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1、優(yōu)秀科技論文的五要素一、創(chuàng)新性在科學(xué)與技術(shù)的發(fā)展處于轉(zhuǎn)折、發(fā)現(xiàn)和革命的時(shí)期,像本世紀(jì)之初量子論誕生那種充滿重大發(fā)現(xiàn)的年代;像四十年代未至五十年代初發(fā)明晶體管的年代,像五十年代發(fā)現(xiàn)DNA雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)從而開創(chuàng)分子生物學(xué)的激動(dòng)人心的時(shí)期,創(chuàng)新是一種科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn),它必將開創(chuàng)一個(gè)新的學(xué)科領(lǐng)域,對(duì)人類的認(rèn)識(shí)在哲學(xué)的高度上產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響,對(duì)于這些科學(xué)革命時(shí)期的創(chuàng)新,學(xué)術(shù)界很容易理解和體會(huì)它的含義,這不屬于本文論述的重點(diǎn);本文所關(guān)心的是處于科學(xué)技術(shù)平穩(wěn)的發(fā)展時(shí)期,由一般科技人員撰寫的論文,它的創(chuàng)新性究竟是指什么,請先看一下Nature與Science的說明。Nature認(rèn)為創(chuàng)新是科研成果新穎,引人注意(出入意料或令
2、人吃驚),而且該項(xiàng)研究看來在該領(lǐng)域之外具有廣泛的意義,無論是報(bào)道一項(xiàng)突出的發(fā)現(xiàn),還是某一重要問題的實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)展的第一手報(bào)告,均應(yīng)使其他領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家感興趣。Science則認(rèn)為,創(chuàng)新是指,對(duì)自然或理論提出新見解,而不是對(duì)已有研究結(jié)論的再次論證,內(nèi)容激動(dòng)人心并富有啟發(fā)性,具有廣泛的科學(xué)興趣。具體而言,就是說在已沉寂的研究領(lǐng)域提出創(chuàng)新思想,在十分活躍的研究領(lǐng)域取得重大進(jìn)展或者是將原先彼此分離的研究領(lǐng)域融合在一起。讀者不難看出,上述要求并不是容易達(dá)到的,即使是在這兩種刊物上己發(fā)表的論文,也并不是都能達(dá)到這個(gè)要求,如果有10%的論文能達(dá)到這個(gè)要求也就相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)了,顯然這種要求是辦刊人員的奮斗目標(biāo)和期刊的最高
3、標(biāo)準(zhǔn),為了比較,再來看一看科學(xué)通報(bào)、中國科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)進(jìn)展這三種全國性綜合期刊對(duì)創(chuàng)新性的要求,它們的要求是共同的,即在基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究方面具有創(chuàng)造性的、高水平和有重要意義的最新研究成果。讀者可能己注意到這里對(duì)創(chuàng)新性的要求與Nature、Science的要求不同之處在于沒有特別強(qiáng)調(diào)論文的內(nèi)容應(yīng)能引起科技界廣泛的興趣,用現(xiàn)在流行的話來說,就是大家廣泛關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)問題,作為國際科學(xué)期刊,Nature與Science強(qiáng)調(diào)這一點(diǎn)是應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)模彩强梢詫?shí)現(xiàn)的,他們可以從眾多的來稿中篩選出符合這一要求的論文;而國內(nèi)期刊需要根據(jù)本國科研的實(shí)際需要和整個(gè)背景情況來慎重地對(duì)待這個(gè)要求,其實(shí),隨著國家科學(xué)基金個(gè)人申請項(xiàng)
4、目的逐年增多,申請人就可以既根據(jù)個(gè)人的專長,又根據(jù)當(dāng)前國內(nèi)外自己所熟悉的科學(xué)前沿進(jìn)展確立科研選題,那么假以時(shí)日,這個(gè)要求也就不難達(dá)到了。但是,需要特別指出的,像Nature與Science這樣著名的國際的東西,畢竟意義重大的論文或研究成果一定會(huì)引起相關(guān)領(lǐng)域科技人員的關(guān)注。筆者認(rèn)為,一篇論文或一項(xiàng)研究課規(guī)模不一定很大,但研究一定要深入,結(jié)果一定要深刻,要能反應(yīng)研究者獨(dú)到的見解。這樣的論文列入高水平論文想必不會(huì)有疑問了。二、可讀性一篇科學(xué)論文的可讀性是至關(guān)重要的,應(yīng)當(dāng)引起作者的高度重視。可讀性是由如下因素決定的:1研究工作是否取得了實(shí)質(zhì)性進(jìn)展,所得結(jié)論是否可靠,結(jié)果是否深刻和有啟發(fā)性,如果是階段性
