漢英翻譯(下)教案

1、漢英翻譯（下）教案主講：魏志成教授第8單元I 提示原文來源岳陽樓記作者是北宋作家范仲淹（1892-1941），原文選自戴抗選、謝百魁譯，1996年,中國歷代散文一百篇。北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司。（3個譯文所依據(jù)的原文版本有差異，這些差異主要體現(xiàn)在斷句和標點符號。由此而產(chǎn)生的譯文差異不在詳細討論之中）譯文來源譯文1選自戴抗選、謝百魁譯，1996年,中國歷代散文一百篇。北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司。譯文2選自中國文學(xué)出版社編, 1998年，中國文學(xué)古代散文卷漢英對照, 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社&中國文學(xué)出版社。譯文3為羅經(jīng)國譯，選自英語學(xué)習(xí)2003年第10期。語體特征與翻譯策略 篇章 范仲淹是北宋（9

2、60-1127）朝抵抗西夏侵略的名將。他像許多官吏一樣，曾經(jīng)被罷去官職；也像許多封建時代的官吏一樣，官職雖然被罷免，但是對朝廷的忠心與思念不改。范仲淹的憂民之情至今被人稱道，他在岳陽樓記提出的“先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂”的親民思想影響后世至深。 句式 文章多為短句，但是像“刻唐賢今人詩賦于其上，屬予作文以記之”這樣的SVOC長句也仍見于其中。這些長短相間的句子構(gòu)成了文章大氣的節(jié)奏。 語義 文字工整對稱。大量入用賦體，四字句如珠走玉盤?！叭招请[耀，山岳潛形”，“浮光躍金，靜影沉璧”，工于對仗，協(xié)和音律?！懊鳌?、“驚”、“頃”、“青”、“金”等，合轍葉韻，增強了文章的音樂感，讀來舌端潤暢，聽

3、來耳中清晰。 翻譯策略 翻譯的審美主體就是譯者，譯者在翻譯實踐的審美活動中要發(fā)揮審美主體的審美功能，使審美意識盡量處于最佳能動狀態(tài)。翻譯審美功能具有穩(wěn)定性和可變性這樣雙重的能動性。一般說來，在翻譯中保證審美功能的穩(wěn)定性是不難做到的，因為語言形式的運用從根本上說是語言現(xiàn)實，優(yōu)美的詞章是客觀存在的。但是翻譯審美的可變性卻是一個仁者見仁、智者見智的問題。這首先是因為原文的模糊性審美構(gòu)成是非定量的、流變的。再者，在翻譯中，語言形式的運用變化在特定的語篇中也是一個常數(shù)，但是作者的神思、文章的寓意、讀者的感受卻都是變數(shù)。因此，譯者必須使自己的審美功能具有充分的可變性，以把握審美客體的模糊性審美構(gòu)成。漢語典

4、籍的翻譯，需要譯者更多地關(guān)注翻譯語言的簡潔性、虛詞的結(jié)構(gòu)性。 譯文2美感總體上遜色于譯文1、3，因為句式單調(diào)，缺乏變化，如when從句太多等。 II 譯法要點8.1變通：闡釋或注釋(II) 8.2 變通：SVO時間主語句8.3所指與能指 8.4夸張與Hyperbole8.5翻譯審美功能的可變性 8.6誤譯：地名8.7擬聲與Onomatopoeia（II） 8.8文化翻譯與文化傳真8.9語段層次關(guān)系 8.10 語言接觸與音譯移植8.11數(shù)量夸張 8.12 呼應(yīng)：SVoO名詞主語句8.13簡潔與達意 8.14模糊性審美8.15 變通：還原 8.16重復(fù)與Repetition (II) 8.17順譯

