文獻(xiàn)閱讀與翻譯

1、科技文獻(xiàn)閱讀與翻譯Scientific Literature Reading & TranslationScientific Literature Reading & Translation主講人： 許寧云 博士 副教授公共郵箱：Course Objectives:1) The course aims to provide the students with comprehensive information about practical literature and documentation, help them better understand the basic features

2、and language requirements of various documentation, and further develop their ability of information acquisition. 2) Another aim of the course is to let the students acquire overall knowledge and skills of translation, so as to enable them to translate professional materials appropriately from Engli

3、sh to Chinese and vice versa. ContentsThe course consists of 15 units, covering almost all the major aspects of industrial business and academic exchanges, etc.Course AssessmentFinal grade will be given on the basis of : 1) each students attendance and the participation in classroom activities;2) th

4、e unit assignments3) the final examination of reading comprehension and translation practice. Recommended/Optional Textbooks1、文獻(xiàn)閱讀與翻譯，胡庚生主編，北京：高等教育出版社，2000. 2、實(shí)用翻譯教程(英漢互譯) ，馮慶華主編，上海：上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，2002.3、英漢翻譯教程，張培基主編，上海：上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，1980.Unit I General Description of Literature Reading and TranslationTopica

5、l HighlightsuDefinition of LiteratureuClassification of LiteratureuLinguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureuTranslation Skills-on translation in general and translation of special literatureuSpecial Attention: The Translation of Documentation Definition of LiteratureA set of works on a particula

6、r subject; printed material, esp. giving information; the body of writings on a particular subject (scientific literature)Classification of Literature1.Textbooks2.Monographs3.Papers4.Encyclopedias5.Periodicals6.Special DocumentationLinguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureuStylisticallyuGrammatic

7、ally uMorphologicallyuNon-verbal Translation Skills-on translation in general and translation of special literature1. Nature and Scope of Translation1. Nature and Scope of TranslationWhat is translation?What is translation?TranslationTranslation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one

8、language (the “source text”) and the production, in another language, of an equivalent text (the “target text”, or “translation”) that communicates the same message.Eugene A. Nida(1914- ) 尤金 奈達(dá) Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language (接受語(yǔ)，譯語(yǔ)） the closest natural equivalent of th

9、e source language（原語(yǔ)、源語(yǔ)）, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Dynamic-Equivalence Theorybaptism of repentancerepent and be baptizedAlexander Fraser TytlerA translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.The style and manner of writing should be

10、of the same character as that of the original.A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 以上是英國(guó)著名翻譯理論家泰特勒(1747-1814)于18世紀(jì)末在論翻譯的原則Essay on the Principles of Essay on the Principles of TranslationTranslation (1791) (1791)一書中提出的關(guān)于翻譯和評(píng)判翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的三條基本原則 。 2. Principles or Criteria of T

11、ranslation嚴(yán)復(fù)嚴(yán)復(fù)：信、達(dá)、雅信、達(dá)、雅 faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating. 不愛(ài)紅妝愛(ài)武裝 face the powder and not to powder the face. 3. Literal Translation and Free TranslationLiteral Translatio

12、n : phonetic, morphological, syntactic武裝到牙齒armed to the teeth象牙塔”ivory tower趁熱打鐵strike while the iron is hot血濃于水Blood is thicker than water鱷魚的眼淚crocodiles tears芳芳、白象Fangfang white elephant Free Translationas timid as a hare 膽小如鼠 wet like a drown rat 濕如落湯雞雞as stupid as a goose 蠢得像豬豬as stubborn as a m

13、ule 犟得像牛牛talk horse 吹牛牛 drink like a fish 牛牛飲Adams appleAt sixes and sevensIt rains cats and dogs.Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.Do you see any green in my eye?“l(fā)iteral” doesnt mean “word-for-word”街道婦女街道婦女應(yīng)動(dòng)員起來(lái)打掃衛(wèi)生。Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning. 她一大早起床，進(jìn)城，見(jiàn)到了她

14、的公爹公爹She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. 句子比較：Little fish does not eat big fish小魚不吃大魚胳膊擰不過(guò)大腿“free” doesnt mean “casual”It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.Spring, the sweet spring is the years pl

