高考英語閱讀理解中的長難句

1、高考英語閱讀理解中的長難句分析-高考英語閱讀理解題所選短文均選自英語原版文章，原汁原昧，考生普遍感覺較難理解。那么，這些閱讀材料到底難在哪兒呢？除了生詞量大、篇幅長、信息量大以外就是短文中的句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，攙雜了大量的長、難句。試看從NMET2001 E篇擇選的一長句：When a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failingmarriage ，it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends mar

2、riage was in serous trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa該句后半句實際上包含有四個賓語從句和一個狀語從句，hear 后跟賓語從句，省略引導(dǎo)詞(that，這個賓語從句中動詞say 又帶了一個由(that 引導(dǎo)的分賓語從句。而這個賓語從中動詞know 又帶了一個仍由(hat引導(dǎo)的分賓語從句，這個分賓語從句中有一個until 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句句中分詞asking 作狀語，后又接了一個if 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，五個從句盤根錯節(jié)。令人眼花繚亂。再如NMET2002 D篇中第二段最

3、后一句：He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Amp hill，in Bedfordshire，and thought that he must have tried the hare in a place he knew well，but he still could not see the connection with Katherine of Aragon, until one day he came across two stone crosses in Amp hill Park and learnt

4、 that they had been built in her honor in 1773此句長達(dá)65個單詞，結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，句中包括一個并列句、兩處并列謂語、三個賓語從句、一個狀語從句。外加插入成分。在并列句中，but 把前后兩個分句連接起來，前一個分中有found out和thought 兩個并列謂語后一個分句中有一個until 導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，該時間狀語從句中已有came across和learnt 兩個并列謂語。其實，再復(fù)雜的復(fù)合句，只要能恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\用句法知識進(jìn)性結(jié)構(gòu)和功能分析，就可突破其含義，準(zhǔn)確地理解短文大意，獲取重要信息。一、抓住結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)詞分析其長難句結(jié)構(gòu)和功能任何一個復(fù)雜長句都

5、不外乎由一個或多個并列結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)合句構(gòu)成。并列結(jié)構(gòu)一般有連詞and ，but ，or 等連接；復(fù)合句按其在句中的作用可分為名詞性從句、形容詞性從句(定語從句 和副詞性從句(狀語從句 三大類。任何一個復(fù)合句都有一個至幾個反應(yīng)邏輯、意義及結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系的引導(dǎo)詞，找出這些引導(dǎo)詞就能分析出復(fù)合句的完整句子結(jié)構(gòu)，清理出完整意義。平時要注意積累表示各種邏輯關(guān)系的連詞和短語。表示目的：so that，for the purpose that，in order that等；表示結(jié)果：sothat，suchthat，as a result，therefore ，thus 等；表示條件：if ，on condition

6、that，unless 等；表示原因：because ，since ，as 等?！纠齦 】and work better(NMETl995 C篇析：這是一個含有that 引導(dǎo)的表語從句的復(fù)合句。并且表語從句后接了which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。非限制性定語從句內(nèi)有not onlybut also連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)。句意：噪音消除系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用的另一好處就是沒有必要使用消聲器這不僅減輕了轎車的重量。而且使發(fā)動機(jī)耗油更少，運轉(zhuǎn)更好?！纠?】We even have different words for some foods, meat in particular, depending onSaxon

7、peasants were doing the farming，eating (NMET2001D篇析：whetheror表示判斷選擇的搭配結(jié)構(gòu)，which 引出定語從句，指代前文中的事實，that 引出同位語從句，while 引出狀語從旬，表示對比。句意：我們甚至用不同的詞語來表示食物，特別是肉類，取決于它們是否還在田問里，還是即將就廚。這表明撒可遜農(nóng)民干的是農(nóng)活而上層的諾曼人干的是吃喝?！纠?】A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets

8、hit by a passing car，as the owner，you have to pay for any damage done to the car，even if your dog has been killed in the accident (NMETl997 C篇析：該句前半部分explain 接what 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句：后半部分對此進(jìn)行具體解釋，其中，在主句前后各有一個if 導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句和even if引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。as the owner是插入語。句意：一個瑞典Kennel 俱樂部的官員解釋了這項(法律 的含義，如果你的狗跑到公路上被汽車撞了。作為主人。即使你

