牛津高一英語語法--定語從句

1、牛津高一英語語法-定語從句定義在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，用來修飾主句中的某一名詞或代詞或整個主句，所以，也稱作形容詞性從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。在先行詞 和定語從句之間起連接作用的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種。1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 先行詞關(guān)系代詞定語從句2) You must do everything that I do.先行詞關(guān)系代詞定語從句一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞主要有who, whom, w

2、hose, which, that等。它們分別代替前面的先行詞，弁在定語從句中作主語、賓 語或定語。A. who指人，在定語從句中作主語。What was the name of the man who lent you the money借錢給你的那人叫什么名字？(定語從右修飾先行詞the man)He who laughs last laughs best.誰笑到最后誰笑得最好。(定語從句修飾先行詞he)The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right.會議主席坐在我右邊，他先發(fā)言。(定語從句修飾先行詞thechai

3、rman)B. whom指人，在定語從句中做賓語。在口語或非正式文體中，whom 可省略或可用who來代替，但在介詞后面以及在非限制性定語 從句中只能用whom 。There are some people (whom/who)we like and others (whom/who) we dislike.有些人我們是喜歡的，有些人則是我們討厭的。（定語從句分別修飾先行詞people, others）The people whom/who I work with are all friendly.和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定語從句修飾先行詞thepeople）Mr Carter, whom

4、 I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan.昨晚我在電話里和卡特先生交談過，他對我們的計劃很感興趣。 （非限制性定語從句中不能用who 代替 whom）Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.兩個人來到我的辦公室，我以前從未見過他們。（在介詞后面不用who）C whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語，后面要緊跟被修飾的名詞。There are some people whose faces you

5、can nevr forget.有些人，他們的臉你永遠(yuǎn)難以忘懷。（定語從句修飾先行詞people）I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air.我看見一些樹的樹葉由于空氣污染而發(fā)黑。（定語從句修飾行詞trees）D which1 指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語。做賓語時常可省略。English is a language which is easy to learn.英語是一門容易學(xué)的語言。（ which 在定語從句中作主語，不能省略）This is a folk song which is now v

6、ery popular.這是目前非常流行的一首民謠（which 在定語從句中作主語，不能省略）The river which flows through London is the Thames.流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。（ which 在定語從句中作主語，不能省略）The children like cookies （which） my wife makes.孩子們喜歡我夫人做的餅干。（關(guān)系代詞which作makes的賓語，可以省略）2 which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以修飾前面的整個主句，相當(dāng)于and this 。Jim passed his driving test, which su

7、rprised everybody.吉姆通過了駕駛考試，這使大家都感到驚訝。（定語從句修飾的是整個主句，而不是the driving test）Sheila couldn't come to the party, which was a pity. 希拉不能 來參加聚會，真遺憾。 （定語從句修飾的是整個主句，而不是 theparty）3 which 在非限制性定語從句中有時也可以作定語。John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the West Lake together.約翰在這里呆了一星期，在此期間我們一起游

8、了西湖。It might snow this weekend, in which case we won't go to Beijing.周末可能下雪，在這種情況下，我們就不去北京了。E that指人時，相當(dāng)于who 或 whom ；指物時，相當(dāng)于which 。在定語從句中作主語或賓語（做賓語時?？墒÷裕?。He is the man that lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那個人。（定語從句修飾先行詞the man， 作主語）I don't like stories that have unhappy endings.我不喜歡結(jié)尾悲傷的故事。（定語仄句修飾先行

9、詞stories,作主語）The dress （that） Ann boughtdoesn't fit her very well.安買的衣服不太合身。（定語從句修飾先行詞the dress， that作賓語可省略）Is there anything （that） I can do for you有我能為你效勞的事嗎？（定語從句修飾先行詞anything， that作賓語，可省略）【 提示 】 ：在口語中，that 有時還可以作關(guān)系副詞，相當(dāng)于when 或介詞 +which 結(jié)構(gòu)。We left the day （that） he arrived. 他來的那一天，我們就走了。（ tha

