英語句法結構介紹

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上英文的句法結構 英語是一門結構性語言。一個學英語之人在使用英語時必須具備三個意識，即詞形變化意識，時態(tài)和語態(tài)意識和句子結構意識。如果我們具備以上三意識，在平時有意識地進行必要的訓練，在短短幾個月中完全可以大幅度地提高自己的英語水平的。 英文的句子結構可分兩大類：基本結構和特殊結構。英文句子的基本結構1簡單句的五大基本句型。英文句子是以簡單句為主體。并列句是由并列連接詞連接的兩個簡單句；主從復合句是由一個從屬連接詞連接的從句和一個獨立的簡單句構成的。 英文簡單句的五種基本句型。（1）主語 + 謂語 。 此句型的謂語動詞是不及物動詞，常帶狀語。例如：The fruit s

2、hop has closed. They have been singing and dancing for two hours. The plane will take off soon. They will fly to London.（2）主語 + 系動詞 + 表語。 此句型結構中的謂語動詞是系動詞，后接表語。常用的系動詞除be外，還有become, look, seem, appear, get, feel, grow, turn, remain, come, hold, keep, stand, stay（保持）,smell, sound, taste等等。例如：The motor

3、is out of order. Her mother has fallen ill. The weather is getting quite hot. The roses smell sweet. Silk feels soft and smooth. The plan sound perfect.（3）主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 此句型中的謂語動詞是及物動詞，后面跟賓語。例如：He studies English. The teacher corrected her poor pronunciation more than once. We should help the disabled

4、.（4）主語+ 謂語 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。例如：This new way saved us much time. Could you do me a favor please? I paid him fifty yuan. He ordered (要，訂購)himself a soft drink. Mr Smith lent me his car. I found him a new textbook. Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time? The president awarded（授予）hime the fir

5、st prize.（5）主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語。例如：We elected him monitor of our class. We found her rather difficult to work with. I warned him not to be late again. My father saw him steal the money. I found the galss broken. The shop assistant kept the customer waiting a very long time. The woman caught her hus

6、band reading her diary.2并列句結構 并列句是由并列連接詞連接兩個或兩個以上的簡單句結構。常用的并列連接詞有：（1）表示并列，遞進關系and, bothand, notbut, not onlybut(also), neithernor（2）表示轉折/對比關系but, while, (and) yet, when（3）表示選擇關系or, eitheror, otherwise（4）表示結果關系so, (and) therefore, (and) thus（5）表示原因關系for3主從復合句結構。 英語中，從句主要有三大類：名詞性從句、形容詞性從句及副詞性從句。下面我們分別

7、介紹。一、名詞性從句1、名詞性從句的構成及句法特點名詞從句是指在完整的句子中以名詞性質出現的從句成分，主要包括主語從句、表語從句、 同位語從句和賓語從句。 其連接代詞非為三類：1)由that, whether, if和whoewver等引出的陳述句；2)有what引出的疑問句；3)有wh-等詞引出的疑問句。第一類和第三類在引出主語從句時可以用形式主語it來代替。2、主語從句That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.地球圍繞著太陽轉是眾所周知的事實。(= It is well-known to everybody

8、that the earth goes around the sun.)Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. (此時不能用if )他來不來參加會議取決于他的老板。(= It is up to his boss whether he will come to the meeting.)Whoever says so is a liar. 誰這樣說使就在撒謊。What you need in learning a foreign language well is repeated practice.學習外語你需要的是大量的練習

9、。What you have said is convincing. 你所說的令人信服。Where we shall stay for the night is a problem. 我們在哪兒過夜是個問題。(= It is a problem where we shall stay for the night.)When and where the 2008 Olympic Games will be held has been decided.2008年奧運會舉行的時間和地點已經確定下來了。(=It has been decided when and where the 2008 Olym

10、pic Games will be held.)How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.古埃及人是如何建造金字塔迷惑了多少代的人。(= It puzzled people for centuries how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.)同時，需要注意主語從句的一些常見句型。如：It is reported that 椐報道 It must be pointed out that 必須指出的是 It is likely that 很可

