液壓系統(tǒng)設(shè)計外文文獻翻譯

1、附錄 AHydraulic systemC.J.Sexton,S.M.LewisandC.P.Please University of Southampton,UKAbstract:A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, actuators, control components, auxiliary components (accessories) and hydraulic oil. The function of hydraulic system is to help hu

2、man work, mainly through the implementation of components into the pressure of rotation or reciprocating movement. Other advantages of the hydraulic system include bi-directional movement, overload protection, and variable speed control. In any of the existing powertrain systems, the hydraulic syste

3、m also has the largest unit mass power ratio. Seals and seals are an important part of hydraulic equipment.Its reliability and service life is an important index to measure the quality ofhydraulic system.Keywords:A power element; an actuating element; a control element; an auxiliary element; hydraul

4、ic fluidGenerally, there are only three basic ways to transmit power: electrical, mechanical, and hydraulic. Most applications actually combine the three methods into the most efficient and comprehensive system. In order to reasonably determine which method to take, it is important to understand the

5、 salient features of the various methods. For example, the hydraulic system transmits power more economically over a long distance than a mechanical system. The hydraulic system, however, has a shorter transmission distance than the electrical system.Hydraulic transmission there are many outstanding

6、 advantages, it is widely used,suchasthegeneralindustrialuseofplasticsprocessingmachinery, pressure machinery, engineering machinery, machine tools and other mechanical equipment;applicationofconstructionmachinery,agriculturalmachinery, automobile and other metallurgical machinery; iron and steel in

7、dustry, lifting machinery,arolleradjustmentdevice;controlgatedeviceinthewater conservancyproject,riverbedliftingdevice,bridgesand other operating mechanism; high speed turbine power plant equipment, such as nuclear power-9-plants; ship deck with crane (winch), bow door, bulkhead valve stern thruster

8、; specialtechnologygiantantennawithcontroldevicesmeasurementbuoys movements such as rotating stage; military industrial control devices used in artillery ship anti rolling devicesaircraft simulation aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder controldevice device. Specialantenna technologycontrol d

9、evice, measuring buoy, lifting and rotating stage; military artillery unit, ship antirolling device, flight simulation, device and other equipment for rudder control of landing gear and steering device.The function of hydraulic system is to increase the force by changing the pressure. The quality of

10、 a hydraulic system depends on the rationality of the systemdesign,theperformanceofthesystemcomponents,thepollution preventionandtreatmentofthesystem,andthelastpointisparticularly important. In recent years, China's domestic hydraulic technology has greatly improved, and no longer only the use o

11、f foreign hydraulic technology for processing.Acompletehydraulicsystemconsistsoffiveparts,namely,power components, actuators, control components, auxiliary components (accessories) and hydraulic oil.The function of the power element is to convert the mechanical energy of the prime mover into the pre

12、ssure energy of the liquid, the oil pump in the hydraulic system, which provides power to the entire hydraulic system. The structure of hydraulic pumps usually include gear pumps, vane pumps and piston pumps.The actuating elements (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) are used to conver

13、t the pressure energy of the fluid into mechanical energy and to drive the load in linear reciprocating or slewing motion.Control elements (i.e. hydraulic valves) controland regulate the pressure, flow, and direction of the liquid in the hydraulic system. According to different control functions, th

14、e hydraulic valve can be divided into pressure control valve, flow control valve and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (An Quanfa), pressure relief valve, sequence valve,pressurerelaysetc.;flowcontrolvalvesincludingthrottlevalve, regulating valve

15、, diversion valve; directional control valve includes a one-way valve one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, reversing valve, etc. According to different control methods, the hydraulic valve can be divided into switching control valve, fixed value control valve and proportional control valve.Th

16、e auxiliary components include oil tank, oil filter, oil pipe and pipe joint, sealingring,quickchangejoint,highpressureballvalve,hoseassembly, pressure measuring joint, pressure gauge, oil level, oil temperature gauge and so on.Hydraulic oil is the medium of transmission of energy in hydraulic syste