9、的狗被撞死了，你也要為被撞壞的汽車做出賠償。【例4】stand on my head，withdraw (縮回 my full fist without dropping the prize SO dearly won(2005全國I 卷E 篇 析：全句是由and 連接的兩個并列分句，在前半句中含有which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句修飾整個主句在定語從句中，means 后接賓語從句，意為首先，我必在葉叢中找到紅的西紅柿，這意味著我差不多要倒立了。在后半句中once found為一省略they are的時狀語從句。主句中reach ，pick ，withdraw 為并列謂語動詞，意為一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)，我

10、必須伸手到底下摘西紅柿，然后縮回來，而不把用這么昂貴的方式得來的獎品弄丟?！纠?】It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use ofInternet-connected computers，the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet析：此句夾雜較復(fù)雜的句型結(jié)

11、構(gòu)。although 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，主干部分為just about anyone can tell you that在that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中又含有when 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。句意：由于因特網(wǎng)的使用。計算機(jī)所使用的紙張的數(shù)量是很難衡量的，然而幾乎任何在辦公室工作的人都能告訴你。當(dāng)引進(jìn)電子郵件后，打印機(jī)就開始超時工作。也就是說近年來人們對于紙張的日益需求主要是由于越來越多的使用因特網(wǎng)?！纠?】simply can't think of析：后句包含兩個定語從句，一個是由which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句修飾words ；一個是由that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾things and

12、ideas。該句意為：這些字是我編造的，必定代表我們沒有想到的事物和主意。二、抓主干、剔從句一個句子的支架就是句中的謂語動詞。根據(jù)英語中五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)，把句子中的主語、賓語、表語等主要成分找出來，其他成分如定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語等則一目了然易于理解。一些長句其實就是一個由主句和若干個狀語從句組成的一個多層次主從復(fù)合句，一定要搞清主句和狀語從句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，只要把邏輯關(guān)系搞清楚了，則長難句就好對付了。如果把各個從句剔出來單獨理解，再把大意拼湊起來，構(gòu)成整個長句的意思，就可降低長句的理解難度。如：【例1】 (2005全國I 卷E 篇析：句子主干部分為one tiny 9-inch plant has

13、 already taken over much of my rose bed and。bought 短語、covering 短語分別作定語和狀語。句意：一個在春天時花$125買的九英寸植物已經(jīng)接管了我的玫瑰苗圃，覆蓋了我的其他植物。正在向前門發(fā)展?！纠?】 attention (2005全國I 卷D 篇1析：句子主干部分為Lewis found that，在that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，含有兩個who 引導(dǎo)的定語從句。修飾 the oldest child和the youngest。句意：萊溫斯發(fā)現(xiàn)在有三、四個孩子的家庭里，晚餐的談話焦點往往是年齡最大和最小的孩子。最大的總是有許多的東西要說，

14、而最小的則需要最多的關(guān)照?！纠?】 fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer. (NMET2002春招D 篇析：第一個that 引出賓語從句，第二個that 引出定語從句。第三個that 引出同位語從句。句意：Pasteur 發(fā)現(xiàn) (賓語從句 在酒發(fā)酵之后，再加溫幾分鐘，能殺死殘留在酒中的酵母(定語從句 ，其結(jié)果能使酒的保鮮時間更長(同位語從句?！纠?】 transplantation

15、 (NMET2002春招E 篇析：在這個句子中，what 引出主語從句。who 引出定語從句，is 后用that 引出兩個并列表語從句。句意：關(guān)于那個救了他的命的19歲的人 (定語從句 winter知道的僅僅是，(主語從句 他死于一場車禍(表語從句1 ，他的家人尊重他的意愿把他的器官捐獻(xiàn)出來，用于移植(表語從句2 ?！纠?】 woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able t study at the

16、 Ecole polytechnique. (NMET2003C篇析：句子主干部分為the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，過去分詞短語put forward by作狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞短語including作定語，短語中含有兩個由wh0引導(dǎo)的定語從句。句意：這個定理先是由十七世紀(jì)法國數(shù)學(xué)家皮爾法特提出，曾使一批杰出的數(shù)學(xué)大師為難。包括一位法國女科學(xué)家，她在解決這個難題方面取得了重大的進(jìn)展，她為了能夠在伊科爾理工學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)曾女扮男裝。三、抓關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞即為含有句子主要意思的關(guān)鍵信息，抓住關(guān)鍵詞讀者可以快速抓住該句

