MetalAlloy金屬合金-中國(guó)材料研究學(xué)會(huì)

1、MaterialsScience&EngineeringVol.109,2016*E-Material*MetalAlloy*Organic&Polymer"CompositeMaterials"PracticalApplication*TechNews&NewTechMCanxixunInformationandNewsServiceContentsTechNews&NewTech（技術(shù)前沿）3TechniqueMakesHighlyEfficient,SecureHolograms3技術(shù)產(chǎn)生高效、安全的全息圖4HowLightisDete

2、ctedAffectstheAtomThatEmitsIt5光被探測(cè)的方式影響著發(fā)出該光的原子6NanoparticlesPresentSustainableWaytoGrowFoodCrops7納米粒子有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)食作物的可持續(xù)種植8MetalAlloy（金屬合金）9Inductionheattreatmentofsheet-bulkmetalformedparts9單體金屬成型零件的感應(yīng)熱處理10CompositeMaterials（復(fù)合材料）10DowAutomotiveSystemsTakesCarbon-FibreBondingtotheNextLevel10陶氏汽車系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)新碳纖維粘合

3、帶11HuntsmanAdvancedMaterialsHelpstoDeliverGreaterSustainableMobilityintheRailSector12亨斯邁先進(jìn)材料有助于為鐵路部門提供更高的可持續(xù)機(jī)動(dòng)性13PracticalApplication（實(shí)際應(yīng)用）15GrapheneMakesRubberMoreRubbery15石墨烯使橡膠更有彈性15SimplePaperSheetRemovesVirusesfromWater16簡(jiǎn)單紙張有助于清除水中病毒17BuildingtheNextGenerationofSmartGlasses18制造下一代智能眼鏡20RobotUs

4、esIn-HandCameratoDetermineHand'sLocation21機(jī)器人利用手中相機(jī)來確定手的位置22MicrowavedNanoribbonsMayBolsterOil,GasWells23微波納米帶有助于支撐石油和天然氣鉆井24GentleStrengthforRobots25機(jī)器人的溫柔力量26Daqo'spolysiliconPhase3aexpansionsaidobeontrack27大全多晶硅Phase3a擴(kuò)張將完成27GCL-Polystartsmonocrystallinewaferproduction27保利協(xié)鑫開啟單晶硅片生產(chǎn)28Orga

5、nic&Polymer（有機(jī)高分子材料）28HelicalLiquidCrystalSuperstructures28螺旋液晶上層建筑29ReactiveOxygenSpecies（ROS）ResponsivePolymers-AReview30審查活性氧（ROS）響應(yīng)性聚合物31LEDsforVisible-LightCommunications31應(yīng)用在可見光通信中的發(fā)光二極管32AntimicrobialPolymerCoatingforLeather33皮革的抗菌聚合物涂層34E-Material（電子材料）35Self-Healing,FlexibleElectronicMa

6、terialRestoresFunctionsAfterManyBreaks35自愈型柔性電子材料在出現(xiàn)許多裂縫之后還能夠還原其功能36TechNews&NewTech(技術(shù)前沿)TechniqueMakesHighlyEfficient,SecureHologramsNewhologramproduces3-Dimagesacrossdifferentspectrumsoflight.Source:CapassoLabHologramsareaubiquitouspartofourlives.Theyareinourwallets-protectingcreditcards,cash

7、anddriver'slicensesfromfraud-ingrocerystorescannersandbiomedicaldevices.Eventhoughholographictechnologyhasbeenaroundfordecades,researchersstillstruggletomakecompacthologramsmoreefficient,complexandsecure.ResearchersattheHarvardJohnA.PaulsonSchoolofEngineeringandAppliedScienceshaveprogrammedpolar

8、izationintocompactholograms.Thesehologramsusenanostructuresthataresensitivetopolarization(thedirectioninwhichlightvibrates)toproducedifferentimagesdependingonthepolarizationofincidentlight.Thisadvancement,whichworksacrossthespectrumoflight,mayimprovementanti-fraudhologramsaswellasthoseusedinentertai