15、easant king. T. Nash春，甘美之春，一年之中的堯舜。郭沫若Literal Translation or Free Translation?Dont take the low-fat label as a license to eat.不能因?yàn)槭称窐?biāo)明低脂肪，而敞開(kāi)食用。別把標(biāo)有“低脂肪”的標(biāo)簽看成是可“敞開(kāi)食用”的許可證。What principles should a translator abide by in applying literal and free translation? 4. Translation TechniquesDiction (選詞用字）Amp

16、lification（增益）Omission （省略）Repetition （重復(fù)）Conversion （轉(zhuǎn)換）Rearrangement （詞序調(diào)整）Negation（正說(shuō)反譯、反說(shuō)正譯）Division（長(zhǎng)句拆譯）Special Attention: The Translation of DocumentationTreat the translation of each kind of documentary works discriminatingly.StandardsStrict wording, stylistic formalityPatent documentsStereo

17、typed expression, formal patternsTrademarksNovelty, uniquenessCopyright worksRigid grammarLegal documents, contract, agreementsStrict grammar, syntaxProposals, reportsThe matter-of-fact attitudeGeneral knowledge and knowledge of the subject matterPractice It was the best of times, it was the worst o

18、f times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we

19、 were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other. A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, caress a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a goodbye, shout a bravo, blo

20、w a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition. As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of human race. Professional literatures

21、 have been regarded as intangible assets of the whole world because they are, on one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievement obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies, and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to ge

22、neration. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literatures are records of previous research findings and academic achievements, and crystallization of human civilization.As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources for the mankind, which have g

23、reatly contributed to the social progress of human race.Professional literatures have been regarded as intangible assets of the whole world because they are, on one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievement obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies, and on

24、the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literatures are records of previous research findings and academic achievements, and crystallization of human civilization.Unit 2 StandardsLinguistic features of “standard

25、”1) Formatted Structure2) Formal Wording3) Legal Term “shall”4) Frequent Use of Abbreviations5) Mixed with Drawings and TablesStandard, in relation to computers, is a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a means of establishing uniformity in an area of hardware or software development. Compu

26、ter standards have traditionally developed in either of two ways. The first, a highly informal process, occurs when a product or philosophy is developed by a single company and, through success and imitation, becomes so widely used that deviation from the norm causes compatibility problems or limits

27、 marketability. This type of de facto standard setting is typified by such products as Hayes modems and IBM PCs. The second type of standard setting is a far more formal process in which specifications are drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an intensive study of existing methods, appr

28、oaches, and technological trends and developments. The proposed standards are later ratified or approved by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by consensus as products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the market. Standards of this more formal type are numerous

29、, including the ASCII character set, the RS-232-C standard, the SCSI interface, and ANSI-standard programming languages, such as C and FORTRAN. Reflections and Practice1. Topics for group discussion1) What does the passage tell us about? 2) What is the de facto standard setting?2. Fill in each space

30、 with one proper word. Standard, in relation computers, is a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a of establishing uniformity in an area of hardware or software development. Computer standards have traditionally developed in of two ways. The first, a highly informal process, occurs when a p

31、roduct or philosophy is developed by a single company and, through success and imitation, becomes widely used that deviation from the norm causes compatibility problems or limits marketability. This type of de facto standard setting is typified by such products Hayes modems and IBM PCs. The second t

32、ype of standard setting is a far more formal process which specifications are drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an intensive study of existing methods, approaches, and technological trends and developments. The proposed standards are later ratified or by a recognized organization and

33、 are adopted over time by consensus products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the market. Standards of this more formal type are numerous, including the ASCII character set, the RS-232-C standard, the SCSI interface, and ANSI-standard programming languages, such as C and FORTR

34、AN. Translation SkillsDiction 用字遣詞marital status; immigration status; cognitive status; social statusTension is building up.形勢(shì)緊張起來(lái)張力在增大電壓在增加壓力在增強(qiáng)Some Techniques Employed in Translating a Given English Word1) DeductionStopout n. (U.S.)A student who interrupts his education to pursue some other activi

35、ty for a brief period.輟學(xué)學(xué)生Challenge To question the lawfulness or rightness of (sth. Or sb.)對(duì)表示懷疑，質(zhì)疑； 對(duì)提出異議2）TransplantSupermarketMicrowaveSplashdown3) ExtensionBottleneckIt is more than transient everydayness. 遠(yuǎn)非一時(shí)的柴米油鹽問(wèn)題。日常狀態(tài)-柴米油鹽4）SubstitutionTo kill sb. as an example殺一儆百5） ExplanationMindlessnes

