中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)專項(xiàng)8謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞八大時(shí)態(tài)

1、2008年中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)專項(xiàng)8 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞八大時(shí)態(tài) 動(dòng)詞主要表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)和性質(zhì)，而動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)的發(fā)生有具體的時(shí)間和表現(xiàn)方式，這就是英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)由動(dòng)詞的五種不同形式來(lái)表示。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的五種基本形式為：動(dòng)詞原形、第三人稱單數(shù)、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞和過(guò)去式。英語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)八種時(shí)態(tài)：一般：現(xiàn)在時(shí)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形或第三人稱單數(shù) 過(guò)去時(shí)：謂語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式 將來(lái)時(shí)：謂語(yǔ)用will/be going to+動(dòng)詞原形現(xiàn)在：進(jìn)行時(shí)：謂語(yǔ)用am/is/are+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞 完成時(shí)：謂語(yǔ)用have/has+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去：進(jìn)行時(shí)：謂語(yǔ)用were/was+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 完成時(shí)：謂語(yǔ)用had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去

2、分詞 將來(lái)時(shí)：謂語(yǔ)用would或was/were going to+動(dòng)詞原形一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)： 表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的特征。（1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要用動(dòng)詞原形表示，如果主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)則在動(dòng)詞原形后加“-s”或“-es”。（2）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法：表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：表示頻度的副詞always，often，usually，sometimes等。on Sundays，on Monday afternoon，every day，in the morning，every year等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。once a ye

3、ar, twice a month, three times a week之類的表示頻率的詞組。如：He gets up at five oclock every day. He often plays football. 表示客觀真理、事實(shí)、人的技能或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時(shí)句子里一般不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如： The earth turns round the sun.(地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn))Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快) 表示十分確定會(huì)發(fā)生(如安排好的事情)或按照時(shí)間表進(jìn)行的（將要發(fā)生的）事情,用一般現(xiàn)在可以表達(dá)將來(lái),句子中可以有將來(lái)時(shí)間。如：The train

4、 for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(開(kāi)往漢口的列車上午8點(diǎn)開(kāi)車) 在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引導(dǎo))和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中(以if,unless引導(dǎo)),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來(lái)時(shí),句子可以有將來(lái)時(shí)間。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德國(guó)就給我打電話) / If it rains tomorrow, we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我們就只好呆在家)

5、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用于倒裝句中可以表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞以come, go為主。如：Here comes the bus. (車來(lái)了) / There goes the bell.(鈴響了)。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用于體育比賽的解說(shuō)或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)可能是一次性,也可能經(jīng)常發(fā)生。（過(guò)去常常做某事也可用used to do sth來(lái)表示） 表示過(guò)去具體時(shí)刻發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：at (eight) (yesterday morni

6、ng),(ten minutes) ago, yesterday, last week, some years ago, in 1995, in the past, the other day, at that time, just now等。 when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六點(diǎn)鐘起床的) Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning. When he went into the room, he saw a stranger talking with

7、 his father.He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年來(lái)到我們市) 表示過(guò)去一個(gè)階段中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：last, in, fromto, for(10 years),often, usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. 講故事、對(duì)過(guò)去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過(guò)去事件等一般用過(guò)去時(shí),而且經(jīng)常省略時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：I happened to meet Rose in the

8、street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)注意：有一些容易變化錯(cuò)誤的單詞，如：prefer preferred, fix fixed, mix mixed三、一般將來(lái)時(shí)：表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。一般將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：tomorrow, this (afternoon),next (year),one day, soon, someday, sometime, in the future, in+一段時(shí)間; when/ after等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句的主句中。I will call you when my mother comes back.用will構(gòu)成的將來(lái)時(shí),表示動(dòng)作與人的主觀愿

9、望無(wú)關(guān)。“shall”用于第一人稱?！皐ill”用于所有人稱。 如：I will graduate from this school soon.表示有禮貌地詢問(wèn)對(duì)面是否愿意或表示客氣的邀請(qǐng)或命令時(shí)。（不用be going to）Will you please lend me your bike?表示意愿時(shí)。（不用be going to）We will help him if he asks us. 如果他請(qǐng)我們，我們?cè)敢鈳椭?。表示單純性的將?lái)，與人的主觀愿望和判斷無(wú)關(guān)時(shí)。（不用be going to）The sun will rise at 6：30. 太陽(yáng)將在6：30升起?！癰e goin

10、g to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發(fā)生的事情或有某種跡象表明要發(fā)生的事。Its going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可以表示將來(lái)。(見(jiàn)相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài))shall和will 在口語(yǔ)的一些疑問(wèn)句中相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求。Shall一般與第一人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我們下周六去動(dòng)物園好嗎？) Will you please open the door for me?(替我把門打開(kāi)好嗎？) “be about to+動(dòng)詞原形”和“b

