專題01閱讀理解-五年(2016-2020)新課標卷高考英語試題研究

1、4 >01閔裱理斛閱讀理解在新課標卷高考英語試題中占30分，是整張卷的五分之一，其比重之大，可想而知，做好閱讀理解，其他試題也就會相應地做得很好。我們首先來分析一下近三年（20162020年）閱讀理解命題考點情況:類型卷】2016A記敘文267主要介紹幾位著名的女性，她們在各自的領域做出了非凡的貢獻。細節(jié)理解題10推理判斷題3詞義猜測題1主旨大意題1B議論文287介紹社會上很多老年人搬到離子女近的地方居住的一種趨勢。C記敘文262作者在一次運送造血干細胞途中的一段經歷。D說明文327沉默在不同文化背景下的不同內涵。2017A應用文231購物中心 Pacific Science Cente

2、r細節(jié)理解題6推理判斷題5觀點態(tài)度題1詞義猜測題1主旨大意題1寫作意圖題1B記敘文296救助一只小貓頭底的故事C說明文352據士樂問題D說明文315自制太陽能蒸鐲器的方法201SA應用文270Washington. DC旅游的四種路線細節(jié)理解題8推理判斷題2詞義猜測題1觀點態(tài)度題1主旨大意題2B說明文270紹r一檔英國系列電視節(jié)目C說明文304隨著社會的發(fā)展人類語言越來越少及其原因D說明文363新舊電子設備的差別寫作意圖題12019A應用文256省政府及其合作伙伴提供了許多項目來幫助學生暑期在找到工作。細節(jié)理解題7推理判斷題5詞義猜測題1段落大意題1標題歸納題1B記敘文300Thomas Wh

3、aley為了幫助學生學英語以及樹立信心專門開展r一個演講課程C說明文243新的科技一智能健盤，它能給e-space用戶帶來安全，而且這項技術也不貴。D議論文351對別人好，討人喜歡對人生活的各個方面有深遠的有益影響。202() ；|A應用文219火車信息，包括失物招領、公共假期安排以及列車出發(fā)時間等信息細節(jié)理解題8推理判斷題4詞義猜測題1段落大意題1標題歸納題1B說明文298重新閱讀的意義和益處并向讀者介紹r 作者每年重讀的三木書。作者鼓勵讀者去 重新閱讀書籍。C說明文311競走相比跑步有諸多的優(yōu)勢，但是之前受 過傷的人，要想從事這樣運動要連慎，最 好咨詢專家的建議。D.七332綠色植物對人們

4、很有好處,因此麻省理工學院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物。卷112016A應用文281四則廣告的具體內容及細節(jié)信息細節(jié)理解題8推理判斷題4代詞指代題1詞義猜測題1主旨大意題1B記敘文280通過讓學生拼裝玩具發(fā)現并鼓勵學生的創(chuàng)造性和想象力。C說明文249BookC所進行的分享圖書活動的目的及具體過程D記敘文278Frank的圖片記錄一次海難2017A應用文306莎士比亞劇木傭譯及上演細節(jié)理解題5推理判斷題5代詞指代題1寫作意圖題1B記敘文289作者與Paul的友誼C說明文307Terrafugia公司研制出飛行汽車D說明文293植物在受到昆蟲的攻擊時自我保護主旨大意題2詞義猜測題12018A應用文2

5、84家長和孩子一起挑選可以參加的活動細節(jié)理解題6推理判斷題5文堂出處題1詞義猜測題1主旨大意題2B說明文268水果營養(yǎng)豐富且對人體有益C說明文300青少年和年幼的孩子們讀書的樂趣減少D議論文330減少手機使用、熠加與人談話2019A應用文242作家Jo Usmar最喜歡的書籍細節(jié)理解題8推理判斷題4詞義猜測題1標題歸納題1主旨大意題1B記敘文312作者成功說服一個家長參加忐愿者團 隊，作為一名忐愿者作者發(fā)揮r自己的作 用，并獲得了快樂。C說明文334介紹了目前社會獨自吃飯的趨勢發(fā)展明顯，很多人想多點兒自己的時間。D說明文272戈登和他的學生研究在國際空間站克服微生物的問題。卷n2020A應用文