5、成果,它對(duì)后續(xù)的研究有什么指導(dǎo)意義,是否是重要發(fā)現(xiàn)的前奏。如果研究工作沒有獲得階段性或最終的結(jié)果,就不應(yīng)動(dòng)手寫論文,靠一個(gè)平淡的研究工作無論如何是寫不出一篇好文章來的,因而也不可能是一篇具有可讀性的文章。2作者要對(duì)論文進(jìn)行完整的構(gòu)思,體現(xiàn)嚴(yán)密的邏輯思維,一項(xiàng)研究課題經(jīng)過長期努力工作而得到結(jié)果時(shí),就應(yīng)當(dāng)像藝術(shù)家構(gòu)思一幅作品那樣,一絲不茍、精雕細(xì)刻,對(duì)論文的論述方式,內(nèi)容的取材,學(xué)術(shù)思想的解釋,研究背景的介紹等等需要反復(fù)推敲,仔細(xì)斟酌,以期作到論文的結(jié)論嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),內(nèi)容充實(shí),論述完整,邏輯性強(qiáng)。如果作不到這一點(diǎn),那么論文就很難引起讀者的閱讀興趣了。3在論述方式上,要作到深入淺出,表達(dá)清楚、簡練,專業(yè)術(shù)語
6、準(zhǔn)確,前后一致,語言要規(guī)范。生動(dòng)。4文字與插圖恰當(dāng)?shù)呐浜?。國?nèi)相當(dāng)多的論文在利用圖、表來生動(dòng)地闡述學(xué)術(shù)內(nèi)容方向還顯不足,隨著計(jì)算機(jī)三維可視化方法的普及,論文中采用彩圖、立體圖的趨勢將會(huì)增加,這可以避免過多的文字說明,而且效果也比較好。5論文的體例格式。雖然每一期刊都制定了能反映他們自己的風(fēng)格和特點(diǎn)的體例要求,但大體上,學(xué)術(shù)期刊有一個(gè)共同的體例要求,讀者對(duì)此并不陌生,不過真正認(rèn)真照著去作的卻不多,作者可能很少思考這樣一個(gè)問題學(xué)術(shù)期刊為什么要提出體例要求?須知這不是可以隨意對(duì)待的事。體例不僅保證了論文形式上的規(guī)范,也保證了內(nèi)容上的可讀性,恰恰就是這一點(diǎn)被許多作者所忽視了,其中,論文的標(biāo)題、摘要和關(guān)
7、鍵詞這三者基本上決定了論文能否被期刊所采納和能否引起讀者的興趣。進(jìn)入科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)索引的優(yōu)秀期刊Chinese physics Letters(中國物理快報(bào))一再申明:本刊特別注重文章的標(biāo)題、摘要的編寫。目的在于提高文章的引用率。標(biāo)題應(yīng)該清晰地描述文章的內(nèi)容,又能反映與其他文獻(xiàn)的區(qū)別。關(guān)于摘要,首先要求是對(duì)文章的主題及其所屬的領(lǐng)域和研究對(duì)象給予簡短的敘述,更重要、更嚴(yán)格的要求是對(duì)文章的理論或?qū)嶒?yàn)結(jié)果、結(jié)論以及其他一些有意義的觀點(diǎn)給出清晰、明確、較具體的簡要的敘述。可見這三者對(duì)一篇論文是能產(chǎn)生畫龍點(diǎn)睛的效果的。國內(nèi)有些論文的一個(gè)通病是喜歡包羅萬象的,大而空的標(biāo)題,接著又是言過其實(shí),空洞無物的摘要。例如
8、說一次觀測就得出一個(gè)變化規(guī)律;一個(gè)算法就解決了一個(gè)NP問題,等等,羅列的關(guān)鍵詞不能反映論文的中心議題,也不便于檢索,這樣就使得讀者沒有興趣再讀下去了,出現(xiàn)這樣的結(jié)果,何談?wù)撐牡目勺x性?請看一下Nature在投稿指南第二條上對(duì)可讀性是如何解釋的:來稿應(yīng)寫得清楚。簡練,以便讓其他領(lǐng)域的讀者和母語為非英語的讀者能能夠讀懂?;镜牡謱儆趯I(yè)的術(shù)語應(yīng)作簡明解釋,但不要說教式的。在投稿之前請從事其他學(xué)科研究的同事對(duì)最終文稿在清楚易懂方面提供意見往往很有用。Nature雜志的編輯常常建議修改并重寫論文的摘要和正文的第一段(即引言),并保證文章和圖片對(duì)非該領(lǐng)域的讀者明確、能讀懂。這再清楚不過地說明了論文的可
9、讀性是何等重要,Nature雜志一再申明,論文是否利用最終決定權(quán)屬于編輯部,凡不符合他們要求的稿件,毋需他人閱讀即行退稿,道理很簡單,在大量來稿的情形下,編輯不可能花太大多的精力和時(shí)間去處理一篇可讀性很差的稿件。談到可讀性,使筆者回想起在數(shù)學(xué)界流傳很廣的一件佚事。在本世紀(jì)之初,Hilbert由于提出23個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)論題而名聲大振,有人問他何謂一個(gè)好的數(shù)學(xué)選題,Hilbert毫不猶豫地回答:清晨與你漫步時(shí),能向你遇到的第一位行人用10分鐘時(shí)間解釋清楚的數(shù)學(xué)選題。可見簡明、清楚、易懂是一篇論文必須具備的基本條件。當(dāng)然,Nature與Science不是專業(yè)雜志,他們特別重視論文可讀性是可以理解的,那么,專
