浙江省202X高考英語(yǔ)第三部分寫作導(dǎo)練案第三講概要寫作課件

1、第三講概要寫作李仕才典例展示(2016浙江高考樣題)閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Getting rid of dirt，in the opinion of most people，is a good thing.However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that

2、washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the King of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with di

3、rt in a friendly way.Henry ，King of France，was famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the King ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit(好處) of dirt was long-lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighb

4、or ever since the 18 century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War .Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: Cloth

5、es need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the co

6、ntrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫學(xué)家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter(后者) position is gaining some ground.【參考范文】People have mixed opinions about dirt on our skin.(要點(diǎn)1) For a long time in history，people of some European countries

7、believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要點(diǎn)2) However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要點(diǎn)3) Yet，some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.

8、(要點(diǎn)4)一、審題思路導(dǎo)航體裁議論文人稱第三人稱時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)為主要點(diǎn)1.第一段“However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.”是本篇文章的主題句，亮明了總的觀點(diǎn)。2.第二段主要談?wù)摰氖窃?6世紀(jì)，人們認(rèn)為“dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease”。3.第三段用“Though”引出人們對(duì)dirt觀點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)變“.since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to

9、 health.”4.最后一段“On the contrary”引出專家的觀點(diǎn)，免疫學(xué)家認(rèn)為dirt有助于增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)。二、要點(diǎn)分析1.文章第一段就是本篇文章的主題句，亮明了總的觀點(diǎn)：“However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.”換句話說(shuō)：“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt.”再結(jié)合下文談到的主題可知“Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin.”范文中的要點(diǎn)1“

10、People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.”概括非常精練。2.第二段主要談到了在16世紀(jì)，人們認(rèn)為“dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease”尤以英、法兩國(guó)的貴族為代表。結(jié)合第三段第一句“Though the belief in the merit(好處) of dirt was longlived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century.”可知，直到18世紀(jì)之

11、前，人們都認(rèn)為dirt是很“友好的”，有助于預(yù)防疾病。范文中的要點(diǎn)2“For a long time in history，people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地總結(jié)了這些要點(diǎn)。3.第三段用“Though”引出人們對(duì)dirt觀點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)變“.since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再結(jié)合本段最后一部分“Advertisement

12、s repeatedly sell the idea.”可得出要點(diǎn)3“However，people began to change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.”4.文章最后一段第一句指出，現(xiàn)在人們對(duì)于dirt的態(tài)度還是有所不同，“On the contrary”引出專家的觀點(diǎn)，一位免疫學(xué)家認(rèn)為dirt有助于增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)。這一觀點(diǎn)得到了一些支持。范文中的要點(diǎn)4“Yet，some s

13、cientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表達(dá)很恰切。三、要點(diǎn)連接在寫完了要點(diǎn)之后，下一步的工作就是要把這些要點(diǎn)用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞進(jìn)行連接，使上下句之間具有連貫性。本篇文章整篇結(jié)構(gòu)是總分結(jié)構(gòu)，要點(diǎn)2和要點(diǎn)3在觀點(diǎn)上截然相反，因此，兩者之間需要表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連接詞，范文用了“However”恰到好處。要點(diǎn)3和要點(diǎn)4在觀點(diǎn)上又存在不同，因此，范文用了連接詞“Yet”。一、必備能力概要寫作是基于閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)的有機(jī)結(jié)合體，是閱讀理解和書面表達(dá)的溝通橋梁。這一題型主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章主旨大意的概括和準(zhǔn)確獲

14、取關(guān)鍵詞的能力，同時(shí)考查學(xué)生用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言概括文章重要信息的能力以及對(duì)文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力。因此考生必須具備以下三種能力：1.要具有準(zhǔn)確理解文章的能力要看清楚文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)法反映出原文中的所有要點(diǎn)和作者的觀點(diǎn)。技法指導(dǎo)2.要具有意義篩選的能力學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關(guān)與不相關(guān)、原因和結(jié)果等復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系。3.要具有用英文解釋英文的能力用自己簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)言解釋比較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言文字，切記不可抄襲原文。二、寫作步驟1.閱讀全文首先要通讀全文，對(duì)文章的體裁和大意有所了解。閱讀時(shí)要快速地找到主題句，以便抓住中心，理解全文?？忌€需要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容列出一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的提綱，以便在寫作過(guò)程中不會(huì)遺漏