11、能的是 .;. It is a good thing that 很好的是 It happens that 碰巧的是 3、表語從句that引出的表語從句里，that可以省略；whether有時也可用來引出表語從句，而一般不用if，但as if卻 可以。如： My idea is (that) we need more hands. 我的看法是我們需要更多的人手。The question is whether they will be able to help us. 問題是他們是否能幫我們。All this was over twenty years ago, but it seems as i

12、f it was only yesterday.所有這一切過去20多年了，但似乎剛剛是昨天發(fā)生的一樣。4、同位語從句：名詞性從句考查的重點同位語從句的特點是由一個抽象名詞+that從句構成，引導詞一般是that, 而且that在從句中不充當任何成分。這些抽象名詞有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位語從句是對抽象名詞進行說明解釋。The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans

13、 wild with joy.我們的足球隊最終擊敗了朝鮮隊的消息令球迷們歡喜若狂。The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio. (比較-定語從句)令球迷們歡喜若狂的消息是從收音機里播報的。There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise.有充足的證據證明該城市的犯罪率在上升。Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the univer

14、se is that of light. 愛因斯坦得出的結論是宇宙中最大速度是光速。5、名詞性從句的考點1、考生要明確下列四個概念1)名詞從句通常由連接代詞(who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, w h atever)、連接副詞(when, where, how, why)和連接詞(that, if, whether)引出。 2)連接代詞和連接副詞不僅引出一個從句，而且還在從句中擔任某個語法成分。 3)用連接代詞和連接副詞引出的名詞從句前面不要再加that。 4)名詞從句的語序一律用陳述句語序，不能用疑問句語序。 2、同位語從句與

15、定語從句的區(qū)別(1) 定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分(主語或賓語)，而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當句中任何成分。(2) 定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述先行詞的性質或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。例如：The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。)(第一個that引導的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語)The news that Tom would go

16、abroad is told by him.(湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。)(同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分)3、what 和that引導名詞性從句的差別_ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A. What B.That C.How D. Where 【答案】 A。【解析】很顯然，本題是為了考查學生是否掌握了what 和that的實際含義及引導名詞性從句時的用法差異而設定。那what 和that在引導名詞性從句時究竟有怎樣的差別呢？1) 當what用作連接代詞，引導名詞性從句時，可引導主語從句、表語從句和賓語從句(不可引導同位

17、語從句)；它本身在句中充當主語、賓語或表語。(1) what表示“所以的(事)”的意思，相當于“the thing(s) that”、“all that”、“that which”、“everything that”等。例如：Leave it with me and Ill see what I can do. (what引導賓語從句，并作do的賓語。)把它留給我，我來看看怎么做。What you have done might do harm to other people. (what引導主語從句，并在從句中作賓語。) 你所做的可能會給別人帶來傷害。What he said at the

18、meeting astonished everybody present. (what引導主語從句，并在從句中作賓語。) 他在會上說的令所有在場的人吃驚不小。What is most important in life isnt money. (what引導主語從句，并在從句中作主語。)生活中最重要的不是錢。But wait till you see what well make for you to your own measure. (what 引導賓語從句，并在從句中作賓語。) 你等著看我們能給你什么補償。What he wanted to see was an end to all t

19、he armies of the world. (what 引導主語從句，并在從句中作賓語。) 他所想要看到的是結束世界上所有的軍隊。(2) what 表示“所的(人)”的意思，相當于“the person that”等。例如：He is not what he used to be. (what 引導表語從句，并在從句中作表語。)他已經不是過去的他了。She is no longer what she was five years ago. (what 引導表語從句，并在從句中作表語。)她不是5年前的她了。2) that 當that用作連接詞，引導名詞性從句時，可引導主語從句、表語從句、賓語

20、從句和同位語從句，that 在從句中既不充當任何成分，也無實際意義，僅起著連接句子的作用。一般不可省略(賓語從句除外)。若從句置于句子后面，代詞it作形式主語。例如：It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. (that引導主語從句)。令她煩惱的是頭發(fā)開始變得花白。Can you believe (that) in such a rich country there should be so many poor people? ( that引導賓語從句) 在這樣一個富有的國度里竟有這么多的窮人，你相信嗎？We heard the n