10、業(yè)期刊是否就不必這樣認(rèn)真對(duì)待可讀性問題呢,事實(shí)上,可讀性是指讀者在讀過你的文章之后,能夠明了你要說的什么問題,是怎樣著手解決的,并不需要讀者非得全面理解你的論文的全部內(nèi)容,因此,專業(yè)期刊同樣要求論文具有可讀性,如果一篇論文由于可讀性差而失去很多讀者,對(duì)于期刊本身而言,負(fù)面影響將是嚴(yán)重的。三、信息量信息量是源于通信領(lǐng)域而逐漸普及成為大眾與媒體頻繁使用的一個(gè)詞,將它與一篇科技論文聯(lián)系起來,是指在篇幅有限的情況下,論文本身能向讀者提供多少有關(guān)該論題的信息。筆者在Chinese physics Letters的投稿規(guī)范上看到,它是指“要盡可能多地給出有關(guān)研究的信息,盡可能少地運(yùn)用investigate
11、(調(diào)查),study(研究),discuss(討論)等詞,并舉例作了進(jìn)一步解釋,如“The cross section is (6.25±0.02)就比“The cross section is measured”包含更多的信息量。通俗地講,讀之前或許不知道,或者模糊不清或不確切的知識(shí)在讀過該文之后不僅獲得新知識(shí),還消除了模糊不清或不確切之處,就說明這篇文章包含較多的信息量。簡言之,當(dāng)你讀完一篇文章后獲得的新知識(shí)越多,說明它的信息量就越大。顯然,“多點(diǎn)測量”的信息量要比“單點(diǎn)測量”少得多,前者給出的是模糊的、不確切的信息,而后者則是清楚的、確切的信息。現(xiàn)在,國內(nèi)外一些著名期刊對(duì)論文的
12、篇幅作了嚴(yán)格限制,這樣作的意義何許呢,顯然新的學(xué)術(shù)思想,新的實(shí)驗(yàn),新的發(fā)現(xiàn)等等創(chuàng)新結(jié)果是決定論文信息量的關(guān)鍵,但是不可否認(rèn),篇幅的嚴(yán)格限制會(huì)促使作者想方設(shè)法刪除那些與文章主題關(guān)系不大的或次要的內(nèi)容,作者面對(duì)篇幅的限制,不得不一次又一次地重新構(gòu)思論文的框架,選擇最重要的素材,采納最恰當(dāng)?shù)谋硎龇绞讲?duì)文字的敘述仔細(xì)推敲,這樣作的結(jié)果,一般來說論文的內(nèi)容充實(shí)了,信息量上增加了,主題鮮明了,論文的質(zhì)量也相應(yīng)地提高了。著名的國際學(xué)術(shù)期刊Physical Review Letter的編輯首先對(duì)來稿從標(biāo)題、圖表、數(shù)學(xué)公式直到參考文獻(xiàn)逐一計(jì)算所占的行數(shù),總行數(shù)絕對(duì)不能超過460行,否則即退回作者重新修改,精練
13、內(nèi)容到符合要求為止。篇幅雖少但內(nèi)容不充實(shí),論文包含的信息量太少則很難被編輯,審稿人認(rèn)為是篇好文章,退稿是預(yù)料之中的事。從上可知,限制論文篇幅隱含著對(duì)信息量的要求,只要作者認(rèn)真對(duì)待,反復(fù)修改,精練自己的敘述方式,就能夠改善論文的質(zhì)量,尤其是增加信息量。在這方面值大家借鑒的是,Watson與Crick發(fā)現(xiàn)DNA雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)的論文發(fā)表在Nature上,只有約500字和一幅DNA的雙螺旋圖,就是Penzias和Wilsoh發(fā)現(xiàn)字宙大爆炸的3K背景輻射的技術(shù)觀測論文也只有一頁篇幅,而這兩篇論文則使作者分別獲得了諾貝爾生物醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)與物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。四、參考文獻(xiàn)將參考文獻(xiàn)列為評(píng)價(jià)一篇論文質(zhì)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一,可能會(huì)使讀者和
14、作者感到驚奇,甚至產(chǎn)生異議,這并不奇怪。因?yàn)楣P者認(rèn)為,參考文獻(xiàn)在一篇論文中的地位,以往是被大大忽視了?,F(xiàn)在有了科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)索引,就不難理解參考文獻(xiàn)在論文中的重要作用了,由美國賓州的科學(xué)信息研究所(Institute for Scientific information, ISI)倡導(dǎo)的按論文被引用的次數(shù)來評(píng)價(jià)研究成果的思想就產(chǎn)生了SCI,它除了收錄論文的作者、題目、源期刊、摘要、關(guān)鍵詞之外,還特意將論文所列的參考文獻(xiàn)全部收錄下來,這樣就能把一篇論文同其他論文之間有學(xué)術(shù)意義的聯(lián)系勾畫出來,從而溝通了不同作者群體之間的學(xué)術(shù)聯(lián)系,并進(jìn)一步統(tǒng)計(jì)出期刊的影響因子(Impact Factor),即某一期刊在連
