medium檢查介質(zhì)leakage field泄漏磁場(chǎng)leechs磁吸盤light intensity光強(qiáng)度lines of force磁力線local magnetization局部磁化magnet permanent永久磁鐵longitudinal magnetization縱向磁化magnetizing longetudinal磁化電流magnetizing force磁化力multidirectional magnetization多向磁化near surface discontinuity近表面不連續(xù)性overall magnetization整體磁

43、化permeability磁導(dǎo)率permanent magnet永久磁鐵pole極polymer technigue聚合物技術(shù)powder粉末powder blower噴粉器prods觸棒quick break快速斷開residual magntic field剩磁場(chǎng)residual technique剩磁技術(shù)resultant field復(fù)合磁場(chǎng)retentivity頑磁性saturation magnetic飽和sensitivity靈敏度shot沖擊通電skin effect集膚效應(yīng)solenoid 螺線管surge magnetization脈動(dòng)磁化suspension磁懸液swing

44、ing field旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場(chǎng)test piece試片test ring試環(huán)through coil technique穿過(guò)式線圈技術(shù)true continuous technique準(zhǔn)確連續(xù)法技術(shù)vehicle載液visible light可見光water break test水膜破壞試驗(yàn)wet slurry techniqne濕軟磁膏技術(shù)wet techniqne濕法技術(shù)white light白光voke磁軛yoke magnetization磁軛磁化activation活化attenuation coefficient衰減系數(shù)bam靶cassette暗盒contrast agent對(duì)比劑co

45、nversion screen轉(zhuǎn)換屏cross section橫截面direct exposure imaging直接曝光成像electron volt電子伏特facility scattered neutrons條件散射中子gamma ray射線half-value layer半衰期image quality indication像質(zhì)指示器imdirect expusure間接曝光linear attenuation coefficient線衰減系數(shù)Low enerugy photon radiation低能光子輻射mass attenuation coefficient質(zhì)量吸收系數(shù)mode

46、rator慢化器 neutron中子neutron radiograhy中子射線照相object scattered neutrons物體散射中子pair production偶生成process control radiograph工程過(guò)程控制的射線照相radiogragh射線照相radiological examinaton 射線照相檢查radiology射線學(xué)radioscopic inspection射線檢查real-time radioscopy實(shí)時(shí)射線照相術(shù)scattered meutrons散射中子sensitirity value靈敏度值thermal neutrons熱中子t

47、otal cross section總橫截面vacuum cassette真空暗盒A-scanA型掃描amplitude幅度angle beam斜射聲束appsarent attenuation視在衰減area amplitude response curve面積幅度響應(yīng)曲線attemuator衰減attenuator衰減器B-scan presenfationB型掃描顯示back reflection背底面反射back surface背底面base line時(shí)基線beam axis聲束軸線beam spread聲束擴(kuò)散bottom echo底面回波bubbler噴液器C-scanC型掃描co

48、limator準(zhǔn)直器compressional wave壓縮波contact inspection接觸檢查contact testing接觸法檢測(cè)continuous wave連續(xù)波control echo監(jiān)視回波corner effect角效應(yīng)couplant耦合劑critical angle臨界角cross talk串音crystal晶片damping search unit阻尼探頭dB control分貝控制dead control盲區(qū)decibel分貝delayed sweep延時(shí)掃描distance amplitude compensation距離幅度調(diào)整distance ampli

49、tude response cruve距離幅度響應(yīng)曲線distance linearity rang距離線性范圍dual search unit雙探頭drnamic range動(dòng)態(tài)范圍echo回波far field遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)focused beam聚焦聲束frequency fundamental基頻frequency inspection檢測(cè)頻率frequency pulse repeting脈沖重復(fù)頻率gap scanning間隙掃查gate閘門grazing incidence掠入射harmonics諧波holography聲全息immersion testing液浸法impedance聲阻抗indication指示initial pulse始脈沖interface 界面Lamb wave蘭姆波linearity幅度線性linearity time or distance線性 時(shí)間或距離longitudinal wave縱波loss of back reflection背面反射損失markers時(shí)鐘mode波型mode conversion波型轉(zhuǎn)換multple back reflections多次背面反射multiple reflections多次反射near field近場(chǎng)noise噪聲normal incidence垂直入射penetratio