英語專業(yè)英美文學(xué)文學(xué)匯總

1、【精品文檔】如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除，僅供學(xué)習(xí)與交流英語專業(yè)英美文學(xué)文學(xué)匯總.精品文檔.Literature terms1Epic : a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they we

2、re written down.（史詩） 2Romance: It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.（傳奇文學(xué)） 3Heroic Couplet: the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. (英雄雙韻體)4Iambic Pentameter: is the most common English meter, in which each foot contai

3、ns an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable. (五音步抑揚(yáng)格)meter 格律 foot音步5ballad: is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.（歌謠）6Sonnet: It is a lyric poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.（十四行詩） 7Bla

4、nk verse: is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme.（無韻詩）8Soliloquy: an utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself/ herself or is disregardful of or oblivious to any hearers present (often used as a device in a drama to disclose a characters innermo

5、st thoughts); 2. the act of talking while or as if alone(獨白)9Classicism: Aesthetic attitudes and principles manifested in the art, architecture, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome and characterized by emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, and restraint. Classicism was popular in Europe in

6、 the 18th century.（古典主義）10Neo-classicism: neo-classicism imitated the characteristics of Roman writers, including Horace, Virgil, Cicero, etc., in the days of Augustus. They tried to make English literature conform to rules and principles established by the great Roman and Greek classical writers. I

7、n writing plays, they used rhyme and couplet instead of blank verse, observed the trinity - the unity of time, place and action.（新古典主義）11An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents. The usual form is letters, although diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are som

8、etimes used.（書信體小說）12Sentimentalism is one of the important trends in English literature of the middle and later decades of the 18th century. It justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeoisrevolutions. It embraces a pessimis

9、tic outlook and blames reason and the Industrial Revolution, marked by a sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken ,expropriated peasants.(感傷主義)Romanticism: Romanticism is a literary trend. It prevails in England during the period 1798-1832. romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those

10、 classes and social strata who were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups because of the different attitudes toward the capitalist society.（浪漫主義）Ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, a trait dealing with a lofty them

11、e in a dignified manner. The form dates back to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays. Brief Outline of British Literature：works1. Early and Medieval English Literature1) The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066) National epic: The Song of Beowulf 2) The Anglo-Norman

12、 Period (1066-1350) Arthurian Romance: Sir Gawain and Green Knight 3) Geoffrey Chaucer1340-1400：Messenger of Humanism The first important realistic writer “Father” of English poetry The Canterbury Tales the wife of Bath（巴斯夫人）, the Knight（騎士）, the Pardoner（賣贖罪卷者）, the Nuns Priest（尼姑的教士）, the Prologue

13、（序詩）.The Romaunt of the Rose 玫瑰傳奇The Book of the Duchess 悼公爵夫人 Troilus and Criseyde 特羅伊洛斯和克瑞西德Thomas MaloryMorte dArthur (Death of Arthur)亞瑟之死William LanglandPiers the Plowman Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron十日談 Ovid奧維德: 愛的藝術(shù)變形記2. The English Renaissance (16 century) Thomas More Utopia Christopher Marlowe克里斯托

14、弗·馬洛First person used blank verse Death of Arthur 亞瑟之死Tamburlaine the Great «帖木兒大帝»The Jew of Malta «馬爾他島的猶太人» The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus«浮士德博士的悲劇» Hero and Leander海洛和利安得The Passionate Shepherd to His Love牧羊人的戀歌William Shakespeareone of the founders of

15、realism in world literature as well as in English literatureVenus and Adonis維納斯與安東尼斯The Rape of Lucrece魯克里斯受辱記Four tragedies： Hamlet哈姆雷特Othello 奧塞羅King Lear 李爾王 Macbeth麥克白Four comedies：A Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之夢The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人As You Like It皆大歡喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜Ben Jonson本·瓊森fir

16、st poet- laureate after Shakespeare the most eminent writer for the Elizabethan stagethe greatest dramatist after Shakespearethe founder of the so-called “Comedy of Humors”, Every Man in His Humor人人高興Every Man Out of His Humor人人掃興Volpone 福爾蓬奈the Fox狐貍The Alchemist 煉金術(shù)士 Sir Thomas Wyatt托馬斯·懷亞特He