15、續(xù)兩年內(nèi)發(fā)表的論文總數(shù)為A,第三年它被引用的次數(shù)為B,影響因子IF=BA,意指該刊兩年內(nèi)所發(fā)表的論文在第三年被引用的平均次數(shù)。它反映了該期刊在世界范圍內(nèi)的影響,在不同刊物上發(fā)表文章其難易程度相差可能很大??梢妳⒖嘉墨I(xiàn)對(duì)計(jì)算影響因子和評(píng)價(jià)論文水平所引起的巨大作用。當(dāng)然,有一些非常優(yōu)秀的論文并不一定刊登在影響因子很高的期刊上,例如Lorenz的“確定性非周期流”;Feigenbaum的“非線性變換的普適測度特性”以及Shannon的“通訊的數(shù)學(xué)理論”等等,用IF作為唯一衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)顯然是不公允的,偏頗的。對(duì)于作者來說,一項(xiàng)研究工作從選題開始就離不開閱讀文獻(xiàn)資料,在撰寫論文時(shí),一定要將你產(chǎn)生新的學(xué)術(shù)思想
16、之前最重要的文獻(xiàn)列舉出來,說明當(dāng)時(shí)的研究所達(dá)到的水平;在研究工作開展中,受哪些文獻(xiàn)資料的啟發(fā),從哪些論文中獲得了教益,促進(jìn)了研究進(jìn)度,屬于這類的文獻(xiàn)均應(yīng)列出,寫論文時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)論文涉及的學(xué)科內(nèi)容進(jìn)行檢索,看看是否遺漏了重要的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),有一個(gè)感人至深的事例,就是孟德爾(Mendel J.Gr)的豌豆雜交實(shí)驗(yàn),他把從兩年實(shí)驗(yàn)中總結(jié)出的雜交組合法則發(fā)表在“自然研究協(xié)會(huì)”的雜志上,幾乎沒有引起人們的注意,他去世16年以后,三位有名的生物學(xué)家彼此獨(dú)立地再次發(fā)現(xiàn)了他得出的組合法則,他們是荷蘭人de Vries、奧地利人Tschermak-Seysengg和德國人Correns,他們同在1900年遞交了自己的論文
17、,為慎重起見,又不約而同地各自查找了有關(guān)豌豆雜交實(shí)驗(yàn)的全部資料和論文,恰巧同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)孟德爾早于他們30多年就發(fā)現(xiàn)了雜交遺傳的規(guī)律,為了表示對(duì)前人的敬仰和尊敬,他們各自在論文中將該規(guī)律稱作孟德爾定律,如果他們?nèi)溯p視論文中的參考文獻(xiàn),那么其后果將會(huì)多么今后世人遺憾啊!類似的例子還有很多??傊黄撐乃淼难芯恐荒芷鸬匠星皢⒑蟮淖饔?,除了自己獨(dú)立而創(chuàng)新的那一部分內(nèi)容外,在論文中不必也不可能對(duì)涉及到的相關(guān)問題逐個(gè)詳細(xì)論述,這時(shí)給出有關(guān)的參考文獻(xiàn),以說明結(jié)論、觀點(diǎn)、數(shù)據(jù)的來源,讀者如想深入了解這個(gè)問題就可查閱文獻(xiàn),這樣一來,文獻(xiàn)就成了自己論文的補(bǔ)充和完善,編輯和審稿人將根據(jù)論文中開列的文獻(xiàn)簡單初步判
18、斷該論文的水平以及作者對(duì)有關(guān)學(xué)科的背景知識(shí)水平,自然在一定程度上也可以判斷作者的科學(xué)道德,如果不是受文獻(xiàn)檢索條件的限制,你未能在論文中列出與你的研究密切相關(guān)的主要文獻(xiàn),讀者、編輯和審稿人可能會(huì)看作是一種不良學(xué)風(fēng),這對(duì)你的事業(yè)可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的損害。參考文獻(xiàn)的選擇是一項(xiàng)極為嚴(yán)肅的事,它關(guān)系到論文的可信度和作者的聲譽(yù),論文的作者對(duì)所開列的主要文獻(xiàn)均應(yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀過,并向讀者保證論文中某處引用的參考文獻(xiàn)的確與該處的內(nèi)容有關(guān),文獻(xiàn)發(fā)表的刊物、年代、卷號(hào)、標(biāo)題、頁碼同樣應(yīng)核實(shí)無誤,期刊的編輯人員花在這方面的時(shí)間和精力是很多的,但許多作者對(duì)此卻了解甚少,采取了輕慢的態(tài)度。國內(nèi)學(xué)術(shù)論文在引用參考文獻(xiàn)上存在以下問題