9、nmentdisplays.TheresearchisdescribedinScienceAdvances."Thenoveltyinthisresearchisthatbyusingnanotechnology,we'vemadehologramsthatarehighlyefficient,meaningthatverylittlelightislosttocreatetheimage,"saidFedericoCapasso,theRobertL.WallaceProfessorofAppliedPhysicsandVintonHayesSeniorResea

10、rchFellowinElectricalEngineeringandseniorauthorofthepaper."Byusingincidentpolarizedlight,youcanseefaracrisperimageandcanstoreandretrievemoreimages.Polarizationaddsanotherdimensiontohologramsthatcanbeusedtoprotectagainstcounterfeitingandinapplicationslikedisplays."Harvard'sOfficeofTechn

11、ologyDevelopmenthasfiledpatentsonthisandrelatedtechnologiesandisactivelypursuingcommercialopportunities.Holograms,likedigitalphotographs,captureafieldoflightaroundanobjectandencodeitonachip.However,photographsonlyrecordtheintensityoflightwhilehologramsalsocapturethephaseoflight,whichiswhyhologramsap

12、pearthree-dimensional."Ourhologramsworklikeanyotherbuttheimageproduceddependsonthepolarizationstateoftheilluminatinglight,providinganextradegreeoffreedomindesignforversatileapplications,"saidMohammadrezaKhorasaninejad,postdoctoralfellowintheCapassoLabandfirstauthorofthepaper.Therearesevera

13、lstatesofpolarization.Inlinearlypolarizedlightthedirectionofvibrationremainsconstantwhileincircularlypolarizedlightitrotatesclockwiseorcounterclockwise.Thedirectionofrotationisthechirality.Theteambuiltsiliconnanostructuredpatternsonaglasssubstrate,whichactassuperpixels.Eachsuperpixelrespondstoacerta

14、inpolarizationstateoftheincidentlight.Evenmoreinformationcanbeencodedinthehologrambydesigningandarrangingthenanofinstoresponddifferentlytothechiralityofthepolarizedincidentlight."Beingabletoencodechiralitycanhaveimportantapplicationsininformationsecuritysuchasanti-counterfeiting,"saidAnton

15、ioAmbrosio,aresearchscientistintheCapassoLabandco-firstauthor."Forexample,chiralhologramscanbemadetodisplayasequenceofcertainimagesonlywhenilluminatedwithlightofspecificpolarizationnotknowntotheforger.""Byusingdifferentnanofindesignsinthefuture,onecouldstoreandretrievefarmoreimagesbye

16、mployinglightwithmanystatesofpolarization,"saidCapasso.Becausethissystemiscompact,ithasapplicationinportableprojectors,3Dmoviesandwearableoptics."Modernpolarizationimagingsystemsrequirecascadingseveralopticalcomponentssuchasbeamsplitters,polarizersandwaveplates,"saidAmbrosio."Our

17、metasurfacecandistinguishbetweenincidentpolarizationusingasinglelayerdielectricsurface.""Wehavealsoincorporatedinsomeofthehologramsalensfunctionthathasallowedustoproduceimagesatlargeangles,"saidKhorasaninejad."Thisfunctionalitycombinedwiththesmallfootprintandlightweight,hassignif

18、icantpotentialforwearableopticsapplications."技術(shù)產(chǎn)生高效、安全的全息圖新的全息圖能夠產(chǎn)生光的不同光譜的3-D圖像。資料來源：卡帕索實(shí)驗(yàn)室全息圖是我們生活中一個(gè)無處不在的部分。它們存在于我們的錢包中一一保護(hù)信用卡、現(xiàn)金和駕駛執(zhí)照免受欺詐一一還存在在雜貨店掃描儀和生物醫(yī)學(xué)設(shè)備中。盡管全息技術(shù)已經(jīng)存在了幾十年了，研究人員仍然在努力令緊湊的全息圖更加高效、復(fù)雜和安全。哈佛大學(xué)約翰A?保爾森工程與應(yīng)用科學(xué)學(xué)院的研究人員已經(jīng)將偏振編入了緊湊的全息圖中。這些全息圖利用對(duì)偏振（光振動(dòng)的方向）敏感的納米結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)入射光的偏振來生產(chǎn)不同的圖像。這種在光的光譜