10、t 替 when）He doesn't see things the way （that） we see them. 他看問題的方法和我們不一樣。（that代替in which ）Imagine the speed （that） he drives his car! 很難想象，他開車的速度那么快?。╰hatA；替at which）F 其他關(guān)系代詞as 和 but 也可作關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句。1 asas 可以在限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句中作主語或賓語。 在限制性定語從句中，as可跟在由such, so, the same修飾的先行詞之后。Such men as heard hi

11、m were deeply moved.聽過他說話的人，都會深受感動。（ as 在定語從句中作heard的主語）I've never heard such stories as he tells.我從未聽過像他講的這樣的故事。（ as 在定語從句中作tell 的賓語）He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift.他搬起別人都搬不起的大石頭。（as在定語從句中l(wèi)ift的賓語）【 比較 】 ：在the same.as結(jié)構(gòu)中，as也可用that代替。但嚴(yán)格地說，the same.as 強(qiáng)調(diào)同類性，the samethat 注重同一性。S

12、he wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的衣裙。（as指的是與先行詞相似的同類事物）She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。（ that 指的是與先行詞同一事物） 在非限制性定語從句中，as 可代表主句整個句子，引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗號與主句分開。As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China.眾所周知，臺灣屬于中國的領(lǐng)土。He

13、 is from the outh, as we can know from his accent.他是南方人，這一點我們從他的口音可以知道?！?必背 】 ：一些由 as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句常位于句首，已形成了固定的說法。as is known to all 這是眾所周知的as has been said before 如前所說as is often the case 情況常常如此as may be imagined 這可以想象得出as has been pointed out 正如已經(jīng)指出的那樣as often happens 這種情況常常發(fā)生2 butbut 作關(guān)系詞只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，同

14、具有否定意思的主句連用，相當(dāng)于 thatnot, who not 或 which not。There is not a single student in my class but would like to study more.我班上沒有一個學(xué)生不愿意多學(xué)一點的東西的。( but =who not )There are very few but are against war.很少人不反對戰(zhàn)爭。(but = who - not)G 介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句是一種很常見但也比較復(fù)雜的定語從句結(jié)構(gòu)。1. 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞中介詞的位置關(guān)系代詞whom, wh

15、ich 在從句中作介詞賓語時，可以跟介詞一起放在從句與主句之間( that, who 不可以) ， 也可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動詞的后面，使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞。He is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned.= He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from.他是個經(jīng)驗豐富的人，從他那兒可以學(xué)到很多。The school in which he once worked is a key school.=The school (whic

16、h / that) he once worked in is a key school.他曾經(jīng)工作過的學(xué)校是一所重點學(xué)校。The manager in whosecompany I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.=The manager whose company I'm working in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.我就職的那家公司經(jīng)理十分注意改善我們的工作條件。2介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞的常見結(jié)構(gòu)介詞 +whi

17、ch/whomThis is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.這就是那位我們經(jīng)常談?wù)摰闹璩摇ortunately, we had a map, without which we would have got lost.很幸運(yùn)， 我們帶了一張地圖，如沒有的話，我們就會迷路了。名詞 +of+ which/whomPlease pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 請把那本藍(lán)封面的書遞給我。（也可用whose cover）數(shù)詞 +of+ which/whomShe'

18、s got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses.她有三只幸運(yùn)筆，其中兩只從未用過。In our school there are about 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women. 我校大約有200 位教師，其中百分之三十是女教師。代詞 +of+ which/whomIn the basket I find many apples, some of which have gone bad.我發(fā)現(xiàn)籃子里有好些蘋果，有些已經(jīng)壞了。There are fifty students in o