19、1、為了省事,轉(zhuǎn)引二手文獻(xiàn),既不核對(duì),自己也沒有看過或?yàn)g覽過,引用是否恰當(dāng)、準(zhǔn)確,一般則很少考慮。2、只引自己的論文,這既是自負(fù)又是無知的表現(xiàn),讀者、編輯和審稿人認(rèn)為只引作者自己的論文,說明作者的研究課題沒有引起同行的關(guān)注,不屬于熱點(diǎn)課題,也不屬于前沿課題,同時(shí)還認(rèn)為作者對(duì)當(dāng)前該領(lǐng)域各相關(guān)學(xué)科的進(jìn)展不了解,起碼很長時(shí)間沒有查閱文獻(xiàn)資料或閱讀學(xué)術(shù)期刊了。對(duì)于這類論文國內(nèi)編輯部一般采取十分寬容的作法,就是退請作者作補(bǔ)充,因?yàn)槌霈F(xiàn)這類現(xiàn)象的作者有些還是學(xué)術(shù)界資深的研究員;國外這類現(xiàn)象很少見,遇上了自然是作退稿處理。3、閱讀的是中文文獻(xiàn),引用的是外文文獻(xiàn)。以D.Marr的Vision一書為例,該書由于
20、創(chuàng)立了視覺的計(jì)算理論而在國際上久負(fù)盛名,國內(nèi)很及時(shí)翻譯出版了中文本,成為從事生物視覺。計(jì)算機(jī)圖像處理,機(jī)器人視覺研究的必讀之書,遺憾的是,不少作者在中文期刊論文中卻引了該書的英文原著,實(shí)際情況是,英國原著在全國沒有幾本,就是中國科學(xué)院圖書館也沒有,那么許多讀者是從哪里得到原版著作閱讀呢,中文版是幾位專家歷經(jīng)干辛萬苦完成的一本語言流暢、表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確、可讀性很高的譯著,當(dāng)你從中學(xué)得了有用的知識(shí)后,為什么只引用英文原著,而不引用中文譯著呢?4、引用文獻(xiàn)中近三年之內(nèi)的比例少,這自然和國內(nèi)外文期刊少,同行讀者獲得外文期刊有較大時(shí)間滯后有關(guān),隨著Internet的發(fā)展,這種情況會(huì)得到改善。筆者將參考文獻(xiàn)作為判
21、斷一篇論文質(zhì)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一,相信會(huì)被越來越多的作者、讀者、編輯同仁以及審稿專家理解和認(rèn)同。五、署名與致謝科技論文的署名是一件極其嚴(yán)肅的事,應(yīng)按研究工作實(shí)際貢獻(xiàn)的大小確定署名,論文中的每一位作者均應(yīng)對(duì)其論點(diǎn)、數(shù)據(jù)和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果負(fù)責(zé),其中責(zé)任作者還應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)讀者的質(zhì)疑有答辯的能力與義務(wù)。不恰當(dāng)?shù)氖鹈瓤赡苁カ@得科學(xué)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的機(jī)會(huì),又可能嚴(yán)重?fù)p害論文與作者的聲譽(yù)。諾貝爾生理醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)得主Baltimore于1986年在他本人并不熟悉的、不知道有偽造實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的論文上署名,造成了惡劣影響,受到科學(xué)界嚴(yán)厲的譴責(zé),論文被宣布撤回,他本人引咎辭職,因此,優(yōu)秀科技論文的署名反映了作者的科學(xué)道德,應(yīng)經(jīng)得起時(shí)間的考驗(yàn)。一篇科技論文
22、所涉及的研究工作在很多情況下是由一個(gè)研究小組完成的,至少包含了課題組的貢獻(xiàn),也包含了作者與同事,同行的學(xué)術(shù)交流與討論,甚至向其他專家學(xué)者當(dāng)面的或書面的請教。也包括經(jīng)費(fèi)的支持和工作條件的保障等等,在這種情況下,作者通過論文對(duì)自己的學(xué)術(shù)思想,研究進(jìn)展提供過幫助的主要人員表示致謝是完全應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)?,特別是在學(xué)術(shù)上、科學(xué)問題方面對(duì)自己的研究提供過幫助或得到過啟發(fā)的人員,一定要向他們致謝。在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,科學(xué)界出現(xiàn)了一次極不公平的諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)事件,當(dāng)時(shí)著名的女物理學(xué)家萊絲·梅特娜(Lise Meitner)對(duì)核裂變作出了重大貢獻(xiàn),由于出身猶太民族受到迫害離開德國后,她曾通過大量書信促進(jìn)(實(shí)際上也