17、nry Howard, Earl of Surrey 亨利·霍華德·薩里伯爵Sir Philip Sidney 西德尼Astrophel and Stella愛星者和星星Arcadia阿卡狄亞The Defence of Poetry詩辯Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯賓塞the Poets poet , a model of poetical artgreatest non-dramatic poet of his timefirst master of English verseThe Shepherds Calendar 牧人月歷Amoretti 愛情

18、小詩The Fairy Queen仙后Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯· 培根The father of experimental philosophyThe most important prose writer of the Elizabethan Age the first English essayistthe founder of English materialist philosophy.The Advancement of Learning學(xué)術(shù)的進(jìn)展The Novum Organum (The New Instrument) 新工具The New Atlantis

19、新大西島The Essays 散文集(Of Studies)3. The Period of The English Bourgeois Revolution (17 century) John Milton約翰·彌爾頓the smartest man in Europe a master of the blank verseParadise Lost失樂園 Paradise Regained復(fù)樂園 Samson Agonistes力士參孫Lycidas 利西達(dá)斯Comus科瑪斯a masque假面劇John Bunyan約翰·班揚(yáng)Pilgrims Progress 天路歷

20、程 Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner功德無量The Life and Death of Mr. Badman惡人先生的生平和死亡貝德曼先生的一生The Holy War神圣戰(zhàn)爭John Donne約翰·鄧恩Founder of Metaphysical poetry選學(xué)派詩人Songs and Sonnets歌與短歌Holy sonnet圣十四行詩Divine poem神圣詩歌Elegies and Satire挽歌與諷刺詩Meditations冥想/ 沉思4. The Age of Enlightenment (18 century) A

21、lexander Pope亞歷山大·蒲柏Essay on Criticism論批評The Rape of the Lock奪發(fā)記Joseph Addison約瑟夫·艾狄生andRichard Steel理查德·斯蒂爾The Tatler and The SpectatorDaniel Defoe丹尼爾·笛福18世紀(jì)啟蒙時期現(xiàn)實主義小說的奠基人Robinson CrusoeCaptain Singleton辛格頓船長Colonel Jacque杰克上校Moll Flanders茉爾·弗蘭德絲A Journal of the Plague Year

22、瘟疫記事Jonathan Swift喬納森·斯威夫特One of the greatest masters of English prosea master satirist Gullivers TravelsA Tale of a Tub 一個木桶的故事The Battle of Books書的戰(zhàn)爭The Drapiers Letters一個麻布商的書信A Modest Proposal一個小小的建議 Samuel Richardson 塞謬爾·理查遜Pamela 帕美勒 Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady克拉麗莎The Hi

23、story of Sir Charles Grandison 查爾斯·葛蘭底森爵士傳Henry Fielding亨利·菲爾丁最早的現(xiàn)實主義小說理論家現(xiàn)實主義小說奠基人Tom Jones湯姆瓊斯Don Quixote in England唐吉訶德在英國Pasqin 巴斯昆 The Historical Register for the Year 1736 一七三六年歷史記事The Tragedy of Tragedies or The Life and Death of Tom Thumb the Great悲劇的悲劇：或偉人湯姆傳Joseph Andrews約瑟夫安德魯斯的

24、經(jīng)歷Jonathan Wild the Great大偉人喬納森魏爾德Amelia阿米麗亞Samuel Johnson塞繆爾·約翰遜As Lexicographer or The Dictionary of the English Language英語詞典 Oliver Goldsmith戈德史密斯Ano velist and poet belongs to the school of Sentimentalism She Stoops to Conquer屈伸求愛 The Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲爾德牧師傳The Traveler and The Deserted

25、 Village The Citizen of the World世界公民 Richard Brinsley Sheridan 謝里丹 The School for Scandal 造謠學(xué)校Comedy of Manners風(fēng)尚喜劇 Thomas Gray 格雷- sentimentalismOn the Death of a Favorite Cat 愛貓之死Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 墓園挽歌 The Progress of Poetry 詩的發(fā)展The Correspondence of Thomas Gray格雷書信集 William B