21、ews that our team had won. (that引導同位語從句)我聽到我們隊獲勝的消息。Another problem is that good soil is gradually lost. (that引導表語從句)另一個問題是肥沃的土壤開始慢慢流失了。But the truth is that everyone should take care of disabled people, not just the government. (that引導表語從句) 一條亙古不變的真理就是人們都應該體貼殘疾人，而不是體貼政府。二、定語從句1、定語從句的句法特點及關系代詞、副詞：用來

22、修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞(有時也可說明整個主句或主句中一部分)而起定語作用的句子叫作定語從句。關系代詞：who, whom, whose, that, which, as關系副詞：when, where, why 2、關系代詞的用法(1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代詞，關系代詞一般只用that，不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears. 所有在場的人都哭了。(2) 如果先等詞被形容詞最高級以及f

23、irst, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等詞修飾，關系代詞常用that, 不用which, who，或whom。例如：He is the last person that could have done such a thing. 他絕不是做這種事的人。(3) 非限制性定語從句中，不能用關系代詞that, , 作賓語用的關系代詞也不能省略。例如：There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated.

24、有700萬人參加了這次競選，其中大部分都受過良好教育。(4) 非限制性定語從句中只能用which，可以指代前面的一個詞，也可以引導從句修飾前面的整個主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中，which可以作主語，也可以作賓語或表語，多數情況下意思是與and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.他比賽獲勝，令他父母十分欣慰。(5) 如果作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體，關系代詞用which; 若是指集體中的各個成員，則用who。(6) 先行詞有兩個，

25、一個指人，一個指物，關系代詞應該用that。例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.(7) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 關系代詞應該用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?3、關系副詞引導的定語從句關系副詞在從句中分別表示時間、地點或原因。關系副詞when在從句中充當時間狀語，where 充當地點狀語，why充當原因狀語。

26、He came at a time when we needed him most. 他在我們最需要的時候來了。Well never forget the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.我們永遠不會忘記中華人民共和國成立的那一天。I know the reason why she studies so well. 我知道她學習好的原因。This is the room where he put up for the night. 這就是他渡過夜晚的那房子。另外，that可引導定語從句表示時間、地點或原因。that有時可以代

27、替關系副詞 when, where 或者why引導定語從句表示時間、地點或原因。在that引導的這種定語從句中，that也可以省去。Every time (that/when) the telephone rings, he goes nervous. His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父親在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居

28、住過的地方。4、限制性和非限制性定語從句1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，例如：This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。(限制性)The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。(非限制性)2) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動

29、詞要用第三人稱單數，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。5、As在定語從句中的用法1)引導限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句(1)as多與such 或the same連用，可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。(2)as 也可單獨使用，引導非限制性定語從句，作用相當于which。例如：The elephants nos

30、e is like a snake, as anybody can see.2)As引導的非限制性定語從句的位置 as引導的非限制性定語從句位置較靈活，可以位于主句前面.中間或后面，一般用逗號與主句隔開，但which所引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如：As is expected, the England team won the football match.The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.6、介詞+關系代詞的用法“介詞關系代詞”是一個普遍使用的結構:(1) “介詞關系代詞“可以引導限制性定語從句，也可

31、以引導非限制性定語從句。“介詞關系代詞結構中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，關系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。This is the question about which weve had so much discussion. 這就是我們討論的那么多的問題。This is the foreign guest with whom our dean shook hands just now.這就是那位我們院長與之握手的外國客人。(2) from where為 “介詞關系副詞“ 結構

32、，但也可以引導定語從句。例如：We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短語動詞，在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動詞分開。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.He finally found the pen that he he had beeb looking for all the morning.他最終找到了他一早

33、上一直在找的鋼筆。三、狀語從句1、概述狀語從句主要用來修飾主句或主句的謂語。一般可分為九大類，分別表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。盡管種類較多，但由于狀語從句與漢語結構和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不難。狀語從句的關鍵是要掌握引導不同狀語從句的常用連接詞和特殊的連接詞即考點。2、狀語從句分類及常用連詞： 類 別連 詞 時間狀語從句when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc. 地點狀語從句where, wherever 原因狀語從句because, since,