15、要點(diǎn)，總結(jié)全面。2.寫出初稿在寫作過(guò)程中，考生要注意詞數(shù)要求，使用精煉的句子概括文章的要點(diǎn)，可以引用所給閱讀材料的重要詞語(yǔ)，但不可過(guò)多，否則便失去了概要的意義；考生還需謹(jǐn)記：概要必須全面、清晰地表達(dá)所給閱讀材料的信息，客觀、準(zhǔn)確地反映所給閱讀材料的真實(shí)意圖，不可隨意添加或增減內(nèi)容。3.修正定稿初稿完成后，要將其與所給閱讀材料核對(duì)一遍，看原材料中的要點(diǎn)是否在概要中都得到了體現(xiàn)，語(yǔ)句間的銜接是否符合邏輯，同時(shí)還需要檢查句子是否有錯(cuò)誤，時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用是否正確，標(biāo)點(diǎn)、格式、大小寫是否有誤等。通過(guò)細(xì)致的修正與調(diào)整，力爭(zhēng)使文章在各個(gè)方面都萬(wàn)無(wú)一失。三、應(yīng)試技巧1.議論文議論文類型的文章通常包括論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)

16、和結(jié)論三部分，其關(guān)鍵是找出主題句或結(jié)論句。因此寫議論文的概要主要是找出主題句、支撐句和結(jié)論句。若文中有一分為二的觀點(diǎn)的，兩種觀點(diǎn)都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的觀點(diǎn)。概要模板：論點(diǎn)論據(jù)(結(jié)論)。議論文可用以下開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)：The passage/author argues that.本文/作者主張The passage/author highlights the importance of.本文/作者強(qiáng)調(diào)了的重要性。The passage/author discusses the impact of.本文/作者討論了的影響。The passage/author compares.with.本文/作者比較

17、了與2.說(shuō)明文此類文章通常會(huì)有中心句(多在首段)，寫概要時(shí)要注意找出中心句，抓住關(guān)鍵詞，然后重組文章的信息，用自己的話表述出來(lái)。不同類型的說(shuō)明文的幾種參考模板：(1)描寫某事物的性質(zhì)功用。即“對(duì)象性質(zhì)功用利好 ”：(In the passage) the writer introduces.(對(duì)象) to us.(性質(zhì)或功用)(對(duì)象帶來(lái)的利好) (2)針對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題提出解決方法或措施。即“問(wèn)題解決方法”：The passage tells us.(問(wèn)題)(方法1)(方法2)(方法3)(3)介紹某現(xiàn)象及其原因和結(jié)果。即“現(xiàn)象原因結(jié)果”：The author/writer said/talks ab

18、out.(現(xiàn)象)(原因/本質(zhì)1)(原因/本質(zhì)2)(結(jié)果)說(shuō)明文可用以下開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)：According to the passage，we can know.根據(jù)文章我們可知This passage/article is mainly about.這篇文章主要是關(guān)于In the passage，the writer/author mainly tells us.在這篇文章中作者主要告訴我們A new study found.一個(gè)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)The purpose of the report is to show.這一報(bào)告的目的是表明3.記敘文記敘文的概要，一般包括記敘文的六個(gè)要素：找出時(shí)間(when

19、)，地點(diǎn)(where)，什么人(who)，做了什么事(what)，原因是什么(why)，結(jié)果怎么樣(how)，也就是考生應(yīng)先通讀閱讀短文，找出這六個(gè)要素，然后用自己的話將這六個(gè)要素串成幾句話即可。當(dāng)然，不一定每篇記敘文都包含這六個(gè)要素，但某人做了某事，結(jié)果如何是應(yīng)當(dāng)包括的。如果是夾敘夾議的文章，作者對(duì)故事的內(nèi)容發(fā)表了議論，或指出了故事給人們的啟示的，我們概括時(shí)要加上這一內(nèi)容。因此，概要中一般應(yīng)包括：(1)誰(shuí)做了什么？(who did what)(2)結(jié)果怎么樣？(what was the result)(3)文章揭示了什么？(包括作者的看法、觀點(diǎn)、感悟，或?qū)懽髂康?。假如原文沒(méi)有提及，概括時(shí)可以