6、278是湖區(qū)景點指南，介紹r幾個主要的景點的特色，地點和參觀時間。細節(jié)理解題7推理判斷題4詞義猜測題2標題歸納題1主旨大意題1B說明文246是關于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹r 研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結果。C說明文330美國新奧良和布魯克林舉辦r不同尋常 的時裝秀。展出海貍鼠制成的皮衣。海貍 鼠們每年都在破壞大片的濕地,因此設計 師稱這是一種環(huán)保的舉措，科學家們也對 海貍鼠損壞生態(tài)平衡表示了擔憂。D夾敘夾議文344作者是一個熱情的讀者，孩提時熱史讀 書.第一份工作在圖書館。有/孩子以后， 一家人去圖書館讀書,閱讀的習慣代代傳 承下去。作為小說家，作者呼吁其他作家 支持圖書館，宣傳圖書館。卷

7、HI2016A應用文195介紹五個與音樂有關的活動細節(jié)理解題7推理判斷題4寫作意圖題1詞義猜測題1代詞指代題1主旨大意題1B記敘文325一位女作家請紐約的朋友吃飯時發(fā)生的故事。C說明文278介紹了一個節(jié)日Apple Day。D說明文346好消息比壞消息傳得更快、更遠，越積極樂觀的消息越容易被大眾分享。2017A應用文252美國舊金山的四個旅游活動和路線細節(jié)理解題5推理判斷題7詞義猜測題1主旨大意題2B記敘文282一家具有75年歷史的劇院因為不利的地理位置和現代劇院的競爭而被轉售C說明文295美國黃石公園重新引進灰狼的故事D說明文334科研人員研制出DriveLAB,目的是能夠幫助他們延長駕齡，

8、從而保持積極、健康的生活方式2018A應用文197去Holker Hall& Garden旅游的相關信息細節(jié)理解題10推理判斷題2詞義猜測題1主旨大意題2B說明文316Dawson城市的發(fā)展原因、過程與現狀C新聞報道372中國建筑設計師王湖獲得r建筑界的諾貝爾獎一普利策獎D說明文307引導孩子主動捐獻玩具，并從玩耍簡的玩具中獲得快樂的做法2019A應用文191一些話劇的開幕和新劇首映細節(jié)理解題10推理判斷題3詞義猜測題1標題歸納題2B說明文286中國文化對世界時尚園的影響，中國年輕 的設計師和模特如何最終在許多方面被 認可。中國成r世界時尚的風向標。C說明文29219世紀報紙的改革發(fā)展

9、之路。D說明文319研究發(fā)現：猴子可以進行基本的加法運算。卷in2020A應用文238介紹門四個國家中，那些可以讓人們回顧過去的著名景點。細節(jié)理解題7推理判斷題4B新聞報道247報道了電影“猩球崛起”上個月首次與公 眾見面。動物愛好者聚集在好萊塢前，感 謝電影制作者，在電影拍攝時,沒有使用 真的類人猿。詞義猜測題4主旨大意題2C說明文320在英國，由于年輕人負擔不起離家的費 用,而老年人又面臨著被孤立的風險,越 來越多的家庭選擇住在一起，出現多世 同堂的現象。D說明文305最近一項對人類基因的研究發(fā)現，人類的 進化不僅僅發(fā)生在數十億年前，而且最近 幾千年也有。Bajau人因為靠海為生,他 們的