19、范圍內(nèi)都起作用的提升可能會(huì)改善反欺詐全息圖以及那些用于娛樂顯示器中的全息圖。該研究在科學(xué)發(fā)展中有所描述?！斑@項(xiàng)研究的新穎之處在于，通過使用納米技術(shù)，我們已經(jīng)獲得了非常高效的全息圖，這意味著在創(chuàng)建圖像時(shí)幾乎沒有光的損失，”應(yīng)用物理的羅伯特L?華萊士教授、電機(jī)工程文頓海斯高級(jí)研究員兼該論文的資深作者費(fèi)德里科？卡帕索表示?！巴ㄟ^使用入射偏振光，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看你能夠看到一個(gè)更清晰的圖像，并且能夠存儲(chǔ)和檢索更多的圖像。偏振向全息圖增加了一個(gè)層面，可以用來防止假冒，并且用于像顯示設(shè)備這樣的應(yīng)用程序?！惫鸺夹g(shù)開發(fā)辦公室已經(jīng)對(duì)此和相關(guān)技術(shù)申請(qǐng)了專利，并且正在積極地尋求商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。全息圖，像數(shù)碼照片，捕獲一個(gè)物體周

20、圍的光場(chǎng)，然后將其編碼到一個(gè)芯片上。然而，照片只能記錄光的強(qiáng)度，而全息圖能夠捕捉到光的相位，這就是為什么全息圖能夠呈現(xiàn)出立體感的原因?！拔覀兊娜D工作與其他工作一樣，但是該圖片的產(chǎn)生是取決于照明光的偏振態(tài)，在設(shè)計(jì)方面為各種應(yīng)用提供了額外的自由度，”卡帕索實(shí)驗(yàn)室博士后研究員兼該論文的第一作者穆汗木德拉扎？科拉森內(nèi)扎得稱。有幾種偏振的態(tài)。在直線偏振光下，振動(dòng)方向保持不變，而在圓偏振光下，振動(dòng)方向會(huì)發(fā)生順時(shí)針或逆時(shí)針的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。旋轉(zhuǎn)方向是手性。該研究小組在玻璃基板上建立硅納米結(jié)構(gòu)圖案，作為超像素。每個(gè)超像素對(duì)入射光的某個(gè)偏振態(tài)進(jìn)行回應(yīng)。通過設(shè)計(jì)和布置納米片來對(duì)偏振入射光的手性進(jìn)行不同的回應(yīng)，在全息圖中

21、能夠編入甚至更多的信息。“能夠?qū)κ中赃M(jìn)行編碼在防偽等信息安全方面具有重要的應(yīng)用，”卡帕索實(shí)驗(yàn)室的研究科學(xué)家兼該共同第一作者的安東尼奧？安布羅休表示。“例如，手性全息圖能夠用來在偽造者不了解的特定偏振光的照射下才顯示出某些圖像序列。”“通過在未來使用不同的納米片設(shè)計(jì)，人們可以通過采用具有許多偏振態(tài)的光來存儲(chǔ)和檢索更多的圖片，”卡帕索表示。由于該系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，它在便攜式投影機(jī)、3D電影和耐磨光學(xué)方面都能夠應(yīng)用?！艾F(xiàn)代偏振成像系統(tǒng)需要級(jí)聯(lián)幾個(gè)光學(xué)元件，例如分束器、偏振器和波片，”安布羅西奧所稱。“我們的元表面能夠使用單層介質(zhì)表面來區(qū)分入射偏振。”“我們已經(jīng)在一些全息圖中加入了透鏡功能，令我們能夠在大

22、角度下產(chǎn)生圖像，”科拉森內(nèi)扎得稱?！斑@項(xiàng)與占地面積小和重量輕相結(jié)合的功能在耐磨光學(xué)應(yīng)用中具有顯著的潛能?！盚owLightisDetectedAffectstheAtomThatEmitsItFlickaswitchonadarkwinterdayandyourofficeisfloodedwithbrightlight,oneofmanyeverydaymiraclestowhichweareallusuallyoblivious.Aphysicistwouldprobablydescribewhatishappeningintermsoftheparticlenatureoflight.A

23、natomormoleculeinthefluorescenttubethatisinanexcitedstatespontaneouslydecaystoalowerenergystate,releasingaparticlecalledaphoton.Whenthephotonentersyoureye,somethingsimilarhappensbutinreverse.Thephotonisabsorbedbyamoleculeintheretinaanditsenergykicksthatmoleculeintoanexcitedstate.Lightisbothaparticle

