論文英語閱讀中的生詞處理方法

1、英語閱讀中的生詞處理方法單位：油槐初級中學(xué)作者：楊旖目錄一、概述1二、二十一中猜詞方法介紹2三、Exercises:11四、實(shí)戰(zhàn)一14五、實(shí)戰(zhàn)二17一、概述在初中的英語教學(xué)中，閱讀理解作為非常重要的一部分，長期以來收到大家的重視。閱讀中經(jīng)常存在一定量的生詞，這部分生詞一定程度上讓學(xué)生產(chǎn)生憂慮，如果能處理里這些生詞，學(xué)生的閱讀理解一定能夠有大的提升。本文著重講解一些閱讀理解中生詞的處理方法詳見正文。二、二十一中猜詞方法介紹1.下定義或解釋概念法 (Definition/ Explanation) 往往通過下文的同位語、定語從句、或由or ; that is; that is to say; na

2、mely; in other words; that means 等表達(dá)形式導(dǎo)出詞義。 如：1).Perhaps the most startling (surprising) theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Ray. (人體運(yùn)動學(xué))2).An extinct animal is one that once lived but does not exist now.(絕種的)3).Sometimes the earth moves between the

3、 sun and the moon. Then the earths shadow falls on the moon; no light from the sun can then reach the moon. The moon gets dark because it cannot reflect the suns light. We call this an eclipse of the moon. (月蝕)4).They surrendered, that is, threw out their weapons and walked out with their hands abov

4、e their heads.2.舉例(Giving examples):for example, such as, a case in point is.過渡詞引出具體例子來說明或闡述.1).John works in a hospital where people are treated for phobia, some of phobias are the fear of flying, the fear of high places, and the fear of animals. 根據(jù)下文的舉例即可推出phobia是患恐懼癥的病人.2).Many United Nations emp

5、loyees are polyglots. Mrs. White, for example, speaks five languages. 根據(jù)后面的例證不難推出polyglots是能說多種語言的人3.運(yùn)用同義詞關(guān)系(Synonym or Restatement Clues)有的情況下，在一段話中，通過同義關(guān)系重現(xiàn)了某一生詞的詞義。用 and; not onlybut also; besides; similarly; likewise; in the same way 或用分號引出相同或類似的詞。1).There was clearly nothing left to do but drop

6、 herself onto the shabby little couch and weep.When Della had finished crying.(crying重現(xiàn)了weep的詞義)2).If you are fond of stories, you will; if youre like me, read them quickly; youll swallow them. (swallow含有read quickly的意思)3).Our uncle was a roamer, an wanderer who never could stay one place. (到處漂流的人)4

7、.根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜詞(Comparison-and-contrast Clues or antonym)在特定的上下文中,往往通過某種對照、轉(zhuǎn)折、比較或遞進(jìn)等關(guān)系，可以明確一詞的意思。這種類型的線索往往通過and, another, but, however, instead, like, though/although, still, while, on the other hand等詞或詞組引導(dǎo)出一個單詞，形成意義上的照應(yīng)關(guān)系，從而幫助理解詞義。此外分號引出類似或?qū)α⒌挠^點(diǎn)。如：1).Her voice was usually soft and sweet, but now it was h

8、oarse, (沙啞的)2).Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. (骯臟的).在含有though , but 等含有轉(zhuǎn)折詞的句子中, 主從句某些詞構(gòu)成對比關(guān)系. 即可看出soft and sweet 和hoarse 及clean 和grubby 意義相對.3).If you agree, write yes; if you dissent, write no. 根據(jù)對比關(guān)系的yes 和no,不難看出agree 和dissent是反義詞.4).He has been in off

9、ice for only a few months. He has, however, achieved more than any of his predecessors. (前任者) 用however 來提示下文要表達(dá)意想不到的結(jié)果.5.根據(jù)同等關(guān)系猜詞（Words in Series Clues)在特定的情況下，作者通過一連串同一類型或同一范疇和詞語來表達(dá)其思想。如果有一生詞在這一系列的同一范疇的詞語中，可以通過這些詞語的一段特征和語義范圍推斷出生詞的詞義范圍。如：1).But the captains courage, perseverance, and powerful will m