26、lake威廉 布萊克Tiger 老虎Songs of Innocence天真之歌Songs of Experience經(jīng)驗之歌The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂與地獄的婚姻Robert Burns-羅伯特 彭斯- pre-romanticismthe most famous poets of the peasants in the worldA red red rose 我的愛人像朵紅紅的玫瑰 5. Romanticism in England (19 century) Poetry William Wordsworth華茲華斯The prelude序曲Lyri

27、cal Ballads 抒情歌謠集I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我好似一朵流云獨自漫步To the 詠水仙S. T. Coleridge柯林律治The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子詠古水手謠Kubla khan 忽必烈汗 George Gordon Byron喬治 戈登 拜倫One of the most excellent representatives of English Romanticismone of the most influential poets of the timeHours of Idleness 閑暇時刻Ch

28、ild Harolds Pilgrimage 恰爾德·哈羅德游記.Don Juan唐璜She Walks in Beauty Percy Bysshe Shelley雪萊Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普羅米修斯Queen Mab 仙后麥布Address to the Irish People告愛爾蘭人書The Revolt of Islam 伊斯蘭的反叛 The Masque of Anarchy暴政的行列The Cenci欽契一家A Defence of Poetry 詩辯The Necessity of Atheism無神論的必要性O(shè)de to the West

29、Wind10. To a Skylark致云雀John Keats濟(jì)慈Lamia萊米亞Endymion恩底彌翁On First Looking into Chapmans Homer初讀查普曼譯荷馬史詩Isaabella 伊莎貝拉The Eve of St. Agnes圣·愛格尼斯節(jié)前夕Hyperion赫坡里昂On a Grecian Urn 希臘古甕頌To Autumn秋頌On Melancholy憂郁頌To a Nightingale 夜鶯頌Prose fiction Walter Scott司各特the first novelist to recreate the pastWa

30、verleyOld MoralityRob RoyThe Heart of MidlothianIvanhoe艾凡赫Rob Roy Novel Jane Austen 簡·奧斯丁Northanger Abbey諾桑覺寺 Sense and Sensibility理智與情感 Pride and Prejudice傲慢與偏見Mansfield Park曼斯菲爾德花園 Emma愛瑪Persuasion 勸告 Romantic essay Charles Lamb查爾斯·蘭姆Tales from Shakespeare莎士比亞戲劇故事集Album VersesEssays of E

31、lia伊利亞隨筆 William Hazlitt威廉·赫列特Thomas De Quincey托馬斯·德·昆西6. The Victorian Age - Critical Realism in England (19 century) Novel Charles Dickens查爾斯·狄更斯Oliver Twist霧都孤兒The Old Curiocity Shop老古玩店The Pickwick Papers匹克威克外傳fill in the BlanksBeowulf is a folk legend brought to England by t

32、he Anglo-Saxons from their primitive Northern Europe.Beowulf was passed down from mouth to mouth.Beowulf was written down in the 10th century.Humanism refers to the literary culture in the Renaissance. Humanism became the central theme of English Renaissance. Thomas More and William Shakespeare are

33、the best representatives of the English humanistsHumanism is the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such a

34、s the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion.Early Plays in Middle Ages include The Miracle Play奇跡劇 The Morality Play道德劇The Interlud幕間休息劇 The Classical Drama古典劇The immediate predecessors of

35、Shakespeare were a group of men from the two universities of Oxford and Cambridge, who were generally known as the University WitsThe key-note of Hamlets character is melancholy，and there can be no Hamlet without melancholyHamlet is a hero of the RenaissanceHamlets learning , wisdom, noble nature, l

36、imitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 17th and the 16th centuries. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse; He was a great master of English language; He was the summit of

37、the English Renaissance and one of the great writers all over the world. Adam and Eve embody Miltons belief in the powers of man, craving (longing) for knowledge.Satan is a rebel against tyranny and Satan and his followers resemble a republican ParliamentEnglish enlighteners believed in the power of