17、大意和理解線索。【例1】Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the program and anyone who has a lively interest in their pet，whether it be cat, dog or snake! (NMET2003C篇析：關(guān)鍵詞：fans愛好者whetheror無論是還是句意：來自動物醫(yī)院(這個電視節(jié)目 的故事(這本書 ，將使這個電視節(jié)目的愛好者以及對無論是貓、狗還是蛇這類寵物有濃厚興趣的任何人感到高興?！纠?】After their stay, all visitors

18、receive a survival certificate recording their success, that is, when guests leave the igloo hotel they will receive a paper stating that they have had a taste of adventure 析：句中含兩個分詞短語，關(guān)鍵詞state表明。句意：在他們逗留之后。所有的游客都會收到一份生存證明記錄他們的成功也就是說當(dāng)游客離開小冰屋旅館時，他們會得到一份證明表明他們曾嘗試過冒險。【例3】白領(lǐng)雇員, who can afford the new se

19、rvice, in other words, Shanghais car rental industry is growing so fast mainly due to the increasing number of whitecollar employees析：關(guān)鍵詞：rest in依賴，in other words換句話說。句意：主要的市場因素取決于白領(lǐng)工人的人數(shù)增加，這些人付得起這種新型服務(wù)。換句話說，上海的汽車出租行業(yè)發(fā)展如此快，主要是因為白領(lǐng)工人人數(shù)的增加。四、恢復(fù)原來面貌，理解創(chuàng)新句型難句的另一種形式是各種創(chuàng)新句型，主要形式有省略、插入語、前置、倒裝、強(qiáng)調(diào)、被動、雙重否定等結(jié)構(gòu)

20、。我們可以利用還原法和消原法，還復(fù)雜句型以本來面目，以求順利理解。【例1】Excused from recycling (回收利用because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute (垃圾道 （ MET2000E 篇析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)及語法功能不難發(fā)現(xiàn)該句為省略句，可補(bǔ)充還原為：Are you excused from recycling because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute?你住在帶垃圾通道的高層樓房上就可獲準(zhǔn)不參與回收利用垃圾嗎?【例2】Betty, shrugs. Ta

21、lk? Were friends(NMET2001 E篇析：該句為省略句，根據(jù)上下文作者因妻子長時間跟女友談話而感到納悶的情節(jié)，該句可補(bǔ)充還原為：Betty shrugs. Why are we talking so long? Were friends貝蒂聳了聳肩，為什么我們談這么久? 我們是朋友?！纠?】 Most women, says Rubin, identified (認(rèn)定 at least one, usually more, trusted friends to whom they could turn in a troubled moment, and they spoke

22、openly about theimportance of these relationships in their lives(NMET2001 E篇析：該句為由并列連詞and 連接的并列復(fù)合句。前半分句主謂部分被says Rubin分開，且含有一個由to whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句turn to中介詞to 前置。Rubin 說多數(shù)女子會認(rèn)定至少一個通常多個，可信賴的朋友，以便在處境困難時去求助?！纠?】 No longer will the public accept the old attitude of Buy itthrow it away，and forget it (NMET2001

23、 C篇析：本句為倒裝句，可還原成：The public will no longer accept the old attitude of Buy it，throw it away，and forget it公眾們不再接受購產(chǎn)品、丟產(chǎn)品、忘產(chǎn)品的舊觀點?！纠?】How is it t hat the can leave Betty and her friend Joan sitting on the sofa, talking, go out to a ballgame，come back three and a half hours later, and theyre still sitti

24、ng on thesofa ,talking? (NMET2001 E篇析：這是一個it 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的疑問句，that 后有兩個由and 連接的并列分句，前一并列分句為leave ，go out, come back為并列的謂語動詞。句中的兩個talking 作狀語表示伴隨動作。 的愛心的狗能成為無判斷力的(忠實的 聽者，這是剛開始搞閱讀的小孩所需要的。Part A1. Jenner discovered that people who worked with cattle often suffered from aharmless disease which they caught from

25、the cattle, but these people never seemed to get smallpox. (上海1997 B篇2. My parents wanted to know if I was sure, if I knew what it meant and whether I realized that if I gave up my job training，it would be very difficult to get a good job (上海1997 A篇3. Victor Prozorovs disappointment was shared by se

26、veral grand masters who were present ，some of whom were so upset that they shouted at the computer-a better chess player ( NMETl991 C篇4. Decision is not unlike poker it often matter not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. (NMET2000C篇5. W