36、s思想上的渾濁狀態(tài)A throwaway society一個(gè)大手大腳、浪費(fèi)成風(fēng)的社會(huì)6) CombinationSo subtle and careful an observer一位如此精細(xì)的觀察者A grim and tragic Christmas一個(gè)慘淡的圣誕節(jié)7）Pictographic TranslationH-beam 工字梁O-ring 環(huán)形圈U-steel 槽鋼V-belt 三角皮帶8）TransliterationWall StreetPentiumCloneTranslate the PassageStandard, in relation to computers, is

37、 a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a means of establishing uniformity in an area of hardware or software development.對(duì)于計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)說(shuō)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)即是一套詳盡的技術(shù)指標(biāo)。它作為一種手段，用來(lái)在硬件或軟件開(kāi)發(fā)領(lǐng)域建立起統(tǒng)一的模式。Computer standards have traditionally developed in either of two ways. The first, a highly informal process, occurs whe

38、n a product or philosophy is developed by a single company and, through success and imitation, becomes so widely used that deviation from the norm causes compatibility problems or limits marketability.從傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看，計(jì)算機(jī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)從兩個(gè)方面分別得到了發(fā)展。第一類，它作為一種極其非正式的工藝過(guò)程，出現(xiàn)在個(gè)別公司生產(chǎn)某種產(chǎn)品或形成某種理念的時(shí)候。由于它的成功和模仿，其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)得到了廣泛的利用，其結(jié)果是任何背

39、離該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的行為都會(huì)造成兼容性方面的問(wèn)題，影響其市場(chǎng)銷售。This type of de facto standard setting is typified by such products as Hayes modems and IBM PCs. The second type of standard setting is a far more formal process in which specifications are drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an intensive study of existing m

40、ethods, approaches, and technological trends and developments.這種事實(shí)上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)置在諸如Hayes調(diào)制解調(diào)器和IBMPCs之類的產(chǎn)品上最具有典型性。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)置的第二種類型是一種要正式得多的過(guò)程。在該過(guò)程中，由一個(gè)合作小組或委員會(huì)對(duì)現(xiàn)有的各種方法、技術(shù)發(fā)展及趨勢(shì)等方面進(jìn)行仔細(xì)研究之后，草擬出一套詳細(xì)的規(guī)格。The proposed standards are later ratified or approved by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by conse

41、nsus as products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the market. Standards of this more formal type are numerous, including the ASCII character set, the RS-232-C standard, the SCSI interface, and ANSI-standard programming languages, such as C and FORTRAN.隨后，所提出的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由公認(rèn)的機(jī)構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)或認(rèn)可，隨著依照

42、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的產(chǎn)品在市場(chǎng)上日益流行，逐漸為公眾所一致接受。這種更為正式的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)類型為數(shù)眾多，包括ASCII 字符集， RS-232-C 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、SCSI 接口，以及諸如C語(yǔ)言和FORTRAN 語(yǔ)言之類的ANSI- 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編程語(yǔ)言。Unit 3 Patents Questions 1. What does this passage mainly talk about?2. Why should patented articles be marked with patent number?3. What does “patent pending” mean? 4. What can be found i

43、n an issued patent? Translation Skill: Amplification= additionA matter of principle: Add/subtract meaning1. Supplying omitted words to convey the original meaning（1）Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物質(zhì)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為能，能也可以轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)。（2）The best conductor has the least resistance and the po

44、orest the greatest.最好的導(dǎo)體電阻最小，最差的導(dǎo)體電阻最大。2. Supplying necessary connectives（1）Heated, water will change into vapor.水如受熱，就會(huì)氣化。（2）However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed, some heat escapes and is lost.盡管鍋爐殼與蒸汽管嚴(yán)密封閉，還是有一部分熱會(huì)損耗掉。3. Supplying words to convey the concept of plural nouns

45、（1）Note that the words“velocity”and “speed”require explanation.請(qǐng)注意，“速度”和“速率”這兩個(gè)詞需要解釋。 （2）The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山開(kāi)始向山谷投下一道道蔚藍(lán)色長(zhǎng)影。4. Supplying words to make an abstract concept clear (1) Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.氧化作用會(huì)使鋼鐵生銹。（2）This lack o