23、指導(dǎo)了)奧托·哈恩(Otto Hahm)進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)工作,遺憾的是哈恩為了獨(dú)得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng),未能向評(píng)委會(huì)提供這些內(nèi)情,既未在論文中署上梅特娜的名字,也未向她致謝,終于將梅特娜排斥于諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)之外,使科學(xué)界感到極大的震動(dòng),哈恩的品行將永遠(yuǎn)受到譴責(zé)。論文的作者千萬不要輕視致謝這件事,把它看成是可有可無的事,自己論文公開發(fā)表后,就用書面形式記載了你的和科研成果,同時(shí)上記下了你的科研道德,像哈恩那樣的事,無論它的檔次多高,還是不出現(xiàn)為好。以上五個(gè)要素,是一篇優(yōu)秀科技論文必須具備的,至少是應(yīng)當(dāng)努力去實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)。編輯、審稿人實(shí)際上是與作者一起為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)在不懈地工作著,關(guān)鍵當(dāng)然還是作者自己。A tech
24、nical paper will usually have four sections. The purpose of each of these sections is as follows:Section I: Introduction. The Introduction should do the following:1. Open up the subject. (The subject will be electromagnetic fields in cylindrical dielectric geometric, adaptive arrays in packet radio,
25、 or whatever.)2. Survey past work relevant to this paper.3. Describe the problem addressed in this paper, and show how this work relates to, or augments, previous work.4. Describe the assumptions made in general terms and state what results have been obtained. (This gives the reader an initial overv
26、iew of what problem is addressed in the paper and what has packet radio, or whatever been achieved.)5. Overview the contents of the paper. ("Section II contains our formulation of the problem. Section III contains the experimental data,")Section II: Formulation of the Problem. This section
27、 should do three things:1. Define the problem to be considered in detail. Typically this section might begin with something like: "Consider a packet radio system consisting of a single central repeater surrounded by user terminals. Each user transmits packets to the central repeater using a slo
28、tted ALOHA protocol. The transmissions from all users are assumed to be on the same frequency." the discussion should proceed in this way until the problem is completely defined.2. Define all terminology and notation used. Usually the terminology and notation are defined along with the problem
