高材專業(yè)英語5

1、高分子材料工程專業(yè)英語高分子材料工程專業(yè)英語材料科學(xué)與工程系崔秀國 教授Tel要內(nèi)容及要求主要內(nèi)容及要求主要內(nèi)容: PART A: Unit 1-Unit 10 階段復(fù)習(xí) 期中考試,閉卷，考核專業(yè)英語詞匯掌握情況 PART B (部分), PART C (部分) 總復(fù)習(xí)(重點(diǎn):專業(yè)詞匯,典型句型翻譯,快速閱讀英譯漢) 期末：專業(yè)英語翻譯能力考察要求: 考勤 10%,根據(jù)學(xué)校規(guī)定: 曠課3次以上,取消考試資格; 課堂測驗(yàn)及作業(yè)20%, 期中考試40%, 期末翻譯30%. Words and ExpressionsClean, 完全的，徹底的；sharply, 明顯地，精

2、明地，敏銳地，突然地，急劇地Increasingly, 越來越。，Striking,顯著的， 引人注目的，with respect to 關(guān)于，就。而論Thereafter，此后Distort，畸變，扭變，變形。Consistency, 濃度，密度，稠度，一致性，堅(jiān)固性。Assume, 呈。形式，面貌Peculiarity, 獨(dú)特性，特色，特質(zhì)，特殊的東西，怪癖。issue from, 由。產(chǎn)生，由。得出。Adventitious dventiSs,外來的，偶然的，abstract, 分離，轉(zhuǎn)移profound,意義深遠(yuǎn)的，深刻的，notably，顯著的，著名的，這個(gè)句型很有用 just as

3、 it is not necessary for to be , it is also not necessary for to be 正如 。不一定是。一樣， 。也不一定是。The moment, 一。就。Unit 1 What are Polymers?Sodium chloride, 氯化鈉，potassium sulfate, 硫酸鉀；sulfuric acid, 硫酸Settle，使（液體）澄清，沉淀,沉降Precipitate, 使沉淀，使凝結(jié)Precipitant，沉淀劑Stir, 攪拌Saturation, 飽和 - Unsaturation, 不飽和Dissolution,

4、n,溶解 -Dissolve, vt, 溶解Viscous, a, 粘稠的 -Viscosity, 粘度(性)Polymer,聚合物,高聚物Macromolecule, 大分子,高分子Molecule, 分子 - Atom, 原子Molecular Weight, 分子量Monomer, 單體Repeat Unit, 重復(fù)單元 - Monomer unit,單體單元Synthetic, 合成的, 如Synthetic RubberSynthesis, n, 合成 -Syntheses, vt, 合成Plastics, 塑料塑料 - Rubber, 橡膠橡膠 - Fiber, 纖維纖維Adhes

5、ive, 黏合劑黏合劑 - Paints, 涂料涂料Polybutadiene, 聚丁二烯聚丁二烯Polyvinyl alcohol, 聚乙烯醇聚乙烯醇Polyvinyl chloride, 聚氯乙烯聚氯乙烯Polyester, 聚酯聚酯Polystyrene, 聚苯乙烯聚苯乙烯Polypropylene, 聚丙烯聚丙烯Polyethylene, 聚乙烯聚乙烯Polyamide, 聚酰胺聚酰胺Thermoplastics, 熱塑性塑料熱塑性塑料Thermosetting resin, 熱固性樹脂熱固性樹脂Elastomers, 彈性體Thermoelastomers, 熱塑性彈性體Segmen

6、t, 鏈段Backbone, 主鏈，骨架(脊骨,脊柱)/skeleton, 骨骼,骨架（建筑）,骷髏Skeleton atom (structure),骨架原子（結(jié)構(gòu)）substituent, substituted group,取代基side（pendant,lateral）group,側(cè)基/end group,端基Side chain, 側(cè)鏈，支鏈Side reaction, 副反應(yīng)Linear polymers, 線型高分子/Nonlinear polymers,非線型高分子Branched polymers,支化高分子Crosslinked polymers,交聯(lián)高分子Stars an

