漢英語篇銜接對(duì)比與翻譯課件

1、漢英語篇對(duì)比與翻譯第一講：漢英語篇銜接（第一講：漢英語篇銜接（cohesion）對(duì)比與翻譯）對(duì)比與翻譯v在語篇中，如果對(duì)于一個(gè)詞語的解釋不能從詞語本身獲得，而必須從該詞語所指代的對(duì)象中尋求答案，即銜接，也就是照應(yīng)（reference）關(guān)系。根據(jù)照應(yīng)成分參照點(diǎn)的不同，照應(yīng)可以分為前指照應(yīng)（anaphoric reference，也稱回指照應(yīng)）和后指照應(yīng)（cataphoric reference，也稱下指照應(yīng)）。前指照應(yīng)指的是所指對(duì)象位于上文，即指代成分的指稱位于指代成分之前；后指照應(yīng)指的是所指對(duì)象位于下文，即指代成分的指稱位于指代成分之后。例如：v（1）He looked up at her a

2、s she stood there, hand on heart, looked quietly, almost in a kindly way. (Gone with the Wind)v當(dāng)他抬起頭來，見她一只手捂著胸口站在那兒時(shí)，他的目光非常平靜，甚至非常和藹。（翟象俊譯）v（3）解凈收起圖說，“大家出車吧，中午休息的時(shí)候再看，就貼在這里?！保ㄊY子龍，赤橙黃綠青藍(lán)紫）vXie Jing folded up the diagram and said, “Now get moving. Ill paste this up here and you can have a look at it d

3、uring the midday break.”v（4）離車庫還有三四米，車庫門就像認(rèn)識(shí)主人似的自動(dòng)掀啟。（棗核） vWhen it (the car) was three or four meters away from the garage, its door automatically opened as if it recognized its own master.（張培基譯）vv了解漢英兩種語言人稱代詞系統(tǒng)和人稱代詞前指照應(yīng)的不同特點(diǎn)和傾向，對(duì)漢英翻譯有一定的指導(dǎo)作用。翻譯是一個(gè)涉及語言、文化、文本、譯者等多種因素的復(fù)雜過程影響翻譯過程的因素很多。但是，根據(jù)本節(jié)對(duì)漢英第三人稱代詞語

4、篇照應(yīng)的對(duì)比研究，在漢英翻譯中采取相應(yīng)的策略和方法，對(duì)提高翻譯質(zhì)量是有所幫助的。漢語中第三人稱代詞的使用頻率比英語低很多，常有第三人稱代詞的省略或零式前指。在進(jìn)行漢英翻譯的時(shí)候，要注意英語的使用習(xí)慣，為譯文增添相應(yīng)的銜接方式，保持譯文的通順連貫。例如： v（5）孔乙己是站著喝酒而穿長(zhǎng)衫的唯一的人。他身材很高大；青白臉色，皺紋間經(jīng)常夾些傷痕；一部亂蓬蓬的花白胡子。穿的雖然是長(zhǎng)衫，可是又臟又破，似乎十多年沒補(bǔ)，也沒有洗。他對(duì)人說話，總是滿口之乎者也，教人半懂不懂的。（魯迅，孔乙己）vKong Yiji was the only long-gowned customer who used to dr

5、ink his wine standing. A big, pallid man whose wrinkled face often bore scars, he had a large, unkempt and grizzled beard. And although he wore a long gown it was dirty and tattered. It had not by the look of it been washed or mended for ten years or more. He used so many archaisms in his speech tha

6、t half of it was barely intelligible.v由于漢英兩種語言的語篇銜接手段在使用中各有所重：英語中使用第三人稱代詞的地方，漢語常使用原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)的銜接方式。在漢英翻譯的過程中，譯者要充分注意漢英語言在銜接方式上的差異，在把漢語譯為英語時(shí)，注意使用代詞來替代源語言中反復(fù)提及的人和事物。例如：v（6）一個(gè)渾身黑色的人，站在老栓面前，眼光正像兩把刀，刺得老栓縮小了一半。（魯迅，藥）vA man clad entirely in black stood before him, his eyes like daggers, making Old Shuan shrink to

7、 half his normal size.（楊憲益、戴乃迭譯）v（7）且說寶玉來至梨香院中，先入薛姨媽室中來，正見薛姨媽打點(diǎn)針線與丫鬟們呢。寶玉忙請(qǐng)了安，薛姨媽一把拉了他，抱入懷內(nèi)。（曹雪芹，紅樓夢(mèng)）vOn reaching Pear Fragrance Court, Baoyu went first to see Aunt Xue, whom he found distributing sewing to her maids. He paid his respects to his aunt, who caught him in her arms and hugged him.（楊憲益、戴