24、andawave,andthisdualityisfundamentaltothephysicsthatruletheLilliputianworldofatomsandmolecules.Yetitwouldseemthatinthiscasethewavenatureoflightcanbesafelyignored.KaterMurch,assistantprofessorofphysicsinArts&SciencesatWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis,mightgiveyouanargumentaboutthat.Hislabisoneofthe

25、firstintheworldtolookatspontaneousemissionwithaninstrumentsensitivetothewaveratherthantheparticlenatureoflight,workdescribedintheMay20thissueofNatureCommunicationsHisexperimentalinstrumentconsistsofanartificialatom(actuallyasuperconductingcircuitwithtwostates,orenergylevels)andaninterferometer,inwhi

26、chtheelectromagneticwaveoftheemittedlightinterfereswithareferencewaveofthesamefrequency.Thismannerofdetectionturnseverythingupsidedown,hesaid.Allthataphotondetectorcantellyouaboutspontaneousemissioniswhetheranatomisinitsexcitedstateoritsgroundstate.Buttheinterferometercatchestheatomdiffusingthrougha

27、quantum"statespace"madeupofallthepossiblecombinations,orsuperpositions,ofitstwoenergystates.Thisisactuallytrickierthanitsoundsbecausethescientistsaretrackingaveryfaintsignal(theelectromagneticfieldassociatedwithonephoton),andmostofwhattheyseeintheinterferencepatternisquantumnoise.Butthenoi

28、secarriescomplementaryinformationaboutthestateoftheartificialatomthatallowsthemtochartitsevolution.Whenviewedinthisway,theartificialatomcanmovefromalowerenergystatetoahigherenergyoneevenasitsfollowstheinevitabledownwardtrajectorytothegroundstate."You'dneverseethatifyouweredetectingphotons,&

29、quot;Murchsaid.Sodifferentdetectorsseespontaneousemissionverydifferently."Bylookingatthewavenatureoflight,weareableseethislovelydiffusiveevolutionbetweenthestates,"Murchsaid.Butitgetsstranger.Thefactthatanatom'saverageexcitationcanincreaseevenwhenitdecaysisasignthathowwelookatlightmigh

30、tgiveussomecontrolovertheatomsthatemittedthelight,Murchsaid.Thismightsoundlikeareversalofcauseandeffect,withtheeffectpushingonthecause.Itispossibleonlybecauseofoneoftheweirdestofallthequantumeffects:Whenanatomemitslight,quantumphysicsrequiresthelightandtheatomtobecomeconnected,orentangled,sothatmeas

31、uringapropertyofoneinstantlyrevealsthevalueofthatpropertyfortheother,nomatterhowfarawayitis.Orputanotherway,everymeasurementofanentangledobjectperturbsitsentangledpartner.Itisthisquantumback-action,Murchsaid,thatcouldpotentiallyallowalightdetectortocontrolthelightemitter."Quantumcontrolhasbeena

32、dreamformanyyears,"Murchsaid."Oneday,wemayuseittoenhancefluorescenceimagingbydetectingthelightinawaythatcreatessuperpositionsintheemitters."That'sverylongterm,butthat'stheidea,"hesaid.光被探測(cè)的方式影響著發(fā)生該光的原子在黑暗的冬日輕輕點(diǎn)擊一個(gè)開關(guān)，你的辦公室就會(huì)充斥著耀眼的燈光，這是我們通常不會(huì)注意到的一個(gè)每天都會(huì)發(fā)生的奇跡。物理學(xué)家可能會(huì)根據(jù)光的粒子性來描