7、d dendrimers,星型高分子及樹枝狀高分子Ladder polymers,梯型高分子Cyclolinear polymers,線型環(huán)聚合物/Cyclomatrix polymer,體型聚合物Homopolymers and copolymers, 均聚物和共聚物均聚物和共聚物Block copolymers,嵌段共聚物Random copolymers,無規(guī)共聚物Alternating copolymers,交替共聚物Terpolymers,三元共聚物Graft copolymers,接枝共聚物Telechelic polymers,遠(yuǎn)鰲聚合物，遙爪聚合物Mono-telechelic

8、 polymer,單遙爪聚合物Di-telechelic polymer,雙遙爪聚合物Amorphous polymers,無定形高分子/Crystalline polymers,結(jié)晶高分子New Materials Plastics課堂作業(yè): Branched polymers (學(xué)號(hào)尾數(shù)單)A branched polymer can be visualized(設(shè)想，想象) as a liner polymer with branches of the same basic structure as the main chain. Branched polymer are often s

9、oluble in the same solvents as the corresponding linear polymer. (學(xué)號(hào)尾數(shù)雙) In fact, they resemble（像，類似） linear polymers in many of their properties. However, they can sometimes be distinguished from linear polymers by their lower tendency to crystallize or by their different solution viscosity or ligh

10、t-scattering behavior. Heavily branched polymers may swell in certain liquids without dissolving completely.Unit 1 Exercises1 translate the following into ChineseNot all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kind of repeating unit. At the other extreme, protein molecules are polyamide

11、s in which n amino acid repeated unit are bonded together. Although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less useful, since an amino acid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. In this case the molecular weight itself, rather than

12、 the degree of polymerization, is generally used to describe molecule. When the actual content of individual amino acids is known, it is their sequence that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由單一種類的重復(fù)單元鍵接構(gòu)成。另一個(gè)極端情況是， 蛋白子分子是n個(gè)氨基酸重復(fù)單元鍵和在一起的聚酰胺。雖然在這種情況下，我們?nèi)钥煞Qn為聚合度

13、，但已沒什么意義，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)氨基酸可以是蛋白質(zhì)中20多種分子中的任何一個(gè)。在這種情況下，通常用來描述分子的是分子量本身，而不是聚合度。當(dāng)各種氨基酸的實(shí)際含量已知，對(duì)生物化學(xué)家和生物學(xué)家來說尤其感興趣的是他們的序列。2 give a definition for each following wordMolecule monomer polymer分子 The smallest particle into which an element or a compound can be divided without changing its chemical and physical properti

14、es; a group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces單體 A molecule that can combine with others to form a polymer聚合物 Any of numerous natural and synthetic compounds of usually high molecular weight consisting of up to millions of repeated linked units, each a relatively light and s

15、imple molecule.3 put the following words into ChineseStructure data equation pressure liquid laboratory solid molecule temperature measurement compound electrical 結(jié)構(gòu) 數(shù)據(jù) 方程 壓力 液體 實(shí)驗(yàn)室 固體 分子 溫度 測量法 化合物 電的4 put the following words into English科學(xué) 技術(shù) 化學(xué) 物理 氣體 原子 性質(zhì) 試驗(yàn) 增加 減少 混合物Science, technology, chemist

16、ry, physics, gas, atom, property, experiment ,increase, decrease, mixture 高分子材料專業(yè)英語高分子材料專業(yè)英語2材料科學(xué)與工程系崔秀國Unit 2 Chain PolymerizationOlefin, 烯烴；olefinic, 烯烴的，unsaturated, 不飽和的Eliminate, 消除，打開，除去，淘汰；elimination, 淘汰，打開，除去，名詞；Double bond, 雙鍵 initialiniSl, 形容詞，最初的，開始的。名詞：首字母，特大的大寫字母。Initiator, 引發(fā)劑。Radical

17、, 自由基； ion, 離子， ionic， 離子的，ionic polymer， 離子聚合物， ionomer，離聚體，Active state， 活性中心Transfer from to 從。轉(zhuǎn)移到。Chain reaction, 連鎖反應(yīng)Oneafter the other 一個(gè)接一個(gè)。Terminate, 終止 Lie in 處于，落在，在于Interpret，解釋，把。理解為， 把。看作。 Chlorine-hydrogen, 氯氣-氫氣反應(yīng)；Decomposition of phosgene，光氣（碳酰氯）的分 The initiation reaction，引發(fā)反應(yīng)，初始反應(yīng)，A