19、ur class, most of whom are from big cities.我們班有50 個學(xué)生，其中大多數(shù)來自大城市。Norman won $50,000, half of which he gave to his parents.諾曼贏得五萬美元，他將其中一半給了他父母。Tom tried on three shirts, none of which he was satisfied with.湯姆試穿了三件襯衫，都不滿意。最高級+of+ which/whomChina has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwa

20、n.第 7 頁 共 16 頁中國有數(shù)千個島嶼，其中最大的是臺灣。介詞+which+名詞He usually returns home at ten, at which hour his father locks all the doors ad windows.他通常十點鐘回家，在這時候他爸爸鎖好所有的門窗。His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad.他的妻子病得很重，在這種情況下，他不得不放棄出國的 機(jī)會。【注意】：介詞+whose+名詞Last month, p

21、art of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from whose effects the people are still suffering.本題題干中1 的effects和先行詞floods之間有所屬關(guān)系，所以要用whose,這樣from whose effects 一起引導(dǎo)定語從句3.關(guān)系代詞前介詞的選擇在介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，應(yīng)注意介詞的正確選擇。 根據(jù)后面動詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。The two things of which they felt proud were Jim's watch and Della's

22、 hair.他們引以為豪的兩樣?xùn)|西是吉姆的手表和德拉的頭發(fā)。（feelproud of是固定搭配詞組）In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help.在漆黑的街道上沒有一個她可以求助的人。（turn to sb. for help是固定搭配詞組）根據(jù)與前面名詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。I'll never forget the day on which I first met him.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我第一次遇見他的那一天。（the day前面一般用介詞on）Can you imagin

23、e a proper situation in which the expression can be used你能設(shè)想一個使用這個詞語的場合嗎？（a situation前面一般用in）有時須同時考慮動詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系及介詞和名詞的搭配關(guān)系。Galileo made a telescope, through which he could study the sky.伽里略制作了一個望遠(yuǎn)鏡，通過它他得以研究天空。(study thesky through the telescope)Is that the house in which you once lived那就是你曾經(jīng)住過的房子嗎？(l

24、ive in the house)根據(jù)所要表達(dá)的意思來確定。This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly.這是我的眼鏡，離了它我什么也看不清?！?注意 】 ：當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)與先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you.我是你的好朋友，我會盡我一切所能來幫你。The family, who are fond of music, go to the concert once a mon

25、th.這家人很愛音樂，他們每月都去聽一次音樂會。He is one of the boys in our class who speak English well.他是班上英語說得很好的男生之一。( one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式)He is the only one of the boys in our class who speaks English well.他是班上唯一英語說得很好的男生。( the (only) one the veryone the right one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式)二、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)

26、的定語從句引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有when, where 或 why 等。 when,where, why 分別在定語從句中作狀語，在意義上相當(dāng)于介詞+which 結(jié)構(gòu)，分別代替表示時間、地點或原因的先行詞。A when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學(xué)校的那一天。(when= onwhich)He came at a time when we needed him most.他是在我們最需要他的時候來的。(when= at which)We will

27、never forget the year 1949, when th People's Republic of China was founded.我們永遠(yuǎn)忘不了1949 年，那是中華人民共和國成立的一年。(when= in which)B where指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。I recently went back to the town where I was born.我最近曾回過一次我出生的城市。(where = in which)I would like to live in a country where there is plenty of sunshine.我想

28、住在一個陽光充足的國家。(where = in which)What's the name of the place where you spent your holiday?你度假的那個地方叫什么名字？(where = at which)C why指原因，在限制性定語從句中作原因狀語。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.請告訴我你誤機(jī)的原因。(why = for which)Te reason why he was punished is unknown to us.他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道?！?注意 】 :無論是關(guān)

29、系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞，都在定語從句中取代了先行詞并充當(dāng)一定的成分，因此，在定語從句中不能出現(xiàn)成分的重復(fù)?！菊`】This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday.【正】This is the book that I borrowed yesterday.這就是我昨天借的書。(that在定語從句中取代了先行詞thebook,作borowed的賓語，因此，要去掉 it)【誤】 The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise their spoken English