5、：嘆詞III 原文與譯文【原文】岳陽樓記慶歷四年春，滕子京謫守巴陵郡。越明年，政通人和，百廢具興。乃重修岳陽樓，增其舊制，刻唐賢今人詩賦于其上，屬予作文以記之。予觀夫巴陵勝狀，在洞庭一湖。銜遠山，吞長江。浩浩湯湯，橫無際涯。朝暉夕陽，氣象萬千，此則岳陽樓之大觀也，前人之述備矣。 然則北通巫峽，南極瀟湘，遷客騷人，多會于此，覽物之情，得無異乎？若夫淫雨霏霏，連月不開。陰風(fēng)怒號，濁浪排空，日星隱耀，山岳潛形。商旅不行，檣傾楫摧。薄霧冥冥，虎嘯猿啼。登斯樓也，則有去國懷鄉(xiāng)，憂讒畏譏，滿目蕭然，感極而悲者矣。至若春和景明，波瀾不驚。上下天光，一碧萬頃。沙鷗翔集，錦鱗游泳。岸芷汀蘭，郁郁青青。而或長煙一

6、空，皓月千里。浮光躍金，靜影沉璧。漁歌互答，此樂何極。登斯樓也，則有心曠神怡，寵辱皆忘，把酒臨風(fēng)，其喜洋洋者矣。嗟夫！予嘗求古仁人之心，或異二者為之，何哉？不以物喜，不以己悲。居廟堂之高，則憂其民；處江湖之遠，則憂其君。是進亦憂、退亦憂。然則何時而樂耶？其必曰：先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂歟？噫！微斯人，吾誰與歸！【譯文】譯文1Yueyang PavilionIn the spring of the fourth year of the Qingli period, Teng Zijing was relegated to the position of the prefect of Bal

7、ing. The following year witnessed a great change there in terms of the smooth conduct of government and the harmonious human relations as well as the resumption of a great many neglected undertakings. Thus Yueyang Pavilion was rebuilt on a scale larger than before and was graced with the inscription

8、s of the poems and rhythmic prose of the Tang and contemporary celebrities. I was requested to write something to mark the event.In my view, the grandeur of Baling lies only in Lake Dongting, which looks as if it were holding in its mouth the distant mountains and gulping down the Yangtse River. Bou

9、ndless and marvellous, it presents in the morning sunshine and the evening twilight a most gorgeous spectacle. This is the general view from the pavilion, already described in full by our predecessors. However, since the lake connects with the Wu Gorge in the north and ends at the Xiao and Xiang riv

10、ers in the south, many demoted or banished officials and literati often gather here. Can there be no shades of difference in their feelings when admiring the scenery?If the continous drizzle does not let up for several months on end, one can hear the bleak wind howling and see the turbid waves surgi

11、ng to the sky. The brilliance of the sun and the stars are eclipsed and the shapes of the mountains and hills become obscured. The merchants and travellers are stopped on their way, staying in boats with declined masts and broken oars, while the light being so dim at dusk, one can fancy tigers roars

12、 and monkeys gibbers. So the ascent to the pavilion is associated with the nostalgia in exile and the fear of slanders and taunts. Confronted with such disconsolate scenes, one is apt to be moved to the extreme and feel much saddened.As for the days when spring weather is mile and sunny, nature is l

13、it with a bright smile, and the waves being halcyon, the sky and the lake are tinged with the same hue, making up an infinitely huge canvas of light blue, on which white gulls are hovering in bevies and fish shimmering with silvery scales. And the lake shores adorned with irises and sandbars dotted

14、with orchids are all enshrouded in a sweet and lush green. Sometimes the broad firmament is clear of all mist, a bright moon shines over the vast lake gleaming with a golden glow, and the moons reflection in the watery mirror reminds one of a sunken jade. And then the fishmens song are heard to be e

15、choing one another. What an unbounded joy! In such a case, ascent to the pavilion gives one a broadened mind and eased heart, with credit and discredit both forgotten. Holding a winecup in the wind, one is overflowing with happiness.Oh, I have tried to probe the souls of the noble ancients. Their fe

16、elings might differ from the above two.Why? Because they were not glad of things adventitious, or sad for the sake of themselves. Positioned high at court, they worried about the people. Banished to remote regions, they worried about their sovereigns. Thus they were carefree in neither case. Then, a