18、ctivation, 活化（作用），活化過程Bring about,引起，產(chǎn)生，導(dǎo)致Irradiation,輻射，照射。ultrasonics, 超聲波Imply, 暗指，含有。的意思 regard, 把?？醋?。from a superficial point of view, 從表面上看Even though=even if ,即使，縱然In the strictest sense, 嚴(yán)格地講 In addition to 除了。之外，在。起重要作用 Condensation (step reactions),縮合聚合（逐步反應(yīng)）Addition reactions,加成反應(yīng)（加成聚合）Ch

19、ain polymerization, 鏈?zhǔn)骄酆戏磻?yīng)Ring-opening polymerizations，開環(huán)聚合Free-radical polymerization, 自由基聚合Ionic polymerization, 離子型聚合Emulsion polymerization, 乳液聚合Microemulsion polymerization,微乳液聚合Suspension polymerization, 懸浮聚合Solution polymerization,溶液聚合Precipitation polymerization, 沉淀聚合Seed polymerization,種子聚合

20、課后作業(yè)課后作業(yè):Page10,EXERCISES全文翻譯READING MATERIALS高分子材料與工程專業(yè)高分子材料與工程專業(yè)英語英語3材料科學(xué)與工程系崔秀國自由基聚合相關(guān)的詞匯歸納自由基聚合相關(guān)的詞匯歸納Radical,自由基/Initiator,引發(fā)劑/ Unsaturated monomer, 不飽和單體Organic peroxide, 有機(jī)過氧化物/hydroperoxide, 過氧化氫Redox agent, 氧化還原試劑Azo compounds,偶氮化合物Organometallic reagents,有機(jī)金屬Irradiation,光輻射，紫外光照射High energ

21、y radiation, 高能輻射Homolytic dissociation, 均裂Chain initiation, 鏈引發(fā)反應(yīng)/chain propagation,鏈增長反應(yīng)Steady-state assumption,穩(wěn)態(tài)假設(shè)Rate of polymerization,聚合速率Chaintransfer,鏈轉(zhuǎn)移/chain termination ，鏈終止反應(yīng)Combination, 偶合（終止），結(jié)合Disproportionation,歧化（終止）英文數(shù)學(xué)公式的讀法英文數(shù)學(xué)公式的讀法UNIT 3 Step-Growth PolymerizationDimmer, 二聚體，tri

22、mer，三聚體，tetramer，四聚體，pentamer，五聚體，Hexamer，六聚體。Heptamer, 七聚體，Oligomer,低聚物，低聚體 Ester,酯/esterification,酯化反應(yīng)/polyester, 聚酯Amide,酰胺/ amidation, 酰胺化（作用）/polyamide, 聚酰胺Polyurethane, 聚氨酯， 彈性體isocyanate，異氰酸酯。iso-，異，等位，如，isoelectric point，等電離點(diǎn)。Isobutylene，異丁烯。Cyanate, 氰酸鹽，氰酸酯。Cyanide, 氰化物，如potassium cyanate,

23、氰化鉀。Monofunctional, 單官能度的/difunctional,兩官能團(tuán)的Polyfunctional, 多官能團(tuán)的，多官能度的Hydroxyl group, 羥基/Carboxyl group,羧基Diamine，二元胺/ diol,二元醇/ triol, 三元醇/ polyol,多元醇dibasic,二元的/ diacid, 二元酸/ amino acid，氨基酸stoichiometric balance，化學(xué)計(jì)量平衡/conversion,轉(zhuǎn)化率/yield,產(chǎn)率The average degree polymerization, 平均聚合度Words and Expre

24、ssions Synthesize, v, 合成，synthesis, n, 合成Step-growth polymerization, 逐步聚合反應(yīng)Ester, n, 酯，esterification, 酯化反應(yīng)， polyester, 聚酯。amide, n, 酰胺，amidation, 酰胺化反應(yīng)，polyamide, 聚酰胺，尼龍Urethane, =ethyl carbamate, 尿烷，氨基甲酸乙酯，NH2CO2C2H5Polyurethane, 聚氨酯， 彈性體。Aromatic, 芳香族的，aromatics，芳香族化合物，香料，芳香劑。aroma, 香味，aromatic a