10、astered every man on board, and we went to work again. (意志) 這一段文字中，反映的是船長的積極進(jìn)取的精神面貌，是船長的勇氣、毅力和意志征服大家，才使他們又重新投入排水戰(zhàn)斗。2).In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansion, church, battle site, theatre and public halls. (建筑物)從這一連串詞不難看出mansion的詞義.6.經(jīng)驗(yàn)型線索 (Experience Clues)在上下文中,根據(jù)個人的經(jīng)歷、體驗(yàn)，和有關(guān)常識，結(jié)合句子和

11、段落中的相關(guān)詞句，可以理解一個詞的意義。1).I dont have any family, said the boy, I am an orphan.(孤兒)2).Soon the wind had piled snow into drifts (雪堆)7.推斷型線索(Inference Clues)或根據(jù)因果(cause and effect)關(guān)系猜詞推斷型線索的語境往往含有其它類型的語境因素，可以說是一種綜合語境。在其它語境因素的作用下，通過一定的語言邏輯關(guān)系，加以推理判斷，從而理解生詞詞義。如：1). .My friend, .I.I. But something chocked hi

12、m; he could not finish the sentence.由于感情的激動，一句話要說又說不出來。好像有什么東西在喉嚨里哽住了。2).The stream is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow. （渾濁）3).He is such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade. （精明的）8.構(gòu)詞法(word-building): root(詞根); prefix（前綴）; suffix（后綴）1).

13、He renamed the restaurant paradise2).As they went along they saw the fog thickening and the thickness of the fog made them unable to see anything.一些常見的前綴、后綴1. adj.+ly=adv.cheap-cheaply cruelcruelly firm-firmly strange-strangely2. en+adj.=v. sure-ensure able-enable3. n.+en=v. fright-frighten height-h

14、eighten strength-strengthen4.adj+ize=v. familiar-familiarize 使通俗 modern-modernize 現(xiàn)代化 real-realize special-specialize 以.為專業(yè)5.n.+y=adj. mud-muddy rain-rainy shadow-shadowy 陰暗的 storm-stormy wind-windy6.adj+en=v. 使具有；使成為 black-blacken brightbrighten sharp-sharpen weak-weaken7. n.+some=adj. quarrel-quar

15、relsome trouble-troublesome tire-tiresome worry-worrisome8.n.+y=adj. Air-airy anger-angry hill-hilly luck-lucky9.n.+ly=adj. Love-lovely hour-hourly quarter-quarterly year-yearly10.n.+ous=adj. 充滿.的 danger-dangerous courage-courageous fame-famous11.n.+al=adj. center-central education-educational indus

16、try-industrial12.v.+al=n. arrive-arrival refuse-refusal dismiss-dismissal remove-removal9.一詞多義We machine a machine part on a machine tool.我們在機(jī)床上加工機(jī)器零件.總之，語境是理解詞義的源泉。由于語境是屬于語境性的、邏輯性的，因此，通過語境途徑培養(yǎng)理解能力，要求學(xué)生具備一定的英語基本功后才能進(jìn)行（高中階段的學(xué)生是完全可以的），而且也是一個長期的過程，不是能立竿見影的；也并非在任何場合都可以利用上下文線索去理解詞義；當(dāng)需要一個確切的詞義時(shí)，或者該詞是一個非常關(guān)

17、鍵的詞，或者前后有多個生詞時(shí)，就需要借助詞典；只是在有明顯的上下文線索，或者只需要了解一個朦朦朧朧的詞義時(shí)，是可以通過語境途徑來理解詞義的。當(dāng)然，不論是哪種類型的上下文線索，通常伴有其它相關(guān)因素。這里，不妨借用語言學(xué)家海默斯歸納的語言要素SPEAKING一詞中的“SPEAK”來表示這些因素；S代表Setting and Scene（背景），P代表Participants（參加者），E代表Ends（目的及結(jié)果），A代表Act Sequence（相關(guān)信息的邏輯順序），K代表Key（傳遞信息的方式）。10. 根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的有though, but、however等。例如：Any foo

18、l can make soap, but it takes a genius to sell it. (廣東卷)由but可知genius是與fool(蠢才)相對的，由此推測其意為“有才能的人”、“天才”。11. 根據(jù)同類關(guān)系：比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語有similarly，like，just as，also等。例如：Mr. Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.句中similarly表明loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間是同類關(guān)系。由此可以推斷出loquacio

19、us詞義為“健談的”。12. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系：表示因果關(guān)系的有because, so that, so/suchthat等。例如：The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.由“無雨水”之因，可推知花會“枯萎、凋謝”之果。因此，wither意為“枯萎、凋謝”。13. 根據(jù)比喻關(guān)系：一般由asas, like等表示。例如：The hot-air balloon took off. It was as buoyant in the air as a rose leaf in water.根據(jù)“就像水中的玫瑰葉”這樣的比喻可知，