17、t what time would they feel happpy? They were sure to say:”Worry before all others have worried, rejoice after all others have rejoiced.” Who should I emulate, if not people of this type?譯文2 Yueyang PavilionIn the spring of the fourth year of the region of Qingli, Teng Zijing was banished from the c

18、apital to be governor of Baling Prefecture. After he had governed the district for a year, the administration became efficient, the people became united, and all things that had fallen into disrepair were given a new lease on life. Then he restored Yueyang Pavilion, adding new splendour to the origi

19、nal structure and having inscribed on it poems by famous men of the Tang Dynasty as well as the present time. And he asked me to write an essay to comemmorate this. Now I have found that the finest sights of Baling are concentrated in the region of Lake Dongting. Dongting, nibbling at the distant hi

20、lls and gulping down the Yangtze River, strikes all beholders as vast and infinite, presenting a scene of boundless variety; and this is the superb view from Yueyang Pavilion. All this has been described in full by writers of earlier ages. However, since the lake is linked with Wu Gorge in the north

21、 and extends to the Xiao and Xiang rivers in the south, many exiles and wandering poets gather here, and their reactions to these sights vary greatly. During a period of incessant rain, when a spell of a bad weather continues for more than a month, when louring winds bellow angrily, tumultuous waves

22、 hurl themselves agianst the sky, sun and stars hide their light, hills and mountains disappear, merchants have to halt in their travels, masts collapse and oars splinter, the day darkens and the roars of tigers and howls of monkeys are heard, if men come to this pavilion with a longing for home in

23、their hearts or nursing a feeling of bitterness because of taunts and slander, they may find the sight depressing and fall prey to agitation or despair. But during the mild and bright spring weather, when the waves are unruffled and the azure translucence above and below stretches before your eyes f

24、or myriads of li, when the water-birds fly down to congregate on the sands and fish with scales like glimmering silk disport themselves in the water, when the iris and orchids on the banks grow luxuriant and green; or when dusk fall over this vast expanse and bright moon casts its light a thousand l

25、i, when the rolling waves glitter like gold and silent shadows in the water glimmer like jade, and the fishermen sing to each other for sheer joy, then men coming up to this pavilion may feel complete freedom of heart and ease of spirit, forgetting every worldly gain or setback, to hold their winecu

26、ps in the breeze in absolute elation, delighted with life. But again when I consider the men of old who possessed true humanity, they seem to have responded quite differently. The reason, perhaps, may be this: natural beauty was not enough to make them happy, nor their own situation enough to make t

27、hem sad., When such men are high in the government or at court, their first concern is for the people; when they retire to distant streams and lakes, their first concern is for their sovereign. Thus they worry both when in office and when in retirement. When, then, can they enjoy themselves in life?

28、 No doubt they are concerned before anyone else and enjoy themselves only after everyone else finds enjoyment. Surely there are the men in whose footsteps I should follow!譯文3 The Yueyang TowerIn the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zijing was exiled to Baling jun to be the prefect there. In

29、 the second year of his office, because of his excellent administration, people lived in peace and contentment, and all previous neglected matters were taken care of. The Yueyang Tower was renovated and enlarged, and inscribed on its wall were the poetry and the rhymed prose of learned men of the Ta

30、ng and the present dynasty. I was invited to record this restoration effort in writing.The beauty of Baling centers round the Dongting Lake, which holds the mountain ranges in the distance and swallows the water of the Yangtze River. It is so vast and mighty that it seems boundless. Dazzling in the

31、morning sun and fading in the gray evening mist, it offords a myriad of scenes. This is the magnificent view that the Yueyang Tower commands, of which many descriptions have been written. This beautiful scenic spot is linked with the Wu Gorge in the north and the Xiao and Xiang Rivers in the south.