25、cid, 芳香酸Substitution取代，取代反應(yīng)。Substitute，v，取代Hydroxyl，羥基，hydro-，氫化的，氫的，水的；-oxyl，氧基，如methoxyl，甲氧基。carboxyl， 羧基，carbo-，碳，羰isocyanate，異氰酸酯。iso-，異，等位，如，isoelectric point，等電離點(diǎn)。Isobutylene，異丁烯。Cyanate, 氰酸鹽，氰酸酯。Cyanide, 氰化物，如potassium cyanate, 氰化鉀。Fall into, 歸入，可分為。，Depending on, 根據(jù)。Poly-多，polyfunctional,多官能

26、團(tuán)的，多官能度的，In a general manner, 一般來說Whether.or., 無論是。還是。，或者?；蛘摺?，不是。就是。Matrix, 子宮，矩陣，模型，發(fā)源地，基質(zhì)，母質(zhì)Collide, 猛撞，沖突，抵觸By（后in）virtue of。依靠，借助于。net, 基本的，最后的Be identical in to, 在。方面和。是相同的。Identicalaidentikl, a, 同一的，完全相同的，相等的，有同一原因（來源）的，Identical twins, 同卵雙胞胎，identical equation, 恒等式Render, 使得。，使變?yōu)?。Inactive, 失活

27、Upset, 打亂，攪亂課堂作業(yè)課堂作業(yè) Branched polymers A branched polymer can be visualized(設(shè)想，想象) as a liner polymer with branches of the same basic structure as the main chain. Branched polymer are often soluble in the same solvents as the corresponding linear polymer.(學(xué)號(hào)尾數(shù)為奇數(shù)的同學(xué)) In fact, they resemble（像，類似） lin

28、ear polymers in many of their properties. However, they can sometimes be distinguished from linear polymers by their lower tendency to crystallize or by their different solution viscosity or light-scattering behavior. Heavily branched polymers may swell in certain liquids without dissolving complete

29、ly. (學(xué)號(hào)尾數(shù)為偶數(shù)的同學(xué))Unit 4 Ionic PolymerizationIon,離子/ionic,離子的/nonionic, 非離子的cation,正（陽）離子/cationic,正（陽）離子的Anion,負(fù)（陰）離子/anionic,負(fù)（陰）離子的Positive, 正的正的,陽（性）的陽（性）的/Neutral,中性的中性的/negative,負(fù)的負(fù)的,(陰陰)性的性的Reactivity ratio,競聚率Tetrahydrofuran, 四氫呋喃Alkali metal,堿金屬/Phenyl sodium,苯基鈉Isobutylene,異丁烯/isoprene,異戊二烯A

30、llyl,烯丙基Stereoregular,立構(gòu)規(guī)整性的立構(gòu)規(guī)整性的Intermediate,中間產(chǎn)物，中間體中間產(chǎn)物，中間體Electrophilic substitution,親電取代親電取代/nucleophilic substitution,親核取代親核取代Proton,質(zhì)子質(zhì)子/protic acid,質(zhì)子酸質(zhì)子酸Aliphatic compound,脂肪族化合物脂肪族化合物/Aromatic compound,芳香組化合物芳香組化合物Coordinative polymerization, 配位配位(離子離子)聚合聚合Unit 4 Ionic PolymerizationCompu

31、lsory, a, 強(qiáng)迫的，強(qiáng)制的，義務(wù)的，必修的強(qiáng)迫的，強(qiáng)制的，義務(wù)的，必修的Give rise to引起，導(dǎo)致，產(chǎn)生，使。發(fā)生。引起，導(dǎo)致，產(chǎn)生，使。發(fā)生。So call.所謂所謂In the presence of。在。存在的情況下，。在。存在的情況下，Trace,微量，痕量微量，痕量Describeas 把。說成。把。說成。Prominence, 杰出，聲望，卓越，突出，顯著。杰出，聲望，卓越，突出，顯著。Modification,改性改性Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers Prime, 最初的，基本的，首

32、要的，首位的，最好的，第一流的 Be associated with,與。有關(guān) Uniquely, 唯一地，獨(dú)一無二地，獨(dú)特地，無可匹敵地 Consequence, n,結(jié)果，后果，重要性，重大，推斷，舉足輕重 Level off達(dá)到平衡，變平緩，趨緩 In most instances, 在大多數(shù)情況下 Optimum，optima的復(fù)數(shù)，最適條件，最適度，最適合的 Be essential for,對(duì)。是必需的Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of PolymersSpeak of，談到。，談到。Differ from，與。不同，或