10、身體已經進化成更能適應海洋生活。近三年全國課標卷閱讀選材地道，貼近學生實際，體裁多樣。住選材上保持了知識性、趣味性強， 信息量不是很大，語篇長度適中，題材與體裁廣泛的特點，彰顯文化特色，考查考生快速獲取、處理、分 析信息的能力。4篇文章按難度漸進排列，閱讀總量1100-1200詞（不含選項）之間，細節(jié)題多于推斷題試 題數量。一、閱讀理解之細節(jié)理解題規(guī)律方法1:如何解決事實細節(jié)題？做事實細節(jié)題最基本也最常用的方法是題干定位法。一般在原文中找到相關的句子，然后進行比較和分析，便可確定答案.此類題通常用一些疑問詞來提問，或是判斷正誤。規(guī)律方法2：如何解決細節(jié)轉換題？細行理解題也叫間接理解題，包括語意

11、轉換題、圖文轉換題和是非判斷題。1 .語意轉換題，需要將題目信息與原文相關信息進行語意上的轉換，兩者存在表述上的差異。解答這類題 目時可帶著問題，有針對性地掃讀全文，迅速鎖定相關語句，再對相關部分進行分析對比，找出答案。2 .圖文轉換題，在閱讀理解題中，有的圖表、圖畫出現在閱讀理解題的正文中。在解答這類題時，可采 用"文字鎖定法"，找出描述圖形中的句段，采用按圖尋找答案的方法，按圖索驥，圖文互相參照、互相 驗證，便可確定正確答案。規(guī)律方法3：如何解決數字計算題？先理解文章的大意，然后經過對比、分析、計算等就能夠得出正確的答案。1 .仔細閱讀文字說明部分，準確把握圖表信息。2

12、 .仔細分析題干，抓牢關鍵詞。3 .運用數學公式計算，注意巧算。規(guī)律方法4：如何解決細節(jié)排序題？做此類題目可采用"首尾定位法"，即先找出第一個事件和最后一個事件，這樣可以迅速縮小選擇范 困，從而迅速找到答案。閱讀理解的文章如果是記敘文，排序題通常以事件發(fā)生的時間為線索：如果是說 明文，排序題通常以說明的先后順序為線索：如果是議論文，排序題通常以邏輯順序為線索。從近幾年高 考試題來看，這類試題主要出現在記敘文和說明文中。/真題回顧三典例一（2020新課標全國卷III, A）Journey Back in Time with ScholarsClassical Provence

13、（ 13days）Journey through the beautiful countryside of Provencef France, with Prof. Ori Z. Soltes. We will visit some of the best-preserved Roman monuments in the world. Our tour also includes a chance to walk in the footsteps of Van Gogh and Gauguin. Reids of flowers, tile-roofed（瓦屋頂）villages and ta

14、sty meals enrich this wonderful experience.Southern Spain（15days）Spain has lovely white towns and the scent（芳香）of oranges, but it is also a treasury of ancient remains including the cities left by the Greeks, Romans and Arabs. As we travel south from Madrid with Prof. Ronald Messier to historic Tole

15、do, Roman Merida and into Andalucia, we explore historical monuments and architecture.China's Sacred Landscapes(21 days)Discover the China of past ages, its walled cities> temples and mountain scenery with Prof. Robert Thorp.Highlights（精彩之處）inchide China's most sacred peaks at Mount Tai a

16、nd Hangzbou,s rolling hills, waterways and peaceful temples. We will wander in traditional small towns and end our tour with an exceptional museum in Shanghai.Tunisia（17days）Join Prof. Pedar Foss on our in-depth Tunisian tour. Tour highlights include the Roman city of Dougga, the underground Numidia

17、n capital at Bulla Regia, Roman Sbeitla and the remote areas around Tataouine and Matmata, uique for underground cities. Our journey takes us to picturesque Berber villages and lovely beaches.21. What can visitors see in both Classical Provence and Southern Spain?A. Historical monuments.B. Fields of

18、 flowers.C. ran Gogh's pamtings.D. Greek buildings.22. Which country is Prof. Thorp most knowledgeable about?A. France.B. Spain.C. China.D. Tunisia.23. Which of the following highlight the Tunisian tour?A. White towns. B. Underground cities. C. Tile-roofed villages. D. Rolling hills.【文章大意】這是一篇應用