29、itself.3. Develop the equations on which your results will be based and/or describe any experimental systems. Section might begin with something like: "Consider a packet radio Section III: Results. This section presents the detailed results you have obtained. If the paper is theoretical, you wi
30、ll probably show curves obtained from your equations. If the paper is experimental, you will be presenting curves showing the measurement results. In order to choose the proper curves to present, you must first be clear what point you are trying to convey to the reader. The curves can then be chosen
31、 to illustrate this point. Whether your paper is theoretical or experimental, you must provide a careful interpretation of what your results mean and why they behave as they do. Section IV: Conclusion. This section should summarize what has been accomplished in the paper. Many readers will read only
32、 the Introduction and Conclusion of your paper. The Conclusion should be written so they can be understood by someone who has not read the main work of the accomplished in the paper. Many readers will read only the Introduction paper.This is the most common format for an engineering paper. Of course
33、, the names of the sections may differ slightly from those above, but the purpose of each section will usually be as described. Some papers include additional sections or differ from the above outline in one way or another. However, the outline just presented is a good starting point for writing a t
34、echnical paper. To write your paper, you should proceed as follows:Step 1: Start by writing a complete first draft of your paper, except for the Introduction and Conclusion. (It is easiest to leave the Introduction and Conclusion until after the main body of the paper is written.) In writing your pa
35、per, keep the following in mind:1. You must always present the big picture first and then work towards the details. The other way around will not work. This is especially true in the beginning of Section II, where you are explaining the problem you are studying. 2. If you get stuck and cannot figure
36、 out how to explain something, a useful trick is to imagine that you are telling a very good friend what you are working on: just put down the words as you would say them to your friend. In writing your first draft, do not worry if the wording is not the details. The other way around will not work.
