自動(dòng)化單片機(jī)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)翻譯中英文：單片機(jī)概述、應(yīng)用及發(fā)展

1、外文資料Outline, Application and Development of the singlechipThe singlechip is one kind of integrated circuit chip, which uses the ultra large-scale technology and has the data-handling capacity (for example arithmetic operation, logic operation, data transfer, interrupt processing) the microprocessor

2、(CPU), random access data-carrier storage (RAM), read-only program memory (ROM), input output circuit (I/O), possibly also includes fixed time the counter, serial passesunguardedly(SCI), demonstration actuation electric circuit (LCD or LED actuation electric circuit), pulse-duration modulation elect

3、ric circuit (PWM), simulation multichannel switch and A/Electric circuit and