30、.【正】 The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken English.英語角是人們經(jīng)常去練習(xí)英語口語的地方。（where在定語 從句中取代了先行詞the pace， 作 go 的狀語， 因此， 要去掉there）三、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句根據(jù)定語從句在句中所起的作用，可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩大類。A.限制性定語從句限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，用于修飾和限定先行詞。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。書寫時不用逗號與先行詞分開。This

31、 is the boy who broke the window.這就是打破窗子的孩子。（the boy 是先行詞，who broke theindow是限制性定語從句，明確指出 the boy是打破窗子的那個孩子）I have a book which teaches English grammar.我有一本講解英語語法的書。（a book是先行詞，which teachesEnglish grammar 是限制性定語從句，修飾the book）The people whom you met in the hall are from Japan.你在大廳見到的那些人來自日本。（定語從句who

32、m you met inthe hall 定先行詞the people）B 非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句在意義上只是一個附加修飾語，對先行詞或主句作些附加的說明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。書寫時往往用逗號與先行詞分開。I, who am your friend, will share the work with you.我是你的朋友，將與你分擔(dān)這項工作。（ I 是先行詞，who amyour friend 是非限制性定語從句，對先行詞I 起附加說明的作用）New Concept English is intended for foreign students, which is kno

33、wn to us all.新概念英語是專為外國學(xué)生編寫的，這是我們大家都知道的。（ which is known to us all 是非限制性定語從句，對主句作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說明）C.在下列情況下，通常使用非限制性定語從句。1 當(dāng)先行詞表示的是世界上獨(dú)一無二的人或物時。The sun, which gives us light and heat, is a fixed star.太陽是一顆恒星，它給我們光和熱。Last year I visted the People's Great Hall, where many important meetings are held every

34、year.去年我參觀了人民大會堂，每年許多重要會議都要在那里舉行。2 當(dāng)定語從句修飾整個主句時。Taiwan belongs to China, as everyone knows.眾所周知，臺灣屬于中國的領(lǐng)土。The weather was very terrible, which we hadn't expected.天氣非常糟糕，這點們沒有料到。3 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞，或先行詞本身指示意義十分明確時。Mr. Joe lives in Beijing now, which is quite a long way from here.喬先生現(xiàn)在住在北京，那里距離這兒很遠(yuǎn)。I cong

35、ratulate my neighbour, whose son has just won the election. 我祝賀我的鄰居，他的兒子剛剛贏得選舉。四、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選用比較復(fù)雜，除了牽涉到所指的先行詞是人還是物，所引導(dǎo)的定語從句是限制性的還是非限制性的，以及關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)什么句子成份外，還要根據(jù)習(xí)慣用法而定。A 只用who在下列情況下，一般不能用that代替who。1在非限制定語從句中。His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.他媽媽十分地愛他，對他要求很嚴(yán)格。2

36、. 先行詞是 one, anyone, those時。One who has nothing to fear for himself dares to tell the truth.一個無所畏懼的人敢說真話。Anyone who breaks the law shall be published.任何犯法的人都將受到懲罰。Those who are against the plan, put up your hands, please.凡是反對這項計劃的人，請舉手。3 .在there/here be開頭的句子中。Here is a boy who wants to see you.有個男孩想見

37、你。4先詞與定語從句被其他詞所分隔時。Don't tell anyone about the secret who oughtn't to know.不要把這秘密告訴任何一個不該知道它的人。I was the only person in my office who was invited.我是辦公室里唯一受到邀請的人。B 只用 which/whom在下列情況下，一般不能用that代替which/whom。1在非限制性定語從句中。The weather was very terrible, which we hadn't expected.天氣非常糟糕，這我們沒有料到。