33、不一致。，與。不同，或不一致。Polydisperse, 多分散性的多分散性的Heterogeneous,不均勻的，非均相的，不均勻的，非均相的，F(xiàn)ree from,沒有。，無。沒有。，無。Contaminant,污物污物Impurity, 雜質(zhì)雜質(zhì)In the usually accepted sense，在能被人們廣泛接受的意義上在能被人們廣泛接受的意義上Lie in，在于。，在于。Statistical, 統(tǒng)計(jì)的統(tǒng)計(jì)的Variation ，n，變化，改變，變化，改變In order to, 為了。為了。Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributio

34、ns of PolymersColligative property, 依數(shù)性；依數(shù)性；Light scattering, 光散射光散射/Viscosity,粘度法粘度法/Ultracentrifugation, 超速離心分離超速離心分離Sedimentation,沉降法沉降法biase ,斜線，傾向性，偏向。斜線，傾向性，偏向。Be biased toward,有。偏向，偏于。有。偏向，偏于。A variety of,各種各樣的各種各樣的Fractionation,分級(jí)分級(jí)Solubility, 溶解性溶解性/Permeability, 滲透性滲透性Unit 5 Molecular Weig

35、ht and its Distributions of PolymersReading MaterialsDistillation, 蒸餾蒸餾Extract, v，萃取，萃取，extraction, 萃取萃取Secondary valence force, 次（化合）價(jià)力次（化合）價(jià)力Hold to 堅(jiān)持，緊握?qǐng)?jiān)持，緊握Precipitate，沉淀，沉淀Come out，長出，（花）開，由。產(chǎn)生，由。出來，長出，（花）開，由。產(chǎn)生，由。出來，結(jié)果是，顯現(xiàn)，（污點(diǎn)）被去掉，（顏色）被褪去，（題目）結(jié)果是，顯現(xiàn)，（污點(diǎn)）被去掉，（顏色）被褪去，（題目）被解出，（商品）被展出，被供應(yīng)，（總數(shù)）計(jì)，總

36、計(jì)被解出，（商品）被展出，被供應(yīng)，（總數(shù)）計(jì)，總計(jì)Swell，溶脹，溶脹，gel，凝膠，溶膠，凝膠，溶膠，sol，溶膠，溶膠-凝膠法，凝膠法，sol-gelToluence，甲苯，甲苯Methanol，甲醇，甲醇Unit 5. Reading MaterialsMiscible, 可混溶的，可混溶的，miscibility，相溶性（分子層，相溶性（分子層面上的混溶）面上的混溶）compatible,相容的，相容的， Compatibility,相容性（相層相容性（相層面上的混溶）面上的混溶）Hydrolytic, 水解的，水解的，Degradation, 降解反應(yīng)。降解反應(yīng)。Polysacch

37、aride, 多糖，聚糖多糖，聚糖Uniform, （尺寸、大小，形狀等）均一的（尺寸、大小，形狀等）均一的distribution,分布分布Emulsify, 乳化，乳化， Protective colloid, 保護(hù)膠體。保護(hù)膠體。 Unit 5. Reading MaterialsDispersion, 分散相，分散體系Emulsion polymerization, 乳液聚合Coagulate, 凝結(jié)Electrolyte, 電解質(zhì)Mill, 研磨機(jī)。 Spray, 噴霧Cellulose, 纖維素/Lignin，木質(zhì)素/Pectin，果膠/Flax，亞麻纖維Isolate, 隔離，析

38、出，絕緣Propopectin, 原果膠/Protocellulose,原纖維素Bring about, 帶來，造成Pulp，漿狀物，wood pulp,木漿Sulfite，亞硫酸鹽Unit 5. Reading MaterialsResidue, 殘余物Stir, 移動(dòng)，搖動(dòng)，攪拌，激動(dòng)Vessel, 容器Granule, 顆粒，細(xì)粒Renew, 修復(fù)，重復(fù)，更新Zone,區(qū)，帶，層Dialysis,滲析Registration,（儀器）記錄，讀數(shù)Together with, 和，加之，連同課后作業(yè)課后作業(yè),下周一交下周一交P24, 2, 3.P31, Reading Materials,全

39、文翻譯. The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application. Prime, 最初的，基本的，首要的，首位的，最好的，第一流的Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers對(duì)聚合物的合成和應(yīng)用而言，聚合物的分子量是最重要的。The interesting and useful mechanical properties which are uniquely associated with polyme