34、as, for, now that, etc. 目的狀語從句in order that, so that, that, etc. 結果狀語從句sothat, so that, suchthat, that, etc. 條件狀語從句if, unless, as (so) long as, etc. 讓步狀語從句though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc. 比較狀語從句asas, soas, than, etc. 方式狀語從句as, as if, as though, etc.3、狀語從句的句法功能及考點1)

35、時間狀語從句常用引導詞：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引導詞：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenI didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.直到我長大成人后才認

36、識到我母親是多么的與眾不同。While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.當約翰在看電視的時候，他妻子在煮飯。The children ran away from the orchard (果園) the moment they saw the guard.孩子一看到守衛(wèi)立刻從果園里跑了。No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.他們剛一到家就下起雨來了。Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.每次我聽從他的建議就

37、會惹麻煩。2) 地點狀語從句常用引導詞：where 特殊引導詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.一般說來，工廠多的地方空氣污染就嚴重。Wherever you go, you should work hard. 無論你到哪去，都應該好好工作。3) 原因狀語從句常用引導詞：because, since, as, since 特殊引導詞：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, gi

38、ven that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful. 我朋友不喜歡我的原因是我長相英俊，事業(yè)有成。Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.既然大家都到齊了，咱們就開會吧。The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.高額的個人

39、所得稅有害之處就在于它打擊了人們多掙錢的努力。Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.考慮到他還不到12歲，180公分的個子算是驚人。4) 目的狀語從句常用引導詞：so that, in order that特殊引導詞：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hur

40、ry up with the letters so that he could sign them.老板讓秘書抓緊寫出信件這樣他好簽字。The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 老師提高聲音目的是讓后排的學生能聽清楚。5) 結果狀語從句常用引導詞：so that, so that, such that, 特殊引導詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree

41、 that, He got up so early that he caught the first bus. 他起的很早為的是能趕上頭班車。Its such a good chance that we must not miss it. 這是一個好機會，我們不能讓它溜走。To such a degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.他激動得昨夜都沒睡好覺。6) 條件狀語從句常用引導詞：if, unless, 特殊引導詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supp

42、ose that, in case that, on condition that Well start our project if the president agrees. 如果總裁同意了，我們將立刻實施我們的計劃。You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. 只要努力，你一定會成功。Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.如果沒人反對，我們就在那里舉行會議。7) 讓步狀語從句常用引導詞：though, although,

43、 even if, even though特殊引導詞：as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter , in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. 盡管我很尊敬他， 我卻不同意他的建議。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is

44、rough.即使天氣很惡劣，那老人也仍然喜愛游泳。No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.不管他如何努力，她就是不改決心。He wont listen whatever you may say. 無論你說什么他都不聽。8) 比較狀語從句常用引導詞：as (同級比較), than (不同程度的比較)特殊引導詞：the more the more ; just as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as B She is as

45、 bad-tempered as her mother. 她像她母親一樣脾氣暴躁。The house is three times as big as ours. 這房子是我們房子的三倍大。The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 你越鍛煉，身體就越健康。Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，猶如油之于機器。9) 方式狀語從句常用引導詞：as, as if, how特殊引導詞：the wayWhen in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。She behav

46、ed as if she were the boss. 她的舉止像是個老板。Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.有時候我們教導孩子就像父母當年那樣教導我們。陳述句結構?？隙ㄊ胶头穸ㄊ剑ǜ鞣N時態(tài)和語態(tài)）。特別注意否定句結構。疑問句結構。英文疑問句有四種：一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句和反意疑問句。一般疑問句（General Questions）也稱“Yes-no Questions” )，一般疑問句是要求用Yes或No 來回答的問句形式。一般疑問句的構成方式是將be動詞，助動詞和情態(tài)動詞提至句首

