衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航在海上運輸領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用

1、APPLICATIONS OF SATELLITE NAVIGATIONIN SEA TRANSPORTATION AND PROTECTION OF OCEAN RESOURCE AND NTIRONMENT2002.12In Global Satellite Navigation Systems (GNSS) generally are GPS, GLONASS and GALILEO. If all the systems are in use it is really the times of Satellite Navigation and the reliability of sa

2、tellite navigation will be 100%. As well known，ocean is 70% of the Earth, it will be emphasized in this century，because more and more activities of human beings will be at sea with the development of science and technology. The activities at sea will greatly dependent on satellite navigation. So sat

3、ellite navigation at sea will be an important application area. Since early 1990s GPS has been the most important system in GNSS. The GPS industry is mainly in developed country.According to of US, the wChina is a large country in sea and river transportation with long coastline and river transporta

4、tion routes.So there are wide application areas in efficient of sea transportation, development and protection of ocean resources, and protection of ocean entironment. Here we will give some presentations about GNSS applications at sea. 1. The applications of GNSS at sea transportation areaSea trans

5、portation area generally includes shipping systems, systems, and maritime navigation systems. Now take some systems for examples: Measurement and management of maritime navigation systems with higher precision in harbor and coastline, so that ilogistics systems. Next we will describe the application

6、 systems which have been and is developing and will be useful for sea transportation：1. 1 To establish National DGPS - NDGPS for sea and land traffic usage In China there has been GPS Local augment system - RBN/DGPS along coastline, supported by China Communication ministry. According to the develop

7、ment of GNSS, it is necessary to expand RBN/DGPS to all over the country as National DGPS, at the same to develop RBN/D-GALILEO. In the US, there mainly are two GPS augment systems, one is RBN/DGPS supported by USCG, and another is WAAS supported by US FAA. USCG belongs to US DOT, especially for the

8、 management of maritime navigation systems. USCG has made great achievements in the developments of GPS applications. Early in the 1983, the RBN/DGPS system was started to research. And now RBN/DGPS has be the main GPS Local Augment system available in 34 countries. Since 1997 the US DOT has organiz

9、ed a group to research the system which will provide the DGPS service in national wide. At last, the group approved that to expand the USCG RBN/DGPS as National DGPS is the most efficient and economic project。 So the US DOT has determined to expand RBN/DGPS as National DGPS-NDGPS，to provide differen

10、tial service all over the country.In China，from 1997 to 1999, there are 20 RBN/DGPS reference stations established and brought into operation in succession, supported by China Communication Ministry. The RBN/DGPS can provide service with meter or sub-meter positioning precision. Based on these syste

11、ms we can take the US DOT as reference to expand the RBN/DGPS to be as National DGPS, and at the same time to establish GAOLILEO Local system. The National DGPS will provide differential service for harbor, coast, river traffic and land traffic with higher precision. Comparing with FAA WAAS, why the

12、 US DOT selected to expand RBN/DGPS as National DGPS? According to the analysis of US ION (the institute of navigation), WAAS is not optimized for surface (maritime and terrestrial) use, rather, it was designed primarily for aviation. The current WAAS test signals are transmitted by two geo-stationa

13、ry satellites on a line-of-sight, L-band radio frequency. This means that if anything obstructs the view of the portion of the sky where the satellite is, the WAAS signal will be blocked. Since geo-stationary satellites are positioned over the equator, the farther north users are, the greater the li

14、kelihood of the obstruction. In contrast, the medium frequency (285-325 kHz) radio beacon-based Maritime DGPS Service is optimized for surface (maritime and terrestrial) application because its ground wave signals hug the earth and wrap around objects. So in order to develop National DGPS, to expand

15、 RBN/DGPS is the most suitable for surface users.12 The applications of compatible receiver of GPS and GALILEO in VTS and AIS In SOLAS chapter 5, adopted by IMO in Dec. 2000, it is described that 300 TG or more international service cargo ships, 500 TG or more domestic service cargo ships and all pa