33、述所發(fā)生的事情。處于激發(fā)狀態(tài)下的熒光管中的原子或分子會(huì)自發(fā)衰變到較低的能量狀態(tài)，釋放出被稱為光子的粒子。當(dāng)光子進(jìn)行你的眼睛，類似的情況會(huì)發(fā)生，不過是以相反的順序發(fā)生的。光子在視網(wǎng)膜中被一個(gè)分子所吸收，然后其能量將該分子刺激到一個(gè)激發(fā)狀態(tài)。光即是粒子又是波，而這種雙重性是控制原子和分子的小人國(guó)世界的物理學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)。然而，在這種情況下似乎光的波動(dòng)性能夠被完全忽略。華盛頓大學(xué)圣路易斯分校藝術(shù)與科學(xué)學(xué)院物理學(xué)的助理教授卡特爾？默奇可能會(huì)對(duì)此向你提供一個(gè)論據(jù)。他的實(shí)驗(yàn)室是世界上第一個(gè)通過對(duì)波動(dòng)敏感的儀器來研究自發(fā)輻射的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，而不是研究光的粒子屬性，該研究工作在5月20日發(fā)行的自然通信中有所描述。他的試驗(yàn)

34、儀器是由一個(gè)人造原子（實(shí)際上是一個(gè)具有兩種狀態(tài)的超導(dǎo)電路或能量水平）以及一個(gè)干涉儀組成的，其中發(fā)射的光的電磁波會(huì)干擾相同頻率的參考波。這種探測(cè)方式將一切都顛倒了，他表示。一個(gè)光子探測(cè)器能夠告訴你的關(guān)于自發(fā)輻射的全部?jī)?nèi)容是原子是否處于激發(fā)狀態(tài)或是基態(tài)。但干涉儀能夠捕捉通過一個(gè)由兩種能量狀態(tài)的所有可能組合或疊加構(gòu)成的量子“狀態(tài)空間”擴(kuò)散的原子。這實(shí)際上要比它聽起來麻煩得多，因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)家們將追蹤一個(gè)非常微弱的信號(hào)（與光子相關(guān)的電磁場(chǎng)），并且他們?cè)诟缮婺Ｊ较驴吹降拇蠖鄶?shù)內(nèi)容都是量子噪聲。但是該噪音攜帶了有關(guān)能夠令人造原子勾畫出其發(fā)展的人造原子狀態(tài)的補(bǔ)充信息。以這種方式看待時(shí)，人造原子能夠從較低的能量狀態(tài)

35、轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檩^高的能量狀態(tài)，即使是在其沿著向下軌跡發(fā)展到基態(tài)的過程中?！叭绻阍谔綔y(cè)光子，那么你永遠(yuǎn)也看不到這種現(xiàn)象，”默奇稱。因此，不同的探測(cè)器看到的自發(fā)輻射是非常不同的?！巴ㄟ^觀察光的波動(dòng)性，我們能夠看到狀態(tài)間的這個(gè)可愛的擴(kuò)散發(fā)展，”默奇稱。但是它變得更加陌生。原子的平均激發(fā)能夠在其衰變情況下激發(fā)的事實(shí)對(duì)于我們研究光的方式可能會(huì)為我們有關(guān)發(fā)射出光的原子提供一些控制來說是一個(gè)跡象，默奇說。鑒于推動(dòng)該動(dòng)機(jī)的影響，這可能聽起來像是因果的逆轉(zhuǎn)。這有可能只是由于所有量子效應(yīng)中最古怪的一個(gè)量子效應(yīng)：當(dāng)一個(gè)原子發(fā)射光時(shí)，量子物理學(xué)要求光和原子進(jìn)行連接或纏結(jié)，從而測(cè)量出立即為一方顯示出該屬性的價(jià)值的另一方的屬性

36、，無論相距多遠(yuǎn)。或者換一種說法，糾纏對(duì)象的每個(gè)測(cè)量都會(huì)擾亂其糾纏伙伴。該量子的反作用，默奇稱，可能會(huì)令光探測(cè)器來控制光發(fā)射器?！傲孔涌刂贫嗄陙硪恢笔莻€(gè)夢(mèng)想，”默奇說。“有一天，我們能夠使用它，以一種在發(fā)射器中創(chuàng)造疊加的方式來探測(cè)光，從而增加熒光成像?！薄斑@是非常長(zhǎng)期的，但是這是其中的理念，”他稱。NanoparticlesPresentSustainableWaytoGrowFoodCropsResearchersatWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louishopethatnanoparticletechnologycanhelpreducetheneedforfertil