19、文。文章主要介紹了四個國家中，那些可以讓人們回顧過去的著名景點。21 .A 細節(jié)理解題.根據第一部分的 We will visit some of the best-preserved Roman monuments in the world.（我 們將參觀一些世界上保存最完好的羅馬建筑遺跡）和第二部分的we explore historical monuments and architecture.（我們探索歷史遺跡和建筑）可知,在Classical Provence和Southern Spain游客們可以參觀歷史遺 跡。A. Historical monuments （歷史遺跡）符合以上說

20、法，故選A項。22 .C 推理判斷題。根據第三部分的 China's Sacred Landscapes （21days）（中華神山 21 天）和 Discover the China of Hpast ages”, its walled cities, temples and mountain scenery1 with Prof Robert Thorp. Highlights include China's most sacred peaks at Mount Tai and Hangzhou*s rolling hills, waterways and peaceful

21、 temples （和 Robert 教授一起 發(fā)現中國的過去，有增的城巾、寺廟和山景。精彩之處包括中國最神圣的泰山之巔，杭州起伏的群山、運 河和寧靜的寺廟）可知，去中國的神山之行總共有27天，而且Thorp對中國的名山非常了解。由此推測Thorp 在這四個國家里最了解中國。C. China（中國）符合以上說法，故選C項。23 . B 細節(jié)理解題o 根據第四部分的 Tour highlights include the Roman city of Dougga, the underground Mumidian capital at Bulla Regia, Roman Sbeitla and

22、 the remote areas around Taraounine and Matmata, unique for underground cities.（突尼斯的旅游亮點包括羅馬城市Dougga,地下城市Mumidian,它是Bulla Regia的首府，Roman Sbeitla 以及在Taraounine和Matmata附近的區(qū)域，它們是獨特的地下城后）可知，突尼斯的旅游亮點是地下城市。B. Underground cities（地卜城市）符合以上說法，故選B項。典例二（2017新課標全國卷n, A）Need a Job This Summer?The provincial gove

23、rnment and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs. The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.Not a student? Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people under 30 build skills, find a job or start busin

24、esses all year round.Jobs for YouthIf you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible（符合條件）for this program. Which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.Who is eligible: Youth 15-18 years old in select communities（社區(qū)）.Summer CompanySummer Compa

25、ny provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.Who is eligible: Students aged 15-29, returning to school in the fall.Stewardship Youth Ranger ProgramYou could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natura

26、l resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.Summer Employment Opportunities（機會）Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program, students are hired each year in a variety of sum

27、mer positions across the Provincial Public Service, its related agencies and community groups.Who is eligible: Students aged 15 or older. Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.21. What is special about Summer Company?A. It requires no training befor

28、e employment.B. It provides awards for ninning new businesses.C. It allows one to work in the natural environment.D. It offers more summer job opportunities.22. What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?A. 15-18.B. 15-24.C. 15-29.D. 16-17.23. Which program favors the disable

29、d?A. Jobs for Youth.B. Summer Company.C. Stewardship Youth Ranger Program.D. Summer Employment Opportunities.【語篇解讀】本文為應用文。本文敘述了省政府及其合作伙伴提供了許多項目來幫助學生暑期在找到工 作。1 1.B【解析】細節(jié)理解題。根據 Summer Company 部分中的 “Summer Company provides studentswith .awards of up to $ 3.000 to start and run their own summer business

30、es ” 可Ml u Summer Company 為學生提供高達3000美元的獎勵，來開始和經營他們自己的暑期業(yè)務"。"start and run their own summer businesses”即"為開辦新的業(yè)務”，這對應B項中的urunn new businessesM ,二者是詞 義之間的轉述關系。故選B.22 .D 解析】細在理解題。根據 Stewardship Youth Ranger Program 部分中的第二段 “Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire, but no