32、Exiled officials and poets often gather here. How could there be no difference in their feelings?In the rainy season, an unbroken spell of wet weather lasts for months. Chilly winds howl and turbid waves surge sky high. The sun and the stars lose their luster, and the mountain ranges are scarcely vi

33、sible. Merchants and travelers have to put off their voyage, for the masts of the shipd have collapsed and their oars broken. It is dark towards evening, and the roaring of tigers and the cry of monkeys can be heard. At such a time anyone ascending the tower will be filled with nostalgia for the imp

34、erial court and his home as well as fears of calumny and derision against him. Around him is a scene of desolation. Emotions well up in him so strong that he feels pain at heart.In springtime it is warm and the sun is bright. The Lake is tranquil and it merges with the azure sky into a vast expanse

35、of blue. The water-birds are playing, some fluttering in the sky, some gathering together on the sandbars. Fishes of varied hues are swimming merrily in the water. The sweet-smelling grass by the banks and the faintly scented orchids on the sandy beaches are lush and green. Sometimes, when the mist

36、over the Lake vanishes, the glorious moon shines over the vast land, its brightness glistening with golden light on the lake. The reflection of the moon is like a piece of jade in the depths of the water. The fishermens songs chime in with each other. How delightful they are! On ascending the Tower

37、at such a time, one will feel spiritual uplift, caring for neither glory nor shame. With a cup of wine in the gentle breeze, he will enjoy the greatest happiness in life!Ah! I have tried to study the minds of people of lofty ideals in ancient times. Perhaps they were different from the people I ment

38、ioned above. Why is this? The reason is that they were not thrown into ecstasies over their success, nor felt depressed over their failures. When they were in high positions at court, they were concerned about people. When they were in remote places, they were concerned about their emperor. They wor

39、ried when they got promoted or when they were sent into exile. Then, when were they happay? They would say:”To be first to worry about the affairs of the state and the last to enjoy oneself.”Alas! Who else should I seek company with save them? IV 比較分析與譯法（1） 慶歷四年春，滕子京謫守巴陵郡。譯文1 In the spring of the fo

40、urth year of the Qingli period, Teng Zijing was relegated to the position of the prefect of Baling. 譯文2 In the spring of the fourth year of the region of Qingli, Teng Zijing was banished from the capital to be governor of Baling Prefecture. 譯文3 In the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zijing

41、 was exiled to Baling jun to be the prefect there.8.1變通：闡釋或注釋(II) 相對于現(xiàn)代漢語文本而言，漢語典籍的傳統(tǒng)文化特征應(yīng)該說更加強烈一些。有些傳統(tǒng)文化信息的表達在英語文化中是空缺的。因此，在面對這樣一些傳統(tǒng)文化特征非常濃厚的表達時，我們認為雙語轉(zhuǎn)換中可以適當(dāng)?shù)夭捎藐U釋或注釋，目的是以利于讀者的理解。譬如原文中出現(xiàn)的“慶歷四年”和“巴陵郡”，就是兩個傳統(tǒng)漢語文化特征極強的表達。“慶歷四年”，指的是宋仁宗慶歷四年，即公元1044年；“巴陵郡”，指的是現(xiàn)在位于湖南省的岳陽市?？紤]整個譯文語篇并不是有太多的地方需要采取括號闡釋法，所以我們還是

42、建議譯文可以修改為：446 In the spring of the fourth year of the Qingli period(1044), Teng Zijing was banished from the capital to be governor of Baling Prefecture( now known as Yueyang City in Hunan Province).（2） 越明年，政通人和，百廢具興。譯文1 The following year witnessed a great change there in terms of the smooth conduc

43、t of government and the harmonious human relations as well as the resumption of a great many neglected undertakings.譯文2 After he had governed the district for a year, the administration became efficient, the people became united, and all things that had fallen into disrepair were given a new lease o

44、n life. 譯文3 In the second year of his office, because of his excellent administration, people lived in peace and contentment, and all previous neglected matters were taken care of. 8.2 變通：SVO時間主語句漢語的時間常常作為狀語或主語補語，雖然時間主語也是存在的。與漢語相比，英語雖然也有常常將時間作為狀語或主語補語，但是時間主語的用法卻比漢語更常見，而且英語時間主語句都可以用于英語的5種基本句型：(魏志成.20

