全新版大學(xué)英語綜合教程3-愛因斯坦及其光電效應(yīng)-Albert-Einstein-and-his-photoelectric-effect

1、Albert EinsteinAndHis Photoelectric effect Theres a story about a little conversation that took place between two legends, Charles Spencer Chaplin and Albert Einstein, at a public event. It went somewhat like this: Einstein: What I most admire about your art, is your universality. You dont say a wor

2、d, yet the world understands you! Chaplin: True. But your glory is even greater! The whole world admires you, even though they dont understand a word of what you say.Albert Einsteins Days Of Growing Up1.He wasnt much of a talker at the beginning. Born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm, Germany, little Einst

3、ein couldnt really pick up our language as early as children normally do. Till the age of 4 Einsteins struggled to articulate himself with ease and fluency. However, some say Einstein started speaking full sentences by the time he was 2. When he saw his sister, Maja, for the first time in 1881, an e

4、xcited little Einstein took her for a toy and asked “Yes, but where does it have its small wheels?”2.The little genius had a problem of authority.If theres one thing common among the greatest men in the world, its the fact that society always struggled to contain their greatness within the tiny cage

5、s of closed-mindedness. So was the case with young Einstein as well whose cocky wit and subtle rebellion rubbed his teachers off in the wrong way.Annoyed by his blatant insubordination, his seventh grade teacher had once said that he would never amount to much in his lifea slight misprediction on th

6、e part of the teacher.3.He always had the music.Einsteins love affair with his violin began at the tender age of 5. Lina is what he used to call his violin.However, like most great love stories, this one, too, began with trouble. The boy didnt really appreciate drills of violin exercise and one fine

7、 day at violin class, the young student, frustrated by the routine threw his chair at the music teacher who left the house in tears.Then, Einsteins ears were introduced to Mozarts sonata when he was 12 and thus began his love for music that lasted forever.4.His first paper.It was in 1894 that Einste

8、in began his first paper everOn the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field. Hardly 15, Albert sent the paper to his uncle, Caesar Koch for his expert opinion. He slipped in a letter along with the paper which read“If you are not going to read this stuff I will not be annoyed at

9、all; but at least you have to recognize it as a shy attempt to fight against my being a bad letter writer, which I inherited from both my beloved parents.” The Fate of Einsteins Brain Shortly after Einsteins death in 1955, Harvey removed and weighed the brain at 1230g.The brain has attracted attenti

10、on because of Einsteins reputation as one of the foremost geniuses of the 20th century. This was a matter of great dispute. So Harvey was fired for Einsteins brain without the permission of either Einstein or his close relatives. Then Harvey left the hospital. He photographed the brain from many ang

11、les. He then dissected it into about 240 blocks. And he preserved it for over 20 years. He promised to research into it, but he did not have some significant research outcomes. In 1978, Einsteins brain was rediscovered by other scientists. Scientific studies have suggested that regions involved in s

12、peech and language are smaller, while regions involved with numerical and spatial processing are larger. 1.1905年:愛因斯坦根據(jù)狹義相對論，在計(jì)算時(shí)鐘同步過程上出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;2.1905年:錯(cuò)誤估計(jì)邁克遜-莫利實(shí)驗(yàn);3.1905年:在高速粒子的橫向質(zhì)量計(jì)算上出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;4.1905年:愛因斯坦在運(yùn)用數(shù)學(xué)和物理知識計(jì)算液體粘性時(shí)多次出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。愛因斯坦通過計(jì)算液體的粘性，推導(dǎo)出分子的大小; 5.1905年:在熱輻射和光量子關(guān)系的認(rèn)識上出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;6.1905年:首次驗(yàn)證質(zhì)能方程E=mc2時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤

13、;7.1906年:在第2次、第3次和第4次驗(yàn)證質(zhì)能方程E=mc2時(shí)連續(xù)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;8.1907年:在測算加速時(shí)鐘(accelerated clock)的同步程序上出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;9.1907年:在測算引力和加速度的等效原理時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;10. 1911年:在首次計(jì)算光線彎曲時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;11.1913年:在首次嘗試廣義相對論時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;以下是愛因斯坦一生中犯下的23個(gè)重大錯(cuò)誤:12. 1914年:在第5次驗(yàn)證質(zhì)能方程E=mc2時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;13.1915年:在做愛因斯坦-哈斯(Einstein-de Haas)實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;14.1915年:在驗(yàn)證廣義相對論時(shí)出現(xiàn)多次錯(cuò)誤;15.1916年:在解釋馬赫原理

14、時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;16.1917年:在引入宇宙常數(shù)時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤(愛因斯坦稱這是其一生中最大的錯(cuò)誤);17.1919年:兩次嘗試修改廣義相對論時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;18.1925年:在尋求闡明統(tǒng)一場論時(shí)犯下多次錯(cuò)誤;19.1927年:在與玻爾探討量子不確定性時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;20.1933年:在解釋量子力學(xué)時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;21.1934年:在第6次驗(yàn)證質(zhì)能方程E=mc2時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;22.1939年:在解釋史瓦西(Schwarzschild)奇點(diǎn)和引力坍縮(黑洞)時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤;23.1946年:在第7次驗(yàn)證質(zhì)能方程E=mc2時(shí)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。Photoelectric effect光電效應(yīng)One question:Who discovered photoelectric effect?HertzNot me.Not me. 赫茲于1887年發(fā)現(xiàn)光電效應(yīng)，愛因斯坦第一個(gè)成功的解釋了光電效應(yīng)（金屬表面在光輻照作用下發(fā)射電子的效應(yīng)，發(fā)射出來的電子叫做光電子）。光波長小于某一臨界值時(shí)方能發(fā)射電子，即極限波長，對應(yīng)的光的頻率叫做極限頻率。臨界值取決于金屬材料，而發(fā)射電子的能量取決于光的波長而與光強(qiáng)度無關(guān)，這一點(diǎn)無法用光的波動性解釋。還有一點(diǎn)與光的波動性相矛盾，即光電效應(yīng)的瞬時(shí)