40、ric materials are a consequence of their high molecular weight. 令人感興趣的和具有使用價(jià)值的力學(xué)性能與高分子材料存在的唯一的相關(guān)性，而這些性能是聚合物的高分子量帶來的。聚合物材料的高分子量帶來了令人感興趣的和具有利用價(jià)值的力學(xué)性能。Most important mechanical properties depend on and vary considerably with molecular weight.Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers最重要的

41、力學(xué)性能取決于分子量，而且隨著分子量變化而發(fā)生很大的變化。 Thus strength of polymers does not begin to develop until a minimum molecular weight of about 5000-10000 is achieved. 因此，直到最小的分子量增大到5000到10000以后，聚合物的強(qiáng)度才開始顯現(xiàn)出來。Above that size, there is a rapid increase in the mechanical performance of polymers as their molecular weight

42、increases; the effect levels off at still higher molecular weights. Level off達(dá)到平衡，變平緩，趨緩Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers分子量大于這個(gè)值的時(shí)候，隨著分子量的增加，聚合物的機(jī)械性能快速增加;達(dá)到更高的分子量的時(shí)候，這種效應(yīng)才變平緩。 In most instances, there is some molecular weight range in which a given polymer property will be o

43、ptimum for a particular application. In most instances, 在大多數(shù)情況下Optimum，optima的復(fù)數(shù)，最適條件，最適度，最適合的在大多數(shù)情況下，對(duì)于某種特定的應(yīng)用來說，某種聚合物存在著某一個(gè)分子量范圍。 The control of molecular weight is essential for the practical application of a polymerization process. Be essential for,對(duì)。是必需的Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distribut

44、ions of Polymers聚合物分子量的控制對(duì)聚合過程的實(shí)際應(yīng)用而言是必需的。對(duì)實(shí)際的聚合過程而言，必須控制聚合物的分子量。When one speaks of the molecular weight of a polymer, one means something quite different from that which applies to small-sized compounds. Speak of，談到。當(dāng)人們談到聚合物分子量的時(shí)候，就意味著與小分子化合物完全不同的概念。 Polymers differ from the small-sized compounds i

45、n that they are polydisperse or heterogeneous in molecular weight. Differ from，與。不同，或不一致。Polydisperse, 多分散性的Heterogeneous,不均勻的，非均相的，Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers聚合物與小分子量化合物的不同在于聚合物的分子量是多分散性的或不均勻的。Even if a polymer is synthesized free from contaminants and impurities, it i

46、s still not a pure substance in the usually accepted sense. Free from,沒有。，無。Contaminant,污物Impurity, 雜質(zhì)In the usually accepted sense，在能被人們廣泛接受的意義上 即使聚合物在沒有污物和雜質(zhì)的情況下被合成，在人們廣泛接受的意義上，它仍然不是純物質(zhì)。Polymers, in their purest form, are mixture of molecules of different molecular weights. Unit 5 Molecular Weight

47、 and its Distributions of Polymers最純凈的聚合物是具有不同分子量的分子的混合物。The reason for the polydispersity of polymers lies in the statistical variations present in the polymerization processes. Lie in，在于。Statistical, 統(tǒng)計(jì)的Variation vrieiSn,n，變化，改變聚合物多分散性在于聚合過程中展現(xiàn)的統(tǒng)計(jì)變化。When one discusses the molecular weight of a pol

48、ymer, one is actually involved with its average molecular weight.當(dāng)我們討論聚合物的分子量，準(zhǔn)確的含義是平均分子量。 Both the average molecular weight and the exact distribution of different molecular weights within a polymer are required in order to fully characterize it. In order to, 為了。Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Dist

49、ributions of Polymers為了充分地表征聚合物，不僅要求平均分子量，而且也要求聚合物內(nèi)不同分子量的確切的分布情況。The control of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution (MWD) is often used to obtain and improve certain desired physical properties in a polymer product.為了獲得和改善聚合物產(chǎn)品的某些理想的物理性質(zhì)，我們經(jīng)常需要控制分子量和分子量分布。Various methods are available

50、 for the experimental measurement of the average molecular weight of a polymer sample. Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers在聚合物樣品平均分子量的實(shí)驗(yàn)測試中有許多方法可以利用。These include methods based on colligative properties, light scattering, viscosity, ultracentrifugation, and sedimentation. Colli