17、m.There are several kinds of mineral oil, emulsion and synthetic hydraulic oil.The function of hydraulic system is to help human work, mainly throughthe implementation of components into the pressure of rotation or reciprocating movement. Hydraulic principle: it is composed of two different sizes of

18、 the cylinder is filled with water or oil. Full of water, known as"hydraulic press", full of oil known as "hydraulic press."". Each of two hydraulic cylinders have a movable piston, if put in the small piston on the pressure, according to Pascal's law, the small piston p

19、ressure to the piston through the pressure of liquid, the top of the piston will move long distances. The cross-sectional area of the basic small piston is S1, plus a small piston with a downward force F1. Thus, the pressure on the liquid of the small piston, P=F1/S1, can be transmitted equallyin al

20、l directions. The pressure through the big piston is also P. If the cross sectional area of the piston is S2, pressure F2=P*S2 P pressure piston upward, the cross-sectional area of the small piston is several times, in addition to the small piston small piston force, there will be great pressure, th

21、e hydraulic press for pressing plywood, oil, lifting, forging steel.The secret of the hydraulic system's success and versatility lies in its versatility and ease of operation. Hydraulic power transmission will not be restricted, the geometry of the machine as a mechanical system that in addition

22、, hydraulic system is not limited by the physical properties of materials like electrical system, it is almost no amount of power transfer limit. For example, the performance of an electromagnet by steel magnetic saturation limit, on the contrary, the power of hydraulic system only limited by materi

23、al intensity.In orderto increase productivity, enterpriseswill increasingly rely on automation, which includes remote and direct control of production operations, processing and material handling. The hydraulic power has become an important part of automation, because it has the following four main

24、advantages:1. convenient control, accurate operation by a joystick and a simple button, the hydraulic system operator can immediately start, stop, speed and can provide arbitrary power, position accuracy of 1/10000 inches of position control. A hydraulic system that causes the pilot to lift and drop

25、 the landing gear. When the pilot moves the control valve in one direction, the pressure oil flows into a cavity of the hydraulic cylinder and thus falls.2. force, a hydraulic system without the use of heavy gear, pulley lever can simplyandeffectivelylessthananounceofforceamplification,produce hundr

26、eds of tons of force output.3. constant or constant torque, hydraulic system can not only provide constant change with speed changing or constant torque, it can drive the mobile object per hour from a few inches to several hundred inches per minute per hour. From a few to thousands of revolutions pe

27、r minute.4. Simple, safe, economical, and in general, hydraulic systems use fewer moving parts than mechanical or electrical systems, so they are easy to run and maintain. This makes the system compact, safe and reliable. For example, a new type of power steering device for vehicles has been phased

28、out of other types of steering power units, which include manual controlsDirection control valve and distributor. Because the steering component is fully hydraulic, there is no universal joint, bearings, gear reducer and other mechanicalconnections,whichmakesthesystemsimpleandcompact.In addition, on

29、ly very little input torque can produce control force needed to meet the extremely harsh working conditions. It is very important to the operation of space limitations and need a small steering wheel which is necessary to reduce the occasion, operator fatigue.Other advantages of the hydraulic system

30、 include bi -directional movement, overloadprotection,andvariablespeedcontrol.Inanyoftheexisting powertrain systems, the hydraulic system also has the largest unit mass power ratio.The hydraulic system has three disadvantages:1. because the transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the course of flow,

31、part of the flow velocity is different, resulting in liquid friction, and at the same time, liquid and pipe wall also friction, this is the hydraulic oil temperature rise reasons. Excessive temperature results in more internal and external leakage and reduces mechanical efficiency. At the same time,

32、 the hydraulic oil will expand due to the higher temperature. Resulting in an increase in compressibility so that the operation cannot control transmission very well. Solution: high temperature is the hydraulic system's own problems, can only be the biggest mitigation, can not eradicate. The use

33、 of better quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic pipe layout, as far as possible to avoid bending, the use of high-quality pipe and pipe fittings, hydraulic valve.2. the vibration of hydraulic system is one of the weak points. The impact of hydraulic oil in the pipeline on the high speed impact and contr