8、乃迭譯）v漢語中存在著很多深層前指現(xiàn)象，這對(duì)譯者正確理解原文造成了一定的困難。在漢英翻譯過程中，當(dāng)前指詞在語篇中指代對(duì)象不明確，或有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)可能的先行項(xiàng)時(shí)，往往涉及到前指詞的釋義問題。這時(shí)譯者需要通過對(duì)語境的推理和分析確認(rèn)第三人稱代詞或零式前指的指代對(duì)象，正確把握原文含義。恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用邏輯分析法往往可以有效地避免模糊和歧義的產(chǎn)生，這也是解決深層前指釋義問題的主要方法。例如：v（8）我何嘗不也這樣說。他說這個(gè)碟子配上鮮荔枝才好看。（曹雪芹，紅樓夢(mèng)）vJust what I said. But Baoyu insisted that plate looked best with the fresh

9、 leeches.v在同一語境有很多參與者的情況下，就可能出現(xiàn)歧義前指的現(xiàn)象。而漢語中頻繁出現(xiàn)的零式前指又會(huì)使指代對(duì)象的確認(rèn)更加復(fù)雜。這時(shí)，對(duì)語篇進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)倪壿嫹治鼍惋@得十分重要。例如：（9）“某不能擇主，屈身袁紹，言不聽，計(jì)不從，今特棄之來見故人。愿賜收錄?！保_貫中，三國(guó)演義）v“I chose my lord unwisely,” Xu You mentioned. “I lowered myself to serve Yuan Shao. He ignored all my ideas, my plans. Now I left him and only hope that you w

10、ill accept my service.”（Moss Roberts譯）v另外，漢語第三人稱代詞系統(tǒng)沒有英語發(fā)達(dá)?，F(xiàn)代漢語中，“他”的功能雖然出現(xiàn)了性、數(shù)、格的分化，但在很多情況下還擔(dān)當(dāng)著復(fù)數(shù)、所有格和兩性共指代詞的功能。譯者在進(jìn)行漢英翻譯時(shí)如遇到類似情況，需根據(jù)上下文判斷出“他”的具體指代對(duì)象，確保譯文正確。例如：v（10）對(duì)了！男人懶。他可以懶洋洋坐在旋椅上，五官四肢，連同他的腦筋（假如有），一概停止活動(dòng)，像呆鳥一般。（梁實(shí)秋，男人）vIndeed, men are lazy. You will find them lolling in a revolving chair, dumb

11、like a wooden chicken, their five sense organs, their four limbs as well as their brain (if any) all at a complete standstill. （張培基譯）v“花生的用處固然很多花生的用處固然很多；但有一樣是很可貴；但有一樣是很可貴的。這小小的豆不像的。這小小的豆不像那好看的蘋果、桃子那好看的蘋果、桃子、石榴，把它們底果、石榴，把它們底果實(shí)懸在枝上，鮮紅嫩實(shí)懸在枝上，鮮紅嫩綠的顏色，令人一望綠的顏色，令人一望而產(chǎn)生羨慕的心。它而產(chǎn)生羨慕的心。它只是把果實(shí)埋在地底只是把果實(shí)埋在地底，等到

12、成熟，才讓人，等到成熟，才讓人把它挖出來。你們偶把它挖出來。你們偶然看見一顆花生瑟縮然看見一顆花生瑟縮地長(zhǎng)在地上，不能立地長(zhǎng)在地上，不能立刻辨出它有沒有果實(shí)刻辨出它有沒有果實(shí)，非得等到你接觸它，非得等到你接觸它才能知道。才能知道。vDaddy said, “its true that the peanut has many uses, but there is one thing about it that is highly commendable. Unlike those eye-catching fruits such as apples, peaches and pomegranat

13、es that hang themselves on the branches, brightly colored, arousing the admiration of people who have a mere glimpse of them, the little thing buries itself under ground and is not dug until it is ripe. When you happen to see a peanut growing on the ground, humble and lonely, you cannot tell immedia

14、tely whether it has fruit or not before you find out for yourself.” 第二講：語篇的連貫性第二講：語篇的連貫性(Coherence)與漢英翻譯與漢英翻譯v篇章的連貫性也是篇章內(nèi)聚力的體現(xiàn)。它一方面通過篇章標(biāo)示詞如連詞和副詞來取得，更重要的一方面則取決于各概念或命題之間與主題的語義邏輯上的聯(lián)系。翻譯時(shí)除充分利用篇章標(biāo)示詞外，還要特別注意吃透原文，理順文字底層的聯(lián)系，譯于字里行間，并且要充分注意兩種語言在謀篇布局方面的差異，努力再現(xiàn)原文語義結(jié)構(gòu)上的連貫性。例如： 楊志取路，不數(shù)日，來到東京；入得城來，尋個(gè)客店，安歇下，莊客交還擔(dān)兒，

15、與了些銀兩，自回去了。(水滸傳)vYang Zhi thus journeyed on for many days and he went toward the eastern capitalHe came into the city and found an inn and there settled himself to restThe farmer gave him the bundle and received some silver and went back alone(TrPearl SBuck)v 自是尋春去較遲，v 只須惆悵怨芳時(shí)。v 狂風(fēng)落盡深紅色，v 綠葉成蔭子滿枝。(杜