37、This is especially perfect. Polishing the document comes later. When you are finished with your first draft, put it away and do not look at it for a couple of days before you begin Step 2.Step 2: Make sure the ideas in the paper are in the right order. If not, move blocks of the paper around with yo
38、ur text editor until they are. Ask yourself: "Can the reader understand every passage strictly from the material up to that point?" if not, add material or move ideas around. Make sure there not gaps in your logical arguments, and make sure you are not implicitly assuming that the reader u
39、nderstands something needed to follow your arguments, even though you have not stated it. The reader probably understands less than you think.Step 3: Work on the transitions between ideas. Make sure that at each stage the reader has a roadmap of where he or she is going. The reader must be able to s
40、ee the big picture. At the beginning of each section, make clear to the reader in advance what the purpose of that section Step 3: Work on the transitions between ideas. Make sure that at each will be and how that section relates to the preceding material. At the end of each section, you may also wa
41、nt to remind the reader that you have now completed what you set out to do in that section. Then, point out what the purpose of the next section will be, and so forth. These connection statements are called transitions the reader must always be able to see where you are going and why and how far you
42、 have progressed.Step 4: Check each paragraph for unity. Each paragraph should have one main point. Usually the central point of each paragraph is stated in a topical sentence at the beginning of the paragraph, but not always. You should not mix different ideas together in the same paragraph. If you
43、 are having trouble getting a certain section of your paper to sound right, go through that section one paragraph at a time and ask yourself what the main point of each paragraph is. Fogy writing is often due to mixed-up paragraphs.Step 5: Work on the sentences to reduce the fog index. The Fog Index
44、 F is defined as F = 0.4 (L + P), where L is the average number of words per sentence and P is the average number of polysyllables per 100 Words of text. (A polysyllable is a word with three or more syllables.) To evaluate the Fog Index for your paper, count the number of words per evaluate the Fog
45、Index for your paper, count the number of words per sentence and the number of polysyllables per 100 words for a representative portion of your paper five or six hundred words long. Ideally, you should strive for fog index less than 10. In technical writing, it is sometimes difficult to get the Fog
46、Index below 10, but a Fog Index above 15 is a warning that your material will be very hard for a reader to follow. Consider the following examples taken from typical office memos. Note that both memos say the same thing. To reduce the fog index, you must do two things: (1) reduce the length of your
47、sentences (by breaking long sentences into shorter ones), and (2) get rid of as many complicated words as possible (by using simpler words instead). Step 6: Get rid of as many passive verbs as possible. Always check your paper for passive verbs. ("The data were measured and the results were cor
48、related.") Change as many verbs as possible into the active form. ("We measured the data and correlated the results.") Using too many passive verbs makes your writing boring. Editor's comment: At their worst, passive verbs can make writing incomprehensible. The reader always needs
49、 to know who is doing what to whom, and a passive verb often obscures both the agent and the recipient of an action. In Ted's example, the passive form obscures who it was that measured the data and correlated the results.Step 7: Use verbs more than nouns. Do not bury the main action of your sen
50、tences in nouns or adjectives. Instead, let the verbs carry the end correlated the results. action. Consider these examples: Example: " The annual report produced a disappointed reaction from the sponsor." Revision: " The annual report disappointed the sponsor." Example: " I
51、t is our expectation that we will see radiation pattern improvement when the antenna is elevated." Revision: " We expect to improve the radiation pattern by elevating the antenna." Your writing will sound better if you move the action into the verbs. Step 8: Get rid of as many abstrac
52、t words as possible. Your paper will practically always sound better if you use specific words instead of abstract words. For example, instead of " We determined the conditions for performance improvement." say " We measured the noise variance necessary to increase the bit error proba
53、bility by 5 percent." The problem is that abstract words often convey a different meaning to the reader than the one you intended.Step 9: Check for consistent use of verb tense. Many technical professionals change verb tense frequently between the future and present tense for no reason. You sho
54、uld check that your verb tense is consistent throughout the paper. Usually it is simplest just to stick to the present tense: " We present our results in Section III," instead of " We shall present our results in Section III." (Note that the correct future tense for the first per
55、son (I or we) is "shall", not "will.") Step 10: Do not use "this" as a pronoun. Avoid sentences such as " This is ." and " This gives ." When "this" is used as a pronoun, its antecedent is often missing or poorly defined, and the resulting
56、writing usually looks amateurish. A typical example in engineering writing is, " By increasing the impedance, the radiation level is increased and the electric field becomes stronger. This means that ."What specifically does "this" refer to? (Moreover, who did the "increasing"?) The solution to this problem
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