34、ol valve opening and closing is the cause of system vibration. Strong vibrations can cause system control errors, and can cause errors in some of the more complex, sophisticated devices in the system, leading to system failures. Solution: the hydraulic pipe should be fixed, to avoid sharp bends. In

35、order to avoid frequent flow direction changes can not be avoided, shock absorption measures should be done best. The whole hydraulic system should have good vibration reduction measures, while avoiding the influence of the oscillator outside the system.3. the hydraulic system has internal leakage a

36、nd external leakage, internal leakage refers to the leakage processoccurs in the system, suchas leakage of hydraulic piston - cylinder, control valve spool and valve leakage between both sides, such as. Although there is no loss of hydraulic oil, but the leakage, the control action has been determin

37、ed until the system failure. Disclosure refers to the leakage that occurs between the system and the external environment. Hydraulic oil leaks directly into the environment, and in addition to affecting the workingenvironment,thereisnotenoughpowertocausesystemfailure. Hydraulic oil leaking into the

38、environmentis also dangerous to fire. Solution: use better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of the equipment.In hydraulic systems and systems, seals are used to prevent leakage of theworking medium and invasion of foreign dust and foreign matter. A sealed element, that is,a seal. Outs

39、ide leakage will cause waste of working medium, pollutemachineandenvironment,evencausemechanicalmalfunctionand personal accident of equipment. Leakage can cause a drastic drop in volumetric efficiency of hydraulic systems, resulting in insufficient working pressure and even failure to perform work.

40、The small dust particles in the invading system can cause or aggravate the wear of the friction pairs of hydraulic components, and further lead to leakage.As a result, seals and seals are an important part of hydraulic equipment. Its reliability and service life is an important index to measure the

41、quality of hydraulic system. In addition to the clearance seal, the seal is used to control the clearance between the two adjacent surfaces to be below the minimum clearance required for the sealing liquid to pass. In contact sealing, it is divided into two types: self sealing type and self sealing

42、type (i. e. lip seal).附錄 B液壓系統(tǒng)摘要：一個完整的液壓系統(tǒng)由五個部分組成，即動力元件、執(zhí)行元件、控制元件、輔助元件（附件）和液壓油。液壓系統(tǒng)的作用是幫助人類工作， 主要通過執(zhí)行元件將壓力轉(zhuǎn)換為旋轉(zhuǎn)或往復運動。液壓系統(tǒng)的其他優(yōu)點包括雙向運動、過載保護和無級變速控制，在已有的任何動力系統(tǒng)中液壓系統(tǒng)亦具有最大的單位質(zhì)量功率比。密封件和密封裝置是液壓設(shè)備的一個重要組成部分。它的工作的可靠性和使用壽命，是衡量液壓系統(tǒng)好壞的一個重要指標。關(guān)鍵詞 動力元件；執(zhí)行元件；控制元件；輔助元件；液壓油一般僅有以下三種基本方法傳遞動力：電氣、機械和液壓。大多數(shù)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)實際上是將三種方法組合起

43、來而得到最有效的最全面的系統(tǒng)。為了合理地確定采取哪種方法，重要的是了解各種方法的顯著特征。例如液壓系統(tǒng)在長距離上比機械系統(tǒng)更能經(jīng)濟地傳遞動力。然而液壓系統(tǒng)與電氣系相比，傳遞動力的距離較短。液壓傳動有許多突出的優(yōu)點，它被廣泛的應(yīng)用，如一般工業(yè)用的塑料加工機械，壓力機械，機床等；應(yīng)用機械設(shè)備工程機械，建筑機械，農(nóng)業(yè)機械，汽車等；鋼鐵行業(yè)的冶金機械，起重機械，還有軋輥調(diào)整裝置等； 水利工程中的控制閘門裝置，河床升降裝置，橋梁和其他操作機構(gòu)；發(fā)電廠高速渦輪裝置，核電站等；船舶甲板用的起重機械（絞車），船頭門，艙壁閥、船尾推進器等；特殊技術(shù)用的巨型天線控制裝置、測量浮標、升降旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺等；軍事工業(yè)用的火炮