16、牧悵詩)vToo late, alas!I came to find the lovely spring had left，v Yet must 1 not regret the days of youth that now are deadv For though the rosy buds of spring the cruel winds have laid，v Behold the clustering fruit that hangs beneath the leafy shadev (TrHAGiles)v原文突出地體現(xiàn)了漢語重意合的特點(diǎn)，即通過詩行排列順序及內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系完成謀篇

17、。第一、二行講詩人訪春未遇，但并不傷感、后悔，其間隱含了轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。譯者理清了這些結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系，適當(dāng)增加過渡詞語，保證了譯文結(jié)構(gòu)的完整、緊湊、和諧。統(tǒng)一性統(tǒng)一性(Unity)v統(tǒng)一性一指內(nèi)容與形式的辯證統(tǒng)一，二指整個(gè)篇章的完整與一致，強(qiáng)調(diào)翻譯時(shí)盡可能完整地再現(xiàn)原作的思想內(nèi)容，感情色彩，風(fēng)格筆調(diào)，字法、句法及謀篇特征，力求使譯文形神兼?zhèn)洹?v 1領(lǐng)悟作者的意圖v 章有章旨，段有段旨，且有明旨和隱旨之分。明旨放在篇首，引人注目；放在篇尾，加深讀者印象；放在篇中，承上啟下。文學(xué)作品往往多用隱旨，寓于全篇的敘述、描寫之中。譯時(shí)要細(xì)心觀察，徹底領(lǐng)悟。例如：v 在我的后園，可以看見墻外有兩株樹，一株是棗樹

18、，還有一株也是棗樹。在這上面的夜的天空，奇怪而高，我生平?jīng)]有見過這樣的奇怪而高的天空。(魯迅秋夜)vBehind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees: one is a date tree, the other is also a date treeThe night sky above them is strange and high. I have never seen such a strange, high sky(TrFeng Yusheng)v 2洞悉原作的文體特點(diǎn)v 譯者要有文體意識(shí)。在動(dòng)筆之前，要把握原文的文體特點(diǎn)；在翻譯

19、過程中，應(yīng)盡力準(zhǔn)確無誤地再現(xiàn)這些特點(diǎn)。首先請(qǐng)看“三大紀(jì)律八項(xiàng)注意”后四條及其兩種譯文。(五)不打人罵人；(六)不損壞莊稼；(七)不調(diào)戲婦女；(八)不虐待俘虜。(毛澤東選集第四卷)v譯文譯文I：v(5) Dont hit or swear at peoplev(6) Dont damage cropsv(7) Dont take liberties with womenv(8) Dont ill-treat captivesv v 譯文譯文：v (5) Do not hit or swear at peoplev (6) Do not damage cropsv (7) Do not take

20、liberties with women v (8) Do not ill-treat captivesv 譯文將Dont改為Do not，旨在再現(xiàn)原文作為一種書面形式的命令于以頒布實(shí)施的嚴(yán)肅性。3把握所涉及人物的言語、表情、心態(tài)v 譯者要縱觀原作全文，分析理解和把握作者所塑造的各個(gè)人物的特征，以便在翻譯過程中成功地再現(xiàn)這些不同人物。例如 v 賈母這邊說聲“請(qǐng)”，劉姥姥便站起身來，高聲說道：“老劉，老劉，食量大如牛：吃個(gè)老母豬，不抬頭!”說完，卻鼓著腮幫子，兩眼直視，一聲不語。眾人先還是發(fā)愣，后來一想，上上下下都一起哈哈大笑起來。 The Lady Dowager urged her to m

21、ake a startGranny Liu stood up then and declaimed at the top of her voice：“Old woman Liu，I vow，eats more than any cowAnd down she settles now to gobble an enormous sow” Then she dried up abruptly，puffing out her cheeks and staring down at her bowlThe others had been staggered at first but now everyo

22、ne，high and low，started roaring with laughter v湘云掌不住，一口茶都噴了出來，黛玉笑岔了氣，伏著桌子只叫“噯吆!”寶玉滾到賈母懷里，賈母摟著叫“心肝”，王夫人用手指著鳳姐兒，卻說不出話來。薛姨媽也掌不住，口里的茶噴了探春一裙子。探春的茶碗都合在迎春身上。惜春離了坐位，拉著她的奶母叫“揉腸子”。 Hsiang-yun shook so uncontrollably that she sputtered out the rice she had in her mouth，while Tai-yu nearly choked and collapsed

23、over the table gasping，“Mercy! Pao-yu fell convulsively into his grandmothers arms and she chuckled as she hugged him to her crying，“My precious!” Lady Wang wagged one finger at Hsi-feng but was laughing too much to speakAunt Hsueh，too，exploded in such mirth that she sprayed tea all over Tan-chuns skirt，making her upset her bowl over Ying-chun，while Hsi-chun left her seat and begged her nurse to rub her stomach for herv地下無一不彎腰曲背，也有躲出去蹲著笑的，也有忍著笑上來替她姐妹換衣裳的。獨(dú)有風(fēng)姐鴛鴦二人掌著，還只管讓劉姥姥。(紅樓夢(mèng)) vAs for the maids，some doubled up in hysterics，others controlled thems