45、03：356-367)447Thursday came:all work had been completed the previous evening.(C.Bronte:Jane Eyre. SV時間主語句)448My first quarter seemed an age; and not the golden age either.（C.Bronte:Jane Eyre. SVC時間主語句）449The nights and mornings no longer by their Canadian temperature froze the very blood in our vein

46、.（C.Bronte:Jane Eyre. SVO時間主語句）450The forty years, 1840-1888, brought almost ten million migrants to America.（P.Bromhead: Life in Modern American. SVoO時間主語句的變式）451Morning would break, and find him there.（N.Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter. SV及SVOC時間主語句）漢英轉(zhuǎn)換時，我們可以從語篇的角度適當(dāng)?shù)剡\用英語時間主語來處理漢語主題時間狀語。如下面一個例子：452

47、這幾天心里頗不寧靜。（朱自清荷塘月色） 譯文1： I have felt quite upset recently.（Tr.朱純深）譯文2： The last few days have found me very restless.（Tr.楊憲益、戴乃迭）在例452中，譯文2就運用了英語SVOC時間主語句來轉(zhuǎn)換原文的主題時間狀語句，顯得比譯文1更具有語篇意識上的翻譯策略性。就原文“越明年”一句的3個譯文而言，雖然3個譯文都完成了達意的任務(wù)，但是譯文1因為使用了SVO時間主語句來變通原文的主題狀語句，而顯得更為地道、更為可取。（3）1乃重修岳陽樓，2增其舊制，3刻唐賢今人詩賦于其上，4屬予作文

48、以記之。譯文1 Thus Yueyang Pavilion was rebuilt on a scale larger than before and was graced with the inscriptions of the poems and rhythmic prose of the Tang and contemporary celebrities. I was requested to write something to mark the event. 譯文2 Then he restored Yueyang Pavilion, adding new splendour to

49、the original structure and having inscribed on it poems by famous men of the Tang Dynasty as well as the present time. And he asked me to write an essay to comemmorate this.譯文3 The Yueyang Tower was renovated and enlarged, and inscribed on its wall were the poetry and the rhymed prose of learned men

50、 of the Tang and the present dynasty. I was invited to record this restoration effort in writing.8.3所指與能指原文是一個由4個分句組成的主動語態(tài)并列句，只不過是句中的主語都因語境而省略。分句12都是SVO結(jié)構(gòu)，分句34為SVOC結(jié)構(gòu)。3個譯文中，譯文2采取順譯的方式保留了原文的語態(tài)或句式結(jié)構(gòu)，譯文1、3辨證地采取了變通-語態(tài)和句式結(jié)構(gòu)都發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)換。從語言符號學(xué)的所指與能指理論來看，譯文2的順譯有明顯的不妥。什么是所指和能指理論？人們一般把日常的實用性語言和科技語言的符號歸為所指優(yōu)勢符號，因為其符

51、號特征是直接使能指（形式）指向所指（內(nèi)容），從而使所指部分顯得十分重要；把文學(xué)語言符號歸為能指優(yōu)勢符號，因為文學(xué)符號的特點是形式與內(nèi)容的關(guān)系是截然不可分開的，在許多情況下，拋棄了形式就是拋棄了意義。 所指優(yōu)勢符號的符碼是一種強制性的，使解釋者按嚴格的規(guī)定來理解，盡量排斥不同的解釋，使編碼有一定權(quán)威性，能指與所指的關(guān)系具有單一性和透明性。所以十分適用于科學(xué)與實用文本。能指符號的符碼不指向具體客體，而是使符碼具有象征性，形象性，隱喻性等諸多特點，具有這些特點的文學(xué)語言往往會有多種解釋，能指與所指之間都不是一種強制性關(guān)系，解釋者會從不同的角度去理解同一句話。這種結(jié)果正是文學(xué)符號的能指所優(yōu)勢性所引起的