47、。1. be 動詞有am, is, are , was, were形式。2助動詞有do, does（一般現在時）；did（一般過去時）；am, is, are（現在進行時）；was,were（過去進行時）；shall / will（一般將來時）；should / would（過去將來時）；have / has（現在完成時）；had（過去完成時）； am, is, are, was, were（被動語態(tài)）3情態(tài)動詞有can / could; may / might; must; shall / should; will / would; need; dare; ought (to)。使用一般疑問

48、句時須注意以下幾點：1對have / has / had作實義動詞講時，一般疑問句形式有兩種： 作為“有”講時。例如：He has no brothers Has he no brothers? / Does he have no brothers? 作其它意義時，要借助助動詞do / does / did.例如：He has breakfast at 7 in the morning. Does he have breakfast at 7 in the morning?He had a meeting yesterday Did he have a meeting yesterday?2對

49、含有used to的句子變問句時有兩種形式：例如：He used to get up at 7 oclock in the morning. Did he use to get up at 7 oclock in the morning? Used he to get up at 7 oclock in the morning?3在一般現在時和一般過去時的問句中，實義謂語動詞則保留原形狀態(tài)。4對否定一般疑問句的回答要特別引起注意，要根據實際情況來回答，排除中文的干擾。例如：-Dont you believe him? -Yes, I do. ( 不， 我相信。) ；-No, I dont.（是

50、，我不信）特殊疑問句（Special Questions）也稱“Wh-questions”。其構成方式是特殊疑問詞 + 一般疑問句？疑問詞有疑問代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, etc 疑問副詞：when, where, how, why, etc.特殊疑問句不能用Yes和No來回答，必須用一個完整的句子來回答，可以省去問句中相同部分。例如：-When did he come here? - ( He came here ) yesterday.選擇疑問句（Alternative Questions ）選擇疑問句提出由or連接兩種或兩種以上的答案以供選擇，看哪一

51、種是正確的。它在結構上有兩種類型：一般疑問句型和特殊疑問句型。選擇疑問句不能用yes和no來回答，必須對其作具體的選擇。例如：-Shall we go by bus or by train ? -By bus. -Who do you like better, Tom or Mary? -Tom.反意疑問句（Disjunctive Questions）反意疑問句提出某種觀點或事實，問對方是否同意。這種疑問句一般由兩部分組成。前一部分為陳述句，后一部分為簡短的一般問句。前一部分為肯定式，后一部分為否定式；前一部分為否定式，后一部分為肯定式。例如：I havent seen you before,

52、 have I? She knows you, doesnt she?使用反意疑問句時，需注意以下幾點：（1）在簡短的問句中，主語的人稱，數，動詞的時態(tài)一般應與前面的陳述部分一致。 在簡短的問句中的主語不為名詞乃代詞是也。例如：Liu Ying studies very hard, doesnt Liu Ying? () Liu Ying studies very hard, doesnt she? ( )（2）陳述部分的主語為somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, no one, nobody時，反意問句中主語一般為they，有時也用he.例如：Eve

53、ryone enjoys the music, dont they?Someone stole your watch, didnt they?No one was hurt, was he?（3）陳述部分的主語為everything, anything, nothing，反意問句中主語一般為it，例如：Everything that he says is false, isnt it?（4）陳述部分的主語為one指人時,反意問句中主語一般為you / one，例如：One shouldnt be dishonest, should you? ? should one?（5）陳述部分為Im結構時

54、，反意問句一般為arent I ，例如：I am the best, arent I?（6）當陳述部分中有seldom, never, hardly, rarely, scarcely, few, little, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定或半否定詞時，反意問句中應為肯定式。例如：You have little money in your pocket, have you?（7）當陳述部分只出現否定前綴或后綴來表示否定時，反意問句仍為否定式。 例如： It is impossible, isnt it?（8）當陳述部分含有There be 結構時，其反意問句中依然使用there 作假主語。例如：There is a book on the desk, isnt there?（9）當陳述部分中的情態(tài)動詞must表示肯定推測時，其反意問句中應避免使用must,而應根據其后的動詞（時態(tài)）形式采取相應的形式。例如：There must be a bus in the parking lot, isnt there? He must have been to Wuhan, hasnt he? It must ha