37、izer,creatingamoresustainablewaytogrowcropssuchasmungbeans.Source:WUSTLScientistsareworkingdiligentlytopreparefortheexpectedincreaseinglobalpopulation-andthereforeanincreasedneedforfoodproduction-inthecomingdecades.AteamofengineersatWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louishasfoundasustainablewaytoboostthegrow

38、thofaprotein-richbeanbyimprovingthewayitabsorbsmuch-needednutrients.RameshRaliya,aresearchscientist,andPratimBiswas,theLucy&StanleyLopataProfessorandchairoftheDepartmentofEnergy,Environmental&ChemicalEngineering,bothintheSchoolofEngineering&AppliedScience,discoveredawaytoreducetheuseoffe

39、rtilizermadefromrockphosphorusandstillseeimprovementsinthegrowthoffoodcropsbyusingzincoxidenanoparticles.TheresearchwaspublishedApril7,2016intheJournalofAgriculturalandFoodChemistry.Raliyasaidthisisthefirststudytoshowhowtomobilizenativephosphorusinthesoilusingzincoxidenanoparticlesoverthelifecycleof

40、theplant,fromseedtoharvest.Foodcropsneedphosphorustogrow,andfarmersareusingmoreandmorephosphorus-basedfertilizerastheyincreasecropstofeedagrowingworldpopulation.However,theplantscanonlyuseabout42percentofthephosphorusappliedtothesoil,sotherestrunsoffintothewaterstreams,whereitgrowsalgaethatpolluteso

41、urwatersources.Inaddition,nearly82percentoftheworld'sphosphorusisusedasfertilizer,butitisalimitedsupply,Raliyasaid."Iffarmersusethesameamountofphosphorusasthey'reusingnow,theworld'ssupplywillbedepletedinabout80years,"Raliyasaid."Nowisthetimefortheworldtolearnhowtousephosph

42、orusinamoresustainablemanner."Raliyaandhiscollaborators,includingJagadishChandraTarafdarattheCentralAridZoneResearchInstituteinJodhpur,India,createdzincoxidenanoparticlesfromafungusaroundtheplant'srootthathelpstheplantmobilizeandtakeupthenutrientsinthesoil.Zincalsoisanessentialnutrientforpl

43、antsbecauseitinteractswiththreeenzymesthatmobilizethecomplexformofphosphorusinthesoilintoaformthatplantscanabsorb."Duetoclimatechange,thedailytemperatureandrainfallamountshavechanged,"Raliyasaid."Whentheychanged,themicroflorainthesoilarealsochanged,andoncethosearedepleted,thesoilphosp

44、horuscan'tmobilizethephosphorus,sothefarmerappliesmore.Ourgoalistoincreasetheactivityoftheenzymesbyseveral-fold,sowecanmobilizethenativephosphorusseveral-fold."WhenRaliyaandtheteamappliedthezincnanoparticlestotheleavesofthemungbeanplant,itincreasedtheuptakeofthephosphorusbynearly11percentan

45、dtheactivityofthethreeenzymesby84percentto108percent.Thatleadstoalesserneedtoaddphosphorusonthesoil,Raliyasaid."Whentheenzymeactivityincreases,youdon'tneedtoapplytheexternalphosphorus,becauseit'salreadyinthesoil,butnotinanavailableformfortheplanttouptake,"hesaid."Whenweapplyth

46、esenanoparticles,itmobilizesthecomplexformofphosphorustoanavailableform."ThemungbeanisalegumegrownmainlyinChina,southeastAsiaandIndia,where60percentofthepopulationisvegetarianandreliesonplant-basedproteinsources.Thebeanisadaptabletoavarietyofclimateconditionsandisveryaffordableforpeopletogrow.R

47、aliyasaid45percentoftheworldwidephosphorususeforagriculturetakesplaceinIndiaandChina.MuchofthephosphorussupplyindevelopingcountriesisimportedfromtheUnitedStatesandMorocco-basedrockphosphatemines."Wehopethatthismethodofusingzincoxidenanoparticlescanbedeployedindevelopingcountrieswherefarmersareu

48、singalotofphosphorus,"Raliyasaid."ThesecountriesaredependentontheU.S.toexportphosphorustothem,butinthefuture,theU.S.mayhavetohelpsupplyfood,aswell.Ifthiscropcangrowinamoresustainablemanner,itwillbehelpfulforeveryone.""Thisisabroadereffortunderwayatthenexusoffood,energyandwater,&q