38、 reason. That is why the 18th century has often been called “the age of reason” or “the kingdom of reason”.Most of the enlighteners believed that social problems could be solved by human intelligence.this period was characterized by the so-called neo-classicism of which the leading figure was Alexan

39、der Pope. The representative of Periodical Literature in Early 18th Century England: Addison and SteeleThe best part of Robinson Crusoe is the realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island.A social fable consists of four books. The

40、 hero of the novel is Lemuel Gulliver, a doctor. telling about his fantastic visits to some unbelievable places, in which the inhabitants are Lilliputians, the giants Brobdingnagians, Yahoos, and Houyhnhnms. The features of the Romantic writings a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.Romantic

41、writings are filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic picturesThe romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of manPersonified nature plays an important role in the pages of R

42、omantic writingsThe publication of the “Lyrical Ballads” marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th centuryi wandered lonely contains four six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter.The poem is about The beauty of natureQuestion1What is Literature？Literature refers to the prac

43、tice and profession of writing. It comes from human interest in telling a story, in arranging words in artistic forms, in describing in words some aspects of human experiences. 2What is Renaissance? 1. Definition The Renaissance (14th mid-17th century), which means rebirth and revival. The renaissan

44、ce, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corr

45、uption of the Roman Catholic Church(羅馬天主教堂). It is characterized with the growth of a more scientific outlook, major development in art and literature, new invention and overseas discoveries and a general assertion of human value and emancipation(解放) of the human intellect and power.3Summarize the p

46、eriods of Shakespeares literary career and achievements？Shakespeares Literary Careern  Four successive periods with increasing maturityu  1588-1593, the Period of Experiment and Preparationl  Richard III, a melodramatic chronicle-history play, largely imitative of Marlowe and yet show

47、ing striking powerl  At the end of this period Shakespeare issued two rather long narrative poems on classical subjects, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucreceu  1594-1601, the second period Shakespeares work, filled with chronicle-history plays and comediesl  Richard II, Henry IV,

48、Henry V, etc.l  Midsummer Nights Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado about Nothing, As You Like Itl  Romeo and Julietu  1601-1609, the third period of Shakespeares literary career, in which appeared Shakespeares great tragedies and certain cynical playsl  In these plays, Shak

49、espeare sets himself to grapple with the deepest and darkest problems of human characters and lifel  Shakespeares four great tragediesn  Hamlet: the struggle of a perplexed and divided soul/selfn  Othello: the ruin of a noble life/ man by an evil one through the terrible power of jeal

50、ousyn  King Lear: unnatural ingratitude working its hateful will and yet thwarted at the end by its own excess and by faithful loven  Macbeth: the destruction of a large nature by material ambitionu  After 1609, the fourth period of Shakespeares literary career, a period of romance-co

51、mediesl  Shakespeare did not solve the insoluble problems of life, but having presented them as powerfully, perhaps, as is possible for human intelligence, he turned in his last period to the expression of the serene philosophy of lifel  Cymbeline, The Winters Tale, and The Tempest(1) Shak

52、espeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. He maintains that the purpose of dramatic performance is "to hold, as it were, the mirror up to nature". In his works, he paints the decline of the old feudal nobility and the vice of the new Tudor monarch. Besides, his plays h

53、ave good plots and life-like characters too. His drama is an expression, a monument of the English Renaissance since he wrote about his own people for his own time.     (2)Shakespeare is amazingly prolific Within 22 years, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets, and 2 long poems. No t

54、wo of his play invoke the same feeling or image among the audience. He is a master-hand for every form of drama-comedy, tragedy, and historical plays. He gives us a world of full-blooded people who live and struggle, suffer and rejoice-representing all the complexities and implications of real life.

55、    (3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. And he is a great master of the English language. He used a vocabulary larger than any other English writersMany of his new

56、0;coinage and turns of  expressions have become every-day usage in English life. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two great treasures of the English language.     (4)Hence, Shakespeare   has   be

57、en  universally   acknowledged   to   be   the   summit   of   the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers the world over.3Chaucers Contribution？1. He introduced from Italy and France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (heroic couplet) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. 2. He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English), thus establishing English as the literary language.