52、，使得符碼失去了強制性。（呂俊.2001：88-95）如譯文2所示，增添的主語he（指在岳陽主政的滕子京）成為了句中一系列動作的施動者-這一系列動作包括“重修r(nóng)estore”“增add to”“刻inscribe”“屬ask”等。很明顯，譯文2所表達的能指與所指關(guān)系是單一的、強制性的、排斥其他解釋的。但是根據(jù)事實或語境邏輯推理，這些動作-除了“屬ask”之外-并非he（滕子京）親自所做，而是他命令或指示其他人所做。那么，到底是誰在親自實施“重修”“增”“刻”這些動作？原文并沒有交代，也沒有必要交代-這就是文學(xué)語言的復(fù)義性，解釋者會從多種視角去理解這句話。譯文1、3將原文主動語態(tài)變通為被動語態(tài)也

53、就避免了這個障礙，（關(guān)于主動變通為被動的語用理據(jù)還可以參見10.8）而且留下同樣的空白和空缺給譯文讀者去想象。隨著語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換，譯文1、3的句式也就自然發(fā)生相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換，于是譯文也就更加流暢地表達了原文語義?？紤]到諸如煉詞、合譯、句式、闡釋等其他因素，我們建議在譯文3的基礎(chǔ)上將譯文綜合性修改為： 453The Yueyang Tower was renovated and enlarged, where were inscribed the poetry and the rhymed prose of the Tang (618-907) and contemporary celebrities.

54、 I was invited to record this restoration effort in writing. （4）予觀夫巴陵勝狀，在洞庭一湖。銜遠山，吞長江。浩浩湯湯，橫無際涯。朝暉夕陽，氣象萬千，譯文1 In my view, the grandeur of Baling lies only in Lake Dongting, which looks as if it were holding in its mouth the distant mountains and gulping down the Yangtse River. Boundless and marvello

55、us, it presents in the morning sunshine and the evening twilight a most gorgeous spectacle. 譯文2 Now I have found that the finest sights of Baling are concentrated in the region of Lake Dongting. Dongting, nibbling at the distant hills and gulping down the Yangtze River, strikes all beholders as vast

56、 and infinite, presenting a scene of boundless variety; 譯文3 The beauty of Baling centers round the Dongting Lake, which holds the mountain ranges in the distance and swallows the water of the Yangtze River. It is so vast and mighty that it seems boundless. Dazzling in the morning sun and fading in t

57、he gray evening mist, it offords a myriad of scenes. 8.4夸張與Hyperbole作為修辭格，漢語夸張與英語Hyperbole都是指故意運用夸大或超越客觀事實的說法來渲染強調(diào)某事物，以求給人突出的印象。另外，漢語夸張與英語Hyperbole，在形式或內(nèi)容方面也都存在著許多共性。（李國南.1999：130-154）從手段上來看，夸張/Hyperbole可以分為直接夸張和融合夸張兩類。第一類、直接夸張。所謂直接夸張就是不借助于其他修辭手段，而直接采用夸大或縮小的詞項進行夸張。如：454同車的人告訴她：“黑龍江人常說，這里的土，插根筷子都會發(fā)芽。

58、”（丁玲杜晚香。通過“插根筷子都會發(fā)芽”來直接夸大黑龍江土地的肥沃。）455A grizzle old soldier was sobbing like a child.The immense sound rolled through the hall, burst windows and doors and soared into the quiet sky.(John Reed, Ten Days That Shock the World通過burst windows and doors來直接夸大老戰(zhàn)士的哭聲之大。)第二類、融合夸張。所謂融合夸張就是指借助于其他修辭手段來進行夸張。常借用的修辭手段有比喻、擬人和借代。其中以借用比喻為最常見。456君不見高堂明鏡悲白發(fā)，朝如青絲暮成雪。（李白將進酒。借用“朝如青絲暮成雪”這個比喻來夸大人生的短暫。）457 A man with a mouth like a mastiff, a