49、uot;Biswassaid."Nanoparticletechnologyenabledbyaerosolsciencehelpsdevelopinnovativesolutionstoaddressthisglobalchallengeproblemthatwefacetoday."納米粒子有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)食作物的可持續(xù)種植圣路易斯州華盛頓大學(xué)的研究人員希望納米技術(shù)可以幫助減少對(duì)化肥的需求，創(chuàng)造一種更加可持續(xù)的方式來種植作物，比如說綠豆。資料來源：WUSTL（圣路易斯州華盛頓大學(xué)）科學(xué)家們正努力為未來幾十年內(nèi)預(yù)計(jì)的全球人口的增長(zhǎng)做準(zhǔn)備一一因此對(duì)于食品生產(chǎn)也會(huì)有更多的需求。圣路

50、易斯州華盛頓大學(xué)的個(gè)工程師團(tuán)隊(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種提高高蛋白豆子生長(zhǎng)的可持續(xù)的方式，即通過改善其吸收急需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的方式。研究科學(xué)家RameshRaliya以及能源、環(huán)境與化學(xué)工程系的主任Lucy&StanleyLopata教授PratimBiswas十一他們都在工程與應(yīng)用科學(xué)學(xué)院一一發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種減少化肥（用巖石磷制成）使用的方法，并且通過使用氧化鋅納米顆粒還看到了糧食作物生長(zhǎng)的改善。該研究發(fā)表在2016年4月7日的農(nóng)業(yè)與食品化學(xué)雜志上。Raliya說，這是第一次研究顯示如何在植物的整個(gè)生命周期中一一從播種到收獲一一利用氧化鋅納米粒子來調(diào)動(dòng)土壤中的自然的磷。糧食的生長(zhǎng)需要磷，農(nóng)民們正在使用越來

51、越多的磷肥，因?yàn)檫@些肥料能增加作物產(chǎn)量以養(yǎng)活不斷增長(zhǎng)的世界人口。但是，植物只能吸收施加到土壤中的磷總量的42%,因此剩下的磷就跑到了水流中，而水中磷會(huì)刺激藻類的生長(zhǎng)，污染我們的水源。此外，世界上將近82%的磷都被用作為肥料，但磷的供應(yīng)量是有限的，Raliya說?！叭绻r(nóng)民們使用他們現(xiàn)在使用的那么多的磷，那么全球磷供應(yīng)量將在大約80年內(nèi)耗盡，"Raliya說,“現(xiàn)在，全球的人是時(shí)候?qū)W習(xí)如何以一種更加可持續(xù)的方式使用磷了?！盧aliya和他的合作者們包括印度焦特布爾市中央干旱地帶研究所的JagadishChandraTarafdar用植物根部附近的真菌創(chuàng)造了氧化鋅納米分子，這種真菌幫助植

52、物調(diào)動(dòng)和吸收土壤中的養(yǎng)分。鋅還是植物的一種必需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)素，因?yàn)樗c三種酶相互作用，而這三種酶可以把土壤中磷的復(fù)雜形式組織成植物能吸收的形式?！坝捎跉夂蜃兓?，日常氣溫和降雨量都改變了，"Raliya說，“當(dāng)這些東西改變了，土壤中的微生物也發(fā)生了變化，而一旦這些微生物被耗盡了，土壤磷就不能調(diào)動(dòng)磷，那么農(nóng)民們就會(huì)施加更多磷肥。我們目標(biāo)是把酶的活性增加幾倍，這樣我們就可以多調(diào)動(dòng)幾倍的土壤磷。”當(dāng)Raliya和其團(tuán)隊(duì)把鋅納米粒子施加到綠豆植物的葉子中的時(shí)候，它把磷的吸收率增加了將近11%,而三種酶的活性也增加了84%到108%。這能帶來在土壤中添加磷的更少的需求，Raliya說。“當(dāng)酶的活性增加