38、2介詞后面。關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞或短語介詞后面，只能用 which 或 whom，不能用that。He climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which he got a good view.他爬到一塊巨大的巖石頂上，從那里他看到很好的景色。（也可用 from where）Sound is a tool, by means of which people communicate with each other.聲音是工具，人們通過這個工具進(jìn)行交流。They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I

39、couldn'tanswer.他們問了我許多問題，大部分我都不會回答。C.只用that在下列情況下，限制性定語從句中一般只用that引導(dǎo)1當(dāng)先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little等詞時，或當(dāng)先行詞被every, any, all,some, no, little, few, much等詞修飾時。Everything that they said was true.他所說的一切都是真的。He is dead and there's nothing that can be done.第 14 頁 共 16

40、頁他死了，再也沒有什么辦法了。There was little that we could do to help her.我們沒有什么能幫助她的。These walls are all that remain of the ancient city.這些墻是這座古城所殘存下來的全部?！咎崾尽浚簊omething 后面可用 which引導(dǎo)定語從句。There is something (which/hat) I'd like to tell you. 有些事我想 告訴你。2 .當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。The first place (that) they visited i

41、n London was the Big Ben.在倫敦他們參觀的第一個地方是大本鐘。She was probably the hardest working student (that) I have ever taught.她也許是我教學(xué)生中學(xué)習(xí)最勤奮的。3 .當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only修飾時。This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy.這正是我要買的語法書。Beauty is the only thing (that) Emily can be proud of.美麗是埃米莉唯一能驕傲的東西。4 .當(dāng)先行詞為

42、who或前面有who, which等疑問代詞時。Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense?有常識的人誰會相信這種無聊的事情？Who is the man that is standing by the gate?站在門口的那個人是誰？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?哪件T恤衫最合我的身？【提示】：關(guān)系詞在定語從句中有三大作用 連接作用一一連接先行詞和定語從句。I gave her all the money that I had.我把我所有的錢都給了她。(that連接先特詞 money

43、和定語從句I had) 替代作用一一在定語從句中替代從句所修飾的先行詞。_ _The man who lives next door is a famous teacher. 住在隔壁的 那個人是個名師。（who替代the man） 成分作用一一在定語從句中作主語、賓語、定語或狀語。I like pictures which are painted in the traditional Chinese style.莪喜歡傳統(tǒng)的中國畫。（which在定語從句中作主語）5 .當(dāng)先行詞為人與事物或動物時。The driver and his car that fell into the river

44、have not yet been discovered.掉入河里的司機(jī)與車都還沒有找到。The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning.被認(rèn)為在森林里迷路的孩子與狗，今天早上已經(jīng)獲救了。6 .先行詞在定語從句中做表語時。She is no longer the sweet girl （that） she used to be.她再也不是過去那個甜美的女孩了。He is not the man （that） he seems.他這人不貌相。D.關(guān)系副詞與關(guān)系代詞的選擇

45、當(dāng)先行詞是表示時間、地點或原因的名詞時，定語從句用關(guān)系 副詞還是關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)，要根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在定語從句中所擔(dān)當(dāng) 的句子成分來決定。I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度假的日子。（when作狀語）I will never forget the days which we spent together.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度過的日子。（whic作we spent賓語）I know a place where we can have a picnic.我知道一個我們可以野炊的地方。（w

46、here作狀語）I know a place which is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.我知道一個以自然景色優(yōu)美而聞名的地方。（ which作主語）E.關(guān)系詞的省略在下列情況下，關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在非正式文體中可以省略。1 .關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom在定語從句中做賓語時，常可省略。Are these keys （that /which） you were looking for?這是你正在尋找的鑰匙嗎？第16頁共16頁The man (who/that) I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time.飛機(jī)上坐在我旁邊的那個人一直在喋喋不休。2 .以the way為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷?。I don't like the way (that /in which) she walks.我不喜歡她走路的樣子。The way (that /in which) he answered the questions was surprising.他回答這些問題的方式令驚奇。3 .在 the time when, the place where,