20、buoyant是“飄浮的”之意。14. 根據(jù)定義關(guān)系：定義句的謂語動詞多為be, mean, be considered, refer to, be called, be known as等。Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.根據(jù)“是用來描述人類社會的科學(xué)研究的術(shù)語”的定義，可知sociology是“社會學(xué)”之意。15. 根據(jù)所舉實(shí)例：一般由for example, such as, like等來表示舉例。例如：Many United Nations employees ar

21、e polyglot. Ms White, for example, speaks six languages.由所舉實(shí)例,不難推出polyglot的意思是“懂多種語言的”。16. 根據(jù)同義關(guān)系：根據(jù)生詞所處語境中的同義或近義詞的意思來推測它的意思。Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.由語境可知， detrimental與harmful同義，意為“不利的，有害的”。17. 根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換說法：插入語that is, tha

22、t is to say, in other words以及namely, i.e., or等都可以用來對前面的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋，意為“也就是說、即”。The cinema is only open to adults, i.e. people over 18.根據(jù)people over 18可知，adult是“成年人”之意。18. 根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號：冒號、破折號、括號等都可表示對前文的解釋或說明。例如：New houses, large schools, modern factories, more horses and sheep everywhere we saw signs of prosper

23、ity. 根據(jù)破折號前面的具體描述，可猜測prosperity 意為“繁榮”。19. 根據(jù)定語從句：由生詞后起修飾限制或起補(bǔ)充說明的定語從句推測其意思。例如：Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.由后面起補(bǔ)充作用的非限制性定語從句可推知生詞florist是“花店主”之意。20. 根據(jù)邏輯推理：根據(jù)生詞前后的搭配關(guān)系和上下文的意思等來推測其意思。Although the fisherman was wearing souwester, the storm was so heavy t

24、hat he was wet through.因生詞souwester是wear的賓語，應(yīng)當(dāng)是一種“衣”或“帽”，又由although和后面一個分句，可以推知它是指“防雨的衣”。21. 根據(jù)單詞發(fā)音：有的英語詞匯是通過音譯進(jìn)入漢語詞匯中的，我們可以根據(jù)其讀音來理解其意思。如：aspirin(阿斯匹林), nylon(尼龍), Olympic(奧林匹克), sofa(沙發(fā)), typhoon (臺風(fēng))等。三、Exercises:“Are you at leisure now? I d like to have a word with you”“No, I have not a moments l

25、eisure now. I have a lot of work to do. Come to me this evening.”A. free time B. busy time C. time for sleep D. time for workThe bell was hung from a tree. It swings backwards and forwards whenever the bellman strikes it.A. to swim B. to win C. to move D. to hangIm delighted to receive a letter from

26、 my father. In the letter he told me that he would buy a new bike for me. Im so happy, because from now on I wont have to walk a long way to school.A. very sorry B. very sad C. very tired D. very pleased The Young Pioneers walked in procession through the street to the science museum. Many people lo

27、oked out of their windows to watch the long line of people passing by.A. a line of people B. a science museum C. a Young Pioneer D. a lot of cars Joe will be put to death because he killed an old man with a lot of money. It is said that the execution will take place in public.A. beating B. killing C

28、. hunting D. running Xiao Li opposed the study plan. The reason why he did not agree to this plan was that his advice had not been taken yet.A. to be for B. to be against C. to agree D. to refuse Mr. Brown is very old. He is now over 80 years old. Two years ago his white hair began to fall out soon

29、more and more hair fell out and now he is completely bald A. white B. hairless C. old D. goldIt snowed heavily last night. This morning the sun came out and shone brightly. It got warmer and warm. Soon the snow began to melt. The snow turned into water because of the suns heat.A. become liquid B. be

30、come solid C. become large D. become small Robert lived in a small town. He was a peddler. Every morning he carried a basket of cakes. He walked along the street and tried to sell his cakes from house to house. In this way he could support his family.A. a seller B. a farmer C. a worker D. a driver T

31、here is a legend that, long age on a Qing-ming Holiday a young man named Xu Xian was coming back home when suddenly it started to rain heavily. He ran at once to an old tree so as to keep out of the rain. When he reached the tree, he saw a beautiful lady and her servant standing there. The young man