27、ith their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gainconfidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA in Salt Lake City. (NMET2003B篇6Having chosen family television programs and womens magazi

28、nes ，the toothpaste marketer ，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific womens magazines to be used.7In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children ，but he was terribly unhappy.8. Discrimination(歧視 isnt their o

29、nly concern；almost everyone testing positive for the Huntingtons gene(基因 develops symptoms(癥狀 during middle age， and doctors can do nothing to help.9. I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的 resources，our children

30、may have to lead poorer lives.10. However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生 graduate with the belief that the prospective(預(yù)期的 workplace may not have a place for them.11. His journey to the e-mai

31、l hell began innocently（無知地） enough when, aschairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.12. I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact t

32、hat whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.13. They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破壞行為），and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares，vandalism did not often occur.14. Such tasks are generally important in their out

33、come，which only adds to the pressure to do good job，and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.15. Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have $5,000 in loans(貸款 after four yearsloans tha

34、t he must start to repay within one year after graduation.16. What emerges(浮現(xiàn) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.17. Justice does dema

35、nd that murderers be punished. And common sense demands that society be protected from them. But neither justice nor self-preservation demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned.Part B1.Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coug

36、hs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present. The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的 it can have a major effect on the quality

37、of life and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem， said Professor Peter Barnes.(NMET2008全國 ll D篇實例： 53.According to Professor Barnes，theobromine_.A. cannot be as effective as codeineB. can be harmful to peoples healthC. cannot be separated from chocolateD. can be a mor

38、e effective cure for coughs2.Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earths surface. It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere. Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earths surface. The remaining 70% warms

39、 the surface of the planet.(NMET 2008 江蘇卷B 篇 實例： 60.Only a small part of the Suns energy reaches the Earths surface because most of it is_.A. absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphereB. reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphereC. lost in the upper and lower atmosphereD. used to evaporate w

40、ater from the oceans and lakes3.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E. in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the worlds largest youth environmental organization. (NMET 2008 山東卷D 篇實例：72.Kids F.A

41、.C.E is_.A. a program to help students with writingB. a project of litter recyclingC. a campaign launched by President BushD. a club of environmental protection73.What can we learn about Poe?A. She was awarded a prize in Brazil.B. She donated billboard across the country.C. She got positive response

42、s for her effortsD. She joined the National Park Service.4.One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同齡人 group.(NMET 2008 遼寧卷C 篇實例： 64.Why did Tom give up studying?A. He disliked his teachers.B. His parents no longer supported him.C. Its cool for boys of his

43、age not to care about studies.D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school.5.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in peoples lives. Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many

44、 people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品 that is not really wanted.(NMET 2008重慶卷E 篇實例：73.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety?A. Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product.B. People are likely to find themselves overco

45、me by business persuasion.C. Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items.D. Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice.6.As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had seven fathers， because her six brothers，as well as her f

46、ather，tried to control her. Feeling shy and unimportant，she retreated(躲避 into books. Despite her love of reading，she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate.(NMET 2008天津卷A 篇實例：36.Which of the following is TRUE about Cisneros in her childhood?A. She had seven broth

47、ers. B. She felt herself a nobody.C. She was too shy to go to school. D. She did not have any good teachers.7.They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness. Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat. However，the real reason lies inside their bodies. At that time about eight hours

48、after you wake upyour body temperature goes down. This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy. (NMET 2008 四川卷C 篇。實例：44.Why do people feel sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text?A. They eat too much for lunch.B. They sleep too little at night.C. Their body temperature becomes lower.

49、D. The weather becomes a lot warmer.8.These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills. It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先 ，amongwhom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spa

50、tial skills to hunt ，according to one research.(NMET 2008陜西卷E 篇實例：59.Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph?A. Young boys may be stronger than young girls.B. More women take up jobs requiring speech skillsC. Women may have stronger feelings than men.D. Our ancesto

51、rs needed more spatial skills.9.In those days，IP rights were easily protected since it was very difficult to obtainintellectual property without paying for it. However，a lot of IP，including songs，films ，books and artwork ，can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet.(NMET2008江西卷D 篇實例： 69.What do we know about the Internet according to the passage?A. It makes IP rights harder to protect.B. It sells songs and films.C. It does not affect the way we understand IP rights.D. It prevents the production of artwork.70.According to paragraph 2，what has taken