16、ssenger ships must be equipped with AIS from July 1st 2002, and the deadline is July 1st 2008. GPS receiver is the important component in AIS transceiver. In order to get improved safety and navigation reliability it is necessary to use compatible positioning component with GPS and GALILEO in AIS. I

17、n China there are about 300 thousands ships in several shipping groups, which may equipped AIS transceiver. China Communication Ministry has made plan to establish the AIS system along the coastline. The operation of AIS net will promote the application of GNSS. Expect of large shipping groups，some

18、other ships in small shipping companies may also be the users of AIS. In China, there have been 20 VTS stations. To incorporate AIS in VTS will optimize the VTS function. 13 GNSS-based Global VTSIn GALILEO system there will be navigation related communication service-NRS, which is a global communica

19、tion service.The NRS combines with the GALILEO positioning, timing and data communication capabilities in order to provide navigation related information (tracing, tracking, alarming, messaging, group broadcasting) for transport, mass market and personal navigation application. The NRS can therefore

20、 satisfy one of the significant markets (i.e. mass market) in the future and could be bundled with OAS (Open Access Service) and RSS (Regional Safety Service), as a distinct offering. The OAS is just the common positioning service. So with the OAS and NRS it is possible to establish GNSS-based Globa

21、l VTS. In Chinas shipping groups there are about 200 thousands ships in international service routes. It is very significant to use the GNSS (or GALILEO) service to develop global VTS so that the global sea traffic management can be realized. 1. 4 GNSS- based global search and rescue system In China

22、 the GMDSS has been established and is using, which is supported by China Communication Ministry. The GPS position information is provided to EPIRB in GMDSS. The provision of a Search and Rescue (S&R) service within Galileo is being considered. For this purpose, it is intended to accommodate a S

23、&R payload on GALILEO satellites. This payload will pick-up the alarm signals from distress users and send them to the COSAS-SARSAT service for future reaction. The GALILEO S&R service will also incorporate a low date return link between the COSPAS-SARSAT service and the users, for notificat

24、ion of alarm acknowledgements and other services. An efficient way of implementing this return link is the use of specific parts in the navigation message of the navigation signal-in-space. So in future GMDSS there are both GPS and GALILEO position information. With GALILEO S&R service the GMDSS

25、 will be more reliable. 15 Dual GPS-base compass and four GPS- based attitude determination system Precision is a key problem for GPS compass and attitude determination system. For example, if the heading precision is 0.5 degree, for 1 meter antenna baseline, the GPS positioning precision should be

26、1 cm. So it only be realized by RTK positioning technology. To use GPS compass based on RTK, the electric compass may be replaced. Attitude determination system will be very useful for shipping safety monitoring by getting real-time rolling and jawing information of ship, especially for the tanks to

27、 carry oil and liquid.16 Measurement and management of maritime navigation systems with higher precision in harbor and coast so that i Based on maritime RBN/DGPS system，the navigation marks and routes can be measured and managed with sub-meter precision in harbor and coast routes. So using data comm

28、unications system and automatic monitoring systems, it is possible to establish the management net in harbors, which also is the important parts of digital harbor, such as navigation marks monitoring system and automatic route data collecting system。17 Global and local pogistics systems based on GNS

29、SIn future market competing of GPS and GALILEO, the sensitivity and anti-obstruction of receiver is an important performance. It can be expected that the receiver sensitivity will be improved and the application area will be expanded. So it will be possible to realize the real-time tracking of packa

30、ge/cargo which is cared about not only by shipper but also by consignor. Presently the third party logistics corporation is rising. In modern logistics information systems the package/cargo tracking system based on GNSS is an important part, and sea transportation is also an important part in modern

31、 logistics systems. The modern management of logistics is very significant for revenue and economy2The applications of GNSS in ocean resources and entironment Here we only take some examples to describe the applications of GNSS in this area. 21. The application of GNSS in the development and protection of ocean resources In oceani