20、不寫)記敘文可用以下開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)：The passage/story is mainly about.本文/這個(gè)故事主要是關(guān)于The author tells us a story about.作者告訴我們一個(gè)關(guān)于的故事The passage is a story about.本文是一個(gè)關(guān)于的故事According to the passage，we know.根據(jù)短文，我們知道四、概要寫作四項(xiàng)原則1.概要寫作時(shí)，一定要使用第三人稱。2.概要寫作時(shí)，一定不可加入自己的觀點(diǎn)。3.概要寫作時(shí)，一定不可對(duì)原文內(nèi)容加以評(píng)論。4.概要寫作時(shí)，一定不要引入與原文內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)的信息。實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫

21、一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Are you shy? If you are，you are not alone.In fact，close to 50 percent of people are shy.Almost 80 percent of people feel shy at some point in their lives.These days，shyness is becoming more and more common.Now，scientists are trying to understand shyness.They have some interesting ideas

22、about why people are shy.Is it possible to be born shy? Many scientists say yes.They say 15 to 20 percent of babies behave shyly.These babies are a little quieter and more watchful than other babies.Interestingly，these shy babies usually have shy parents.As a result，scientists think that some shynes

23、s is genetic.Family size might cause people to be shy as well.Scientists at Harvard University studied shy children.They found that 66 percent of them had older brothers and sisters.As a result，they became shy.At the same time，children with no brothers and sisters may be shy as well.Growing up alone

24、，they often play by themselves.They are not able to learn the same social skills as children from big families.You may also be shy because of where you were born.When scientists studied shyness in different countries，they found surprising differences.In Japan，most people said they were shy.But in Is

25、rael，only one of three people said so.What explains the difference? One scientist says the Japanese and Israelis have different opinions of failure.In Japan，when people do not succeed，they feel bad about themselves.They blame themselves for their failure.In Israel，the opposite is true.Israelis often

26、 blame failure on outside reasons，such as family，teachers，friends，or bad luck.In Israel，freedom of opinion and risk taking are strongly supported.This may be why Israelis worry less about failure and are less shy.【寫作指導(dǎo)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。這篇文章的主題段是第一段，主要告訴人們害羞是一種普遍的現(xiàn)象。因此，在概括時(shí)要把文章主題段的中心詞(shy，common，why)用自己的話概括出

27、來(lái)。為了避免雷同，用自己的話概括時(shí)要注意同義詞的轉(zhuǎn)換，如原文中的why可用the reason轉(zhuǎn)述。其次，還應(yīng)注意不能遺漏要點(diǎn)，即害羞的原因，不同國(guó)家間的原因是不一樣的以及專家給出的克服害羞的建議等。最后，注意詞數(shù)在60詞左右，恰當(dāng)使用過(guò)渡詞與亮點(diǎn)句型，以使行文連貫。【參考范文】Shyness is common and some reasons may account for it according to scientists.(要點(diǎn)1) They think shyness may come from genetics，family size and birth place.(要點(diǎn)2)

28、For instance，younger children or the only child are more likely to be shy.(要點(diǎn)3)Israelis are less shy than Japanese because of their different attitudes towards failure.(要點(diǎn)4) To help people suffering from shyness，scientists also give some useful suggestions.(要點(diǎn)5)閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Weve reached

29、 a strangesome would say unusualpoint.While fighting world hunger continues to be the matter of vital importance according to a recent report from the World Health Organization(WHO)，more people now die from being overweight than from being underweight.Its the good life thats more likely to kill us t

30、hese days.Worse，nearly 18 million children under the age of five around the world are estimated to be overweight.Whats going on?We really dont have many excuses for our weight problems.The dangers of the problem have been drilled into us by public-health campaigns since 2001 and the message is getting throughup to a point.In the 1970s，F(xiàn)inland，for example，had the highest rate o