44、操縱裝置、船舶減搖裝置、飛行器仿真、飛機起落架的收放裝置和方向舵控制裝置等。特殊技術(shù)的天線控制裝置， 測量浮標，升降旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺；軍用的火炮操縱裝置，船舶減搖裝置，飛行器仿真，飛機起落架收放裝置和方向舵控制裝置和其他設(shè)備。液壓系統(tǒng)的作用為通過改變壓強增大作用力。一個液壓系統(tǒng)的好壞取決于系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的合理性、系統(tǒng)元件性能的優(yōu)劣，系統(tǒng)的污染防護和處理， 而最后一點尤為重要。近年來我國國內(nèi)液壓技術(shù)有很大的提高，不再單純地使用國外的液壓技術(shù)進行加工。一個完整的液壓系統(tǒng)由五個部分組成，即動力元件、執(zhí)行元件、控制元件、輔助元件（附件）和液壓油。動力元件的作用是將原動機的機械能轉(zhuǎn)換成液體的壓力能，指液壓系統(tǒng)中的油泵

45、，它向整個液壓系統(tǒng)提供動力。液壓泵的結(jié)構(gòu)形式一般有齒輪泵、葉片泵和柱塞泵。執(zhí)行元件(如液壓缸和液壓馬達)的作用是將液體的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換為機械能，驅(qū)動負載作直線往復運動或回轉(zhuǎn)運動?？刂圃?即各種液壓閥)在液壓系統(tǒng)中控制和調(diào)節(jié)液體的壓力、流量和方向。根據(jù)控制功能的不同，液壓閥可分為壓力控制閥、流量控制閥和方向控制閥。壓力控制閥又分為益流閥(安全閥)、減壓閥、順序閥、壓力繼電器等；流量控制閥包括節(jié)流閥、調(diào)整閥、分流集流閥等；方向控制閥包括單向閥、液控單向閥、梭閥、換向閥等。根據(jù)控制方式不同，液壓閥可分為開關(guān)式控制閥、定值控制閥和比例控制閥。輔助元件包括油箱、濾油器、油管及管接頭、密封圈、快換接頭、高壓

46、球閥、膠管總成、測壓接頭、壓力表、油位油溫計等。液壓油是液壓系統(tǒng)中傳遞能量的工作介質(zhì)，有各種礦物油、乳化液和合成型液壓油等幾大類。液壓系統(tǒng)的作用是幫助人類工作，主要通過執(zhí)行元件將壓力轉(zhuǎn)換為旋轉(zhuǎn)或往復運動。液壓原理：它由兩個不同大小的缸體充滿了水或油。充滿水的稱為“水壓機”，充滿油的稱為“液壓機”。兩個液缸每個都有一個可動的活塞，如果在小活塞上加點壓力，根據(jù)帕斯卡定律，小活塞的壓力通過液體的壓力傳遞到大活塞，頂端的活塞將前進很長的距離。基本小活塞的橫截面積為 S1，外加一個小活塞上一個向下的力F1。因此，小活塞對液體的壓強 P=F1/S1 的，可以在所有方向上傳輸同樣大小。通過大活塞的壓力也為P。如果大活塞的橫截面積為S2，活塞的壓強P 向上的壓力F2=P*S2，橫截面積是小活塞的幾倍，加給小活塞小的力，活塞會有大的壓力，由此用液壓機壓制膠合板，油，提起重物，鍛造煉鋼。液壓系統(tǒng)成功而又廣泛使用的秘密在于它的通用性和易操作性。液壓動力傳遞不會像機械系統(tǒng)那樣受到機器幾何形體的制約，另外，液壓系統(tǒng)不會像電氣系統(tǒng)那樣受到材料物理性能的制約，它對傳遞功率幾乎沒有量的限制。例如，一個電磁體的性能受到鋼的磁飽和極限的限制，相反，液壓系統(tǒng)的功率僅僅受材料強度的限制。企業(yè)為了提高生產(chǎn)率將越來越依靠自動化，這包括遠程和直接控制生產(chǎn)