32、 and the beautiful lady fell in love with each other at first sight.A. a letter from England B. a story from old times C. a book by Lu Xun D. a novel by Charles Dickens.Mrs. White lost her husband not long ago. It is now very difficult for the widow to feed a family of four because she has no job an

33、d is given only a little money by the government.A. a window whose glass is broken B. a woman whose husband is deadC. a man whose wife is dead D. a child whose parents are deadMany foreigners came to our school for a visit yesterday. We waited for them at the school gate. When they arrived , we all

34、clapped out hand and shouted. Welcome! The foreigners also clapped their hands with a smile.to make a sound by striking the hands together.To make a fire by striking the stones together To make a living by selling green vegetables.To make a noise by striking the table.( Key: 1.A 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.B

35、7.B 8.A 9.A 10.B 11.B 12. A)四、實(shí)戰(zhàn)一Happiness is for everyone. You dont need to care about those people who have beautiful houses with large gardens and swimming pools or those who have nice cars and a lot of money and so on. Why? Because those who have big houses may often feel lonely and those who ha

36、ve cars may want to walk on the country roads at their free time. In fact, happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it. When you are in trouble at school, your friends will help you; when you study hard at your lessons, your parents are always taking good care of your life and your

37、health; when you get success, your friends will say congratulations to you; when you do something wrong, people around you will help you to correct it. And when you do something good to others, you will feel happy, too. All these are your happiness. If you notice a bit of them, you can see that happ

38、iness is always around you. Happiness is not the same as money. It is a feeling of your heart. When you are poor, you can also you are very happy, because you have something else that cant be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have

39、more chances to challenge yourself. So you cannot always say you are poor and poor and you have bad luck. As the saying goes, life is like a revolving(旋轉(zhuǎn)的)door. When it does, it also opens. If you take every chance you get, you can be a happy and lucky person.1. Those who have big houses may often f

40、eel _.A. happy B. lonely C. free D. excited2. When you fall down in a PE class, both your teacher and your classmates will _. A. laugh at you B. play jokes on you C. quarrel with you D. help you up3. What will your friends say to you when you make great progress? A. Oh, so do I. B. Congratulations.

41、C. Good luck. D. Its just so-so.4. Which idea is NOT RIGHT according to the passage?A. People who have cars would never like to walk in the open air.B. You can get help from others when you make mistakes.C. You can still be a happy person even if you have little money.D. Happiness is always around y

42、ou though difficulties come towards you.5. Which of the following is this passage about?A. Bad luck. B. Good luck. C. Happiness. D. Life.透析：1. B。這是一個考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章中有明確的敘述：Because those who have big houses may often feel lonely. 所問問題和原文的敘述完全一樣。 2. D。這也是一個考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。在所給文章中可以找到這樣地?cái)⑹觯篧hen you are in trou

43、ble at school, your friends will help you. 根據(jù)這一敘述，我們可以判斷：當(dāng)你在體育課上摔倒時(shí)，你的老師和同學(xué)們肯定會幫你站起來的。3. B。這一道閱讀理解題同樣是考查事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的題目。在閱讀文章里我們也能找到關(guān)于這問題的敘述：when you get success, your friends will say congratulations to you.4. A。這是一道判斷題目。閱讀文章里明確敘述：those who have cars may want to walk on the country roads at their free tim

44、e.閱讀理解題的A項(xiàng)說，有車的人永遠(yuǎn)不愿在室外走，與文章所講完全不同，因此是不對的。5. C。這是一道考查文章主題的題目。這篇文章共有三段。 第一段的主題句是：Happiness is for everyone. 第二段的主題句是：In fact, happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it. 第三段的主題句是：Happiness is not the same as money. 三段的主題都是圍繞happiness展開的，所以正確答案是happiness。 五、實(shí)戰(zhàn)二When you want to go sho

45、pping, decide how much money you can spend for new clothes. Think about the kind of clothes you really need. Then look for those clothes on sale(銷售). There are labels(標(biāo)簽)inside all new clothes. The labels tell you how to take care of your clothes. The label for a shirt may tell you to wash it in war

46、m water. A sweater label may tell you to wash by washing in cold water. The label on a coat may say dry clean only. Washing may ruin(損壞)this coat. If you do as the directions(說明)say on the label, you can keep your clothes looking their best. Many clothes today must be dry cleaned. Dry cleaning is expensive. When buying new clothes, check(核實(shí))to see if they will need to be dry cleaned. You will save money if you buy clothes that can be washed.You can save money if y