51、gative property, 依數(shù)性；Light scattering, 光散射Viscosity,粘度法Ultracentrifugation, 超速離心分離Sedimentation,沉降法這些方法基于依數(shù)性，光散射，粘度法，超速離心分離，沉降法。The various methods do not yield the same average molecular weight. Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers不同的方法得到不同的平均分子量。Different average molecular wei

52、ghts are obtained because the properties being measured are biased differently toward the different sized polymer molecules in a polymer sample. biase bais,斜線，傾向性，偏向Be biased toward。,有。偏向，偏于。得到不同的平均分子量，是因?yàn)樗鶞y得的性質(zhì)對(duì)樣品中不同尺寸的聚合物分子有不同的偏差（傾向性）。Some methods are biased toward the larger sized polymer molecul

53、es, while other methods are biased toward the smaller sized molecules.Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers一些方法對(duì)較大尺寸的聚合物分子有偏差（傾向性），而另外一些方法則對(duì)較小尺寸的聚合物分子有偏差（傾向性）。The result is that the average molecular weights obtained are correspondingly biased toward the larger or smaller sized m

54、olecules. 所獲得的平均分子量分別對(duì)較大的或較小的分子有（偏差）傾向性。The most important average molecular weights which are determined are the number-average molecular weight Mn, the weight-average molecular weight Mw and the viscosity-average molecular weight Mv.。 被測定的最重要平均分子量有數(shù)均分子量Mn, 重均分子量Mw,和粘均分子量Mv.Unit 5 Molecular Weight

55、and its Distributions of PolymersIn addition to the different average molecular weights of a polymer sample, it is frequently desirable and necessary to know the exact distribution of molecular weights. 另外，聚合物樣品的不同的平均分子量經(jīng)常需要知道確切的分子量分布。A variety of different fractionation methods are used to determin

56、e the molecular weight distribution of a polymer sample. A variety of,各種各樣的FractionationfrkSneiSn,分級(jí)Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers各種各樣的不同的分級(jí)方法被用來確定聚合物樣品的分子量分布。These are based on fractionation of a polymer sample using properties, such as solubility and permeability, which

57、vary with molecular weight.Solubility, 溶解性Permeability, 滲透性這些方法基于使用諸如溶解性，滲透性等性質(zhì)進(jìn)行聚合物樣品的分級(jí)，這些性質(zhì)隨著分子量變化而變化。 Purification of Polymers聚合物的提純The usual purification operations used with low molecular weight compounds (for example, distillation and recrystallization) are usually not applicable to macromole

58、cular compounds.針對(duì)低分子量化合物通常的提純方法，如蒸餾和重結(jié)晶通常都不能用于高分針對(duì)低分子量化合物通常的提純方法，如蒸餾和重結(jié)晶通常都不能用于高分子化合物。子化合物。Distillation, 蒸餾Macromolecular compounds are not volatile and cannot simply be recrystallized from saturated solutions. One therefore has to be satisfied with extracting them in suitable solvents and thus rem

59、oving the impurities.Volatilevoltail, 飛行的，易揮發(fā)的，快活的，爆炸性的，易激動(dòng)的，反復(fù)無常的，短暫的。Extract, v，萃取，extraction, 萃取高分子化合物不是揮發(fā)性的，而且不能簡單地從飽和溶液中再結(jié)晶。因此人高分子化合物不是揮發(fā)性的，而且不能簡單地從飽和溶液中再結(jié)晶。因此人們不得不用合適的溶劑來萃取這些高分子，從而去除雜質(zhì)。們不得不用合適的溶劑來萃取這些高分子，從而去除雜質(zhì)。Unit 5 Reading MaterialsThe purification effect of the extraction is in most cases

60、rather slight because in many instances the impurity is held to the polymer by strong secondary valence forces. Secondary valence force, 次（化合）價(jià)力Hold to 堅(jiān)持，緊握在大多數(shù)場合，萃取的提純效果是很有限的，因?yàn)樵谠S多情況下雜質(zhì)被聚合物強(qiáng)的次在大多數(shù)場合，萃取的提純效果是很有限的，因?yàn)樵谠S多情況下雜質(zhì)被聚合物強(qiáng)的次價(jià)力束縛。價(jià)力束縛。Consequently, one usually first dissolves the macromolecula