11、e to+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)表示按照計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Tom told her that he was (about) to go abroad.四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或是現(xiàn)階段正發(fā)生而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。(1) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞be (am is are ) +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。(2）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法表示此時(shí)此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與now, look, listen, at the moment等連用。What are you doing? Im reading English.表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)的狀態(tài)。常與these days等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。T

12、hey are studying hard this term. 他們這學(xué)期學(xué)習(xí)一直很努力。My father is writing a novel these days. （3）位移動(dòng)詞：go，come，leave，stay，start，begin等，常用進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)。表示即將發(fā)生或安排好要做的事情。We are leaving for London soon. 我們很快就要?jiǎng)由砣惗亓恕he is going there tomorrow. 她明天要去那里。 Im coming now.(我就來(lái))（4）表示頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等

13、感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it a few days later.（5）但應(yīng)注意下列這些動(dòng)詞一般不用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的句子中。A、表示感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞。如see，hear等。B、表示喜歡或厭惡的動(dòng)詞。如like，love，hate等。C、表示希望的動(dòng)詞。如want，would like等。D、表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。如be等。 E、表示歸屬的動(dòng)詞。如have等。F、表示思維、知識(shí)或理解能力的動(dòng)詞。如know，think，forget等。 (6) 特別注意：Look! The rain _ (stop

14、). 答案has stopped Look! The sun _(rise). 答案has risen五、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was(第一、三人稱單數(shù))或were(第二人稱單數(shù)和各人稱的復(fù)數(shù))+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),以及由when/while引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他正在做晚飯)

15、 The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her. 用于賓語(yǔ)從句或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行而且是延續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)。句子中通常不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：She saw it happen when she was walking past.(她路過(guò)時(shí)看到事情的發(fā)生)/ Father was watching TV while mother was cooking supper. 也可以表示過(guò)去一個(gè)階段頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He was always borr

16、owing money from me when he lived here.(他住在這里時(shí)老向我借錢)六、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的、對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作,或表示開(kāi)始在過(guò)去,并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have (has)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去的對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：already, yet, just, once, twice, ever, never, three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來(lái)沒(méi)有看過(guò)

17、這么好的畫) He has just gone to England.(他剛?cè)ビ?guó))表示在過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能延續(xù)下去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí)（肯定句或疑問(wèn)句中動(dòng)詞必須用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。如：I have been away from my hometown for three years.(我離開(kāi)家鄉(xiāng)有3年了) = I have been away from my hometown since three years ago.= I have been awa

18、y from my hometown since 2005.= It is 3 years since I left my hometown. 口語(yǔ)中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他們圖書館有上萬(wàn)本書)have been to與have gone to的區(qū)別：have gone to(“已經(jīng)去了”)表示人不在這里,have been to(“去過(guò)（次）”)表示人在這里。如：-Where is Mr Li? He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英

19、國(guó)。) I have been to Beijing three times. (我去過(guò)那里三次。) 在完成時(shí)中,一個(gè)瞬間性動(dòng)詞(一次性動(dòng)作)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,此時(shí)須將該瞬間動(dòng)詞改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。comebe here, gobe there, diebe dead, borrowkeep, buyhave, joinbe in(be a member),leavebe away, begin to studystudy等。如下圖：具體變化見(jiàn)下表：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞BuyhaveBorrowkeepComebe herego/leavebe away （from）ope

20、n/closebe open/be closedbegin/startbe onend/finishbe overDiebe deadcatch a coldhave a coldbecome interested inbe interested inget marriedge marriedput onwearget upbe upwake upbe awakefall asleepbe asleepJoinbe in = be a member ofleavebe away fromarrive/reachbe 或者使用下面這個(gè)句型：It is / has been + (多久) + si

21、nce + 主語(yǔ)(人)+謂語(yǔ)(過(guò)去時(shí))+過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 注意 在其它的時(shí)態(tài)中也存在類似問(wèn)題,記住,關(guān)鍵是：瞬間動(dòng)詞不能和表達(dá)一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：How long may I keep the book?(這本書我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)七、過(guò)去完成時(shí)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。簡(jiǎn)言之, 過(guò)去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。過(guò)去完成時(shí)在句中使用時(shí)一般必須有一個(gè)或暗含一個(gè)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作與其相比較，使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在該過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前。過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。過(guò)去完成時(shí)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last)或者由when, before等引出狀語(yǔ)從句。有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語(yǔ),也會(huì)有for 或since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came. The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.She had left by the time I arrived. 我到達(dá)以前，她已