53、的時(shí)候，你就不需要施加額外的磷了，因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)在土壤中了，知只是不是以植物可以吸收的形式存在，”他說，“當(dāng)我們采用了這些納米粒子，它能把磷的復(fù)雜形式組織成可吸收的形式?！本G豆是一種主要種植在中國(guó)、東南亞和印度的豆類，那里60%的人口是素食主義者，并且依靠植物蛋白來源。這種豆子能適應(yīng)更重氣候條件，人們也能負(fù)擔(dān)得起種植這種作物。Raliya說，全球用于農(nóng)業(yè)的磷有45%是在印度和中國(guó)使用的。供應(yīng)給發(fā)展中國(guó)家的大多數(shù)磷是從美國(guó)和摩洛哥的磷礦中進(jìn)口的?！拔覀兿Ｍ醚趸\納米粒子的這種方法可以在發(fā)展中國(guó)家得到部署，這些國(guó)家的農(nóng)民都使用了大量的磷，"Raliya說，“這些國(guó)家都依賴于美國(guó)出口磷給

54、他們，但是在未來，美國(guó)可能也不得不幫助供應(yīng)食物。如果這種作物可以以一種更加可持續(xù)的方式生長(zhǎng)，這對(duì)于每個(gè)人來說都將是有益的?！薄斑@是在食品、能源和水的關(guān)系上正在進(jìn)行的更廣泛的努力，"Biswas說，“氣溶膠科學(xué)所帶來的納米粒子技術(shù)能夠幫助開發(fā)出創(chuàng)新的解決方案，以解決我們今天面臨的這一全球性挑戰(zhàn)問題?！盡etalAlloy（金屬合金）Inductionheattreatmentofsheet-bulkmetalformedpartsInordertoproducehighstrengthlightweightproductswithfunctionalelements,suchasgea

55、ringsandcarriers,bulkformingoperationscanbeappliedtosheetmetal.Forthisprocessclasstheterm-bulkmetalforminghasbeenestablishedrecently.Usingthesecoldformingoperationsahighsurfacequality,shortenedprocesschains,andaworkhardeningofthematerialcanbeachieved.Thismakesitapromisingprocess,forinstancefortheman

56、ufactureoftypicalcomponentsfortheautomotivepowertrain.Owingtothethree-dimensionalstressandstrainstatespresentduringsheet-bulkmetalforming,microstructuralductiledamagecanoccurintheformofmicro-voids.Theseactassitesforcrackinitiationand-growthandarelimitingthecomponentsfatiguelife.Additionally,dependin

57、gonthematerialflowproperties,tensileresidualstressescanbepresentinthecomponents'formedfunctionalelemeriitigservice,thecomponentsaresubjectedtocyclicloadingviathesefunctionalelements,thusresidualtensilestressesexertanunfavorableinfluenceoncrackinitiationandcrackgrowth,andthereforeonthecomponents&

58、#39;fatiguelife.Tocounteractpotentialcrackinitiationonthesurfaceorinthesubsurfaceregions,followingtheformingprocess,temperatureandmicrostructurallyrelatedcompressiveresidualstressescanbeinducedbyamartensitictransformationduetolocalheattreatingofthecomponentssurfaceandsubsequentwater-airspraycooling.

59、TheobjectiveofthepresentstudybyHans-BernwardBessereretal.fromLeibnizUniversityHannoverandFAUErlangen-Nurembergwastotestwhethersuchstressstatescanbeinducedinacontrolledmannerinsemi-finishedtailoredblanksmanufacturedbyorbitalcold-forming.Residualstressmeasurementsbeforeandafterinductionheattreatmentin

60、theworkpiecesx-raydiffractometryrevealedthatcompressiveresidualstressescouldbeinducedandcontrolledbyvaryingthespraycoolingconditions.單體金屬成型零件的感應(yīng)熱處理為了通過功能元件生產(chǎn)出高強(qiáng)度的輕質(zhì)產(chǎn)品，例如傳動(dòng)裝置和載體，形成操作的主體能夠被用于覆蓋金屬。對(duì)于分類“單體金屬成型”的程序最近才剛剛建立。通過使用這些冷形成操作，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)一個(gè)高表面質(zhì)量、縮短型處理鏈以及加工硬化的材料。這令其成為了一個(gè)有前途的程序，例如用于汽車動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)典型組件的制造。由于在單體金屬形成過程中會(huì)呈現(xiàn)三維