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1、Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses1Chapter 40 Mirrors and LensesChapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses240-1 Image formation by mirrors and lenses 1. Geometrical vs. Wave optics Geometrical optics: The light travel in straight line paths or rays. a /1 Wave optics (physical optics): diffraction. a Chapter 40 Mirror
2、s and Lenses3 2. The formation of image When the light incident on an objector,Reflection (bounces)MirrorsSee itRefraction (bends)LensesOften some of each are composed.Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses4 Light rays from sun bounce off object and go in all directions.Some hit your eyes.We know objects loc
3、ation by where rays come from. Color is because some light is absorbed by object before bouncing off.Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses5 Virtual image: (p913) Real image: (p914) A interesting experiment: (p914)Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses640-2 Plane Mirrorsq qrq qiSmooth MirrorObjectImageAll rays origin
4、ating from peak will appear to come from same point behind mirror! All you see is rays that reached your eyes.objects location is where rays appear to come fromAll needed to do are drawing the lines of rays downChapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses7mirror(You)(Fido)No!You need light rays from the tail to bo
5、unce off mirror and reach your eye!Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses8The image of an extended objectImage reversal123Two mirrorsHow many images of money will you see (not including the actual money)? Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses940-3 Spherical Mirrors 1. The mirror equationOCIavoriqq2 ,2 ,srio211paraxi
6、al rayfrio2/ ,focal pointoir ,plane mirrorisrsos , ,Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses10 2. Sign conventions R-side: real image side; V-side: virtual image side On the R-side of the mirror, i, r, and f are taken to be positive. On the V-side of the mirror, i, r, and f are taken to be negative. The object
7、 distance o is positive if the object is real, no matter it is in R-side or V-side.Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses11Principal AxisFF Rays traveling through focus before hitting mirror are reflected parallel to Principal Axis. Rays traveling parallel to Principal Axis before hitting mirror are reflecte
8、d through focus. 3. Ray tracingChapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses1240-4 Spherical Refracting Surfaces Refracting surface formula oirOCI12avn1n2 , ,sinsin22112211qqqqnnnn)(1221nnnnparaxial rayqq21 ,rnninonisrsos1221 , , ,Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses13 Sign conventionsoirOCI12avn1n2R-sideV-sideChapter 40
9、Mirrors and Lenses14Sample problem 40-5:Solution: o is positive, r is negative,cm0 . 91033. 11533. 11 ,11221221ionrnninrnninonThen, the image distance i less than object distance o, and the image is virtual.Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses1540-5 Thin Lenses thin lens: the thickness of the lens is small
10、 compared with the o, i, and the radii of curvature r1, r2. Focal point of the thin lens determined by geometry and Snells Law: n1 sin(1) = n2 sin(2)P.A.Fn1n2vFat in middle = ConvergingvThin in middle = DivergingvLarger n2/n1 more bending, shorter focal lengthChapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses16fiorrnfrr
11、nio111),11)(1(1Let ),11)(1(112121 Lens makers equation:)11)(1(1 21rrnfFor thin lens and paraxial rays Thin-lens formula Sign conventionsChapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses17 Two-lens systems1f1f22 Lens 1 creates a real, inverted image of the object. Lens 2 creates a real, inverted and reduced image of the
12、 image from lens 1. The combination gives a real, upright, enlarged image of the object.Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses181f1f22 All rays go the same length of the optical path ! (Fermats principle)Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses1940-6 Optical InstrumentsCompound microscopeRefracting telescopeThe simple
13、magnifierChapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses20Ciliary MusclesvOne of first organs to develop.v100 million Receptors 200,000 /mm2 Sensitive to single photon!vCandle from 12 milesChapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses21AstigmatismCurvature of the lens not symmetric in transverse directions slightly cylindrical diffe
14、rent focal lengthsChapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses22Optical AberrationsChromatic aberrationDue to dispersion (index of refraction depends on frequency), focal length can be different for different colors.Spherical aberrationOutside the “paraxial limit”, optimal focusing occurs only for a parabolic lens
15、. Spherical lenses look parabolic for narrow field of view.Chapter 40 Mirrors and Lenses23 Hubble space telescopeThe HST was launched in 1990; it was discovered that a lens had been ground incorrectly, so all images were blurry!A replacement “contact lens”, COSTAR, was installed in 1993.(Now, Hubbles instruments have built-in correctiv
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