46、f resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers.這種在甚低溫金屬中沒(méi)有電阻的現(xiàn)象可能對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)很有好處。5. Dictated by logic (1) Air pressure decreases with altitude. 氣壓隨海拔高度的增加而下降。（2）This shows that the resistance of an electric conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-section area.這表明，導(dǎo)體電阻的大

47、小與導(dǎo)體橫切面的大小成反比。6. Supplying words of generalization (1) The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.論文總結(jié)了計(jì)算機(jī)、人造衛(wèi)星和火箭三方面的新成就。（2）The principal functions that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification, amplification, oscillation, mod

48、ulation, and detection.真空管的五大主要功能是：整流、放大、振蕩、調(diào)制和檢波。7. For purposes of rhetoric or coherence (1) This computer is indeed cheap and fine.這臺(tái)電腦真是價(jià)廉物美。（2）Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere, generating winds.太陽(yáng)發(fā)出的熱能攪動(dòng)大氣，于是產(chǎn)生了風(fēng)。8. Repetition (1) Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust o

49、r humidity.不要在過(guò)冷、過(guò)熱、灰塵過(guò)重、濕度過(guò)大的情況下使用此計(jì)算機(jī)。（2）I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.我曾經(jīng)遇到過(guò)，不是氧氣設(shè)備出故障，就是引擎出故障，或兩者都出故障。Amplification used in Chinese-English Translation1. Adding necessary connectives虛心使人進(jìn)步，驕傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.2. Adding nec

50、essary pronouns交出譯文之前，必須讀幾遍，看看有沒(méi)有要修改的地方。Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. 3. Adding necessary background information to make the English version clear三個(gè)臭皮匠，賽過(guò)諸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits c

51、ombined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind. Translation practice1. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using the technique of amplificationHistories make men wise; poets witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 讀史使人明智，讀詩(shī)使人靈秀，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，科學(xué)使

52、人深刻，倫理使人莊重，邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善變。2. Put the following passage into ChineseOur present invention relates to a circuit arrangement for compensating temperature-dependent frequency variations of an oscillator of the crystal-controlled type which generates a carrier for the translation of messages by frequency mod

53、ulation.本發(fā)明涉及一種補(bǔ)償電路，用以補(bǔ)償晶體振蕩器的頻率隨溫度而發(fā)生的變化。這種振蕩器產(chǎn)生的載波是用調(diào)頻方式發(fā)送信息的。3. Put the following passage into English美洲第一批發(fā)明專利是于1642年由殖民政府發(fā)布的。1790年美國(guó)的首批專利法根據(jù)憲法第一條第八款在國(guó)會(huì)獲得通過(guò)，這項(xiàng)法令由一個(gè)三人委員會(huì)監(jiān)督實(shí)施，這三人分別為美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)卿、陸軍部長(zhǎng)和司法總長(zhǎng)。In America, the first patents for inventions were issued in 1642 by the colonial governments. The fi

54、rst U.S. patent laws were enacted by Congress in 1790 under the authority of Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution. The Patent Act of 1790 was administered by a commission composed of the secretary of state, the secretary of war, and the attorney general of the U.S. Unit 4 TrademarksTrademarks o

55、riginated from the rule that no one has the right to have products for sale under the pretense that they are the goods of another person by either direct or indirect misrepresentation. This kind of unfair competition has become widespread. Some goods that have either large or exclusive markets have

56、been counterfeited and sold with trademarks similar to the originals, such as the imprinted gold initials of L(ouis) V(uitton).The law recognizes trademarks as property and grants to the trader an exclusive right to use an individual mark. Thus the trademark has the characteristic of a special monop

57、oly right in that it prevents its use for another persons or companys goods in the same way it protects other forms of private property. The right to a trademark has traditionally arisen out of actual use of the mark. Most countries, however, demand in addition to its use that it be registered with

58、the proper government agency.The easiest way to lose the right to a trademark is by abandoning the use of the trademark or by failing to renew registration. In countries where an unregistered trademark has been acquired by use, the right continues so long as use has not been abandoned. Loss of a tra

59、demark right also occurs when it is transformed or when it degenerates into a household term. This has happened with such well-known former trademark names as aspirin, cellophane, dry ice, shredded wheat, thermos, and others. Questions 1. What are the main points of this passage?2. Why a trademark i

60、s needed?3. In what cases, the trademark right is lost?Trademarks originated _ the rule that no one has the right to have products for sale _ the pretense that they are the goods of another person by either direct or indirect misrepresentation. This kind of unfair competition has become widespread.