31、t turning 18 before December 31 this year.” 可知“符合條件的學生： 16歲或17歲的學生，但在今年12月31日之前未滿18歲”。由此得出，這個項目要求年齡在16-17 歲之間。分析選項可知D項符合題意，故選D。23 .D【解析】細行理解題。根據Summer Employment Opportunities部分中的最后一段最后一句"Who is eligible: .Some positions require students to be 15to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability”，

32、可知 Summer Employment Opportunities有些職位是給殘疾人的。分析選項可知，D項符合題意，故選D。二、閱讀理解篇之推理判斷題推理判斷題的設題形式有很多，不同的題型對應不同的技巧。如下表所示：推斷內容考查點解題方法推斷隱含含義考查考生透過詞語的字面 意思去理解作者的意外之 意或弦外之音的能力1.跳讀，找到相關信息點（推理的依據）：2.細讀，理解相關 信息點的字面意義：3.結合語境和常識，在字面意義的基礎 上進行符合邏輯的推斷，理解作者的言外之意。推斷寫作考查考生根據短文內容推斷作者寫該文幸的目的的根據文體的特點和用途來推斷作者的寫作目的：1.記敘文，特 別是個人的有趣

33、經歷或幽默故事類的文章娛樂讀者；2.意圖能力夾敘夾議文讓讀者得到某種啟示或教育：3.廣告和議論 文說服讀者接受某種產品、服務或接受某種觀點；4.科 普說明文或新聞報道告知讀者某些信息。推斷下段內容、文章出處考查考生通過閱讀材料，預 測內容及推斷材料的來源 的能力1.根據文章的內容或結構來推斷；2.根據各種文體的特征來 判斷其出處：如廣告的用詞和格式非常特殊，因此容易辨認： 報紙的前面會出現日期、地點或通訊社名稱：產品說明的特 點也比較明顯，一般會介紹其名稱、作用、操作方式等。推斷目標讀者考查考生根據短文內容推 斷此懸文幸主要是寫給誰 看的能力根據文學內容，特別是從作者使用的詞語和語氣來判斷。夕

34、真題回顧三典例一（2018,新課標II卷,C）Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remams a big part of many children's lives, and

35、 indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.According to the report's key findmgs, k the proportion （比例）who say they "hardly ever' read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds m 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today."

36、;The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 28, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.When it comes to technology and reading, the report does

37、little to counsel（建議）parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents servin

38、g as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.

39、As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom（遙近）ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.28. What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?A. Childreii s readmg habits.

40、B. Quality of children s books.C. Children's after-class activities.D. Parent-child relationships.29. Where can you find the data that best supports "children are reading a lot less for fun”?A. In paragraph 2.B. In paragraph 3.C. In paragraph 4.D. In paragraph 5.30. Why do many parents limi

41、t electronic reading?A. E-books are of poor quality.B. It could be a waste of time.C. It may harm children's health.D. E-readers are expensive.31. How should parents encourage their children to read more?A. Act as role models for them.B. Ask then to write book reports.C. Set up reading groups fo

42、r them.D. Talk with their reading class teachers.【文章大意】據本周一公布的a Common Sense Media report報告顯示，青少年和年幼的孩子們讀書的樂 趣大大減少。文中從閱讀的樂趣，閱讀的時間，閱讀方式和父母對孩子閱讀的影響等角度展示了該報告的 內容。28.A【解析】推理判斷題。題干問的是這篇報道可能是關于什么內容。根據整篇文章，我們可以看出這篇 報道講述了孩子們閱讀的樂趣，孩子們閱讀的時間，孩子們閱讀方式和父母對孩子閱讀的影響。A 項意為：孩子們的閱讀;J慣：B項意為：孩子們所讀書籍的質量：C項意為：孩子們的課后活動；D 項意

43、為：父母與孩子的關系。故選A。29.B 解析推理判斷題。根據第三段中的 the proportion （比例）who say they , hardly ever'read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.可知I,很少為樂趣而閱讀的人的比例已經分別從1984年的13歲的8%和17歲的9%上升到現在的22%和27%。也就是說，為樂趣而讀書的人越來越少了。故

44、選30 .C 解析推理判斷題 根據倒數第三段最后一句 many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time可知，許多家長仍然限制電子閱讀，主要是由于擔心看一些電子 屏幕的時間越來越多，也即是擔心會傷害孩子們的健康。故選C。31 .A【解析】細行理解題 a 根據倒數第二段 Tlic most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence ofparents serving as examples

45、and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading.可知， 有明顯的證 據表明，父母為孩子們做榜樣并為孩子們作重要指導能培養(yǎng)孩子的閱讀習慣。也即是說，父母可以 通過給孩子們作榜樣來鼓勵孩子們閱讀的。故選Ao典例二（2017新課標全國卷II, B）Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater, employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and gatliering coke cups. It was a

46、 scene that had been repeated many times in die theater s 75-year history. This time, however, the cleanup was a little different. As one group of workers carried out the rubbish. another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the building s end.The film classic Th

47、e Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater. Though the movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building. Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate. The movie is set

48、 in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down.Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city made it impossible for the Plaza to compete. He added that the theater's location（位置）was also a reason. ” This used to be the center of town, M he said. M Now the area is

49、 mostly office buildings and warehouses. uLast week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and public meeting place. However, these plans were abandoned because of financial problems. Bradford sold the building and land to a local developm

50、ent firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.The theater audience said good-bye as Bradford locked the doors for the last time. After 75 years the Plaza Theater had shown its last movie. The theater will be missed.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文，講述了一家具有75年歷史的劇院因為不利的地理位置和

51、現代劇院的 競爭而被轉售的故事。25. Why was The Last Picture Show put on?A. It was an all-time classic.B. It was about the history of the town.C. The audience requested it.D. The theater owner found it suitable.25. D【命題意圖】推理判斷題?！窘忸}思路】根據第二段最后兩句可知，劇院老板選擇這部電影是因為這部電影本身講述的就是小 鎮(zhèn)上唯一的電影院準備關門停業(yè)的故事，與Plaza Theater的現狀一樣。26. Wh

52、at will probably happen to the building?A. It will be repaired.B. It will be turned into a museum.C. It will be knocked down.D. It will be sold to the city government.26. C【命題意圖】推理判斷題?！窘忸}思路】 根據第四段末句中的"which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located."可以推斷出這個

53、劇院將被拆除，取而代之的是一個現代的購物中心。27. What can we infer about the audience?A. They are disappointed with Bradford.B. They are sad to part with the old theater.C. They arc supportive of the city officials.D. They are eager to have a shopping center.27. B【命題意圖】推理判斷題?！窘忸}思路】根據第二段中的 H most of the 250 seats were fil

54、led with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building "可知，人們非常難過，不愿意看到老劇院被拆掉。三、閱讀理解篇之詞義猜測題猜詞是應用英語的重要能力，也是高考中常用的題型。它不但需要準確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有 較大的泛讀量，掌握或認識較多的課外詞匯。詞義猜測題要根據詞、詞組、句子所在的上下文語境來判斷其意義，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境主觀臆斷。我們要學會“順藤摸瓜”，通過構詞、語法、定義、同位、對比、因果、常識、上下文等線索確定詞義。1 .定義法。Annealing is a

55、 way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子給予annealing以明確的定義,即“退火".It will be very hard but also very brittle that is, it will break easily.從后而的解釋中我們可以了解到brittle是"脆"的意思、。The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.定語從句中l(wèi)ooks a

56、fter sheep就表明了 herdsman的詞義為"牧人 J2 .同位法。They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.同位語部分a large building in old times給出了 castle的確切詞義，即"城堡 JWe are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m.this week.兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。3 .對比法。She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but一詞表轉折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是"她今天第一節(jié)上了一半才來"，因此 反向推理，可得出她平時一向"準時"的結論。4 .構詞法（前綴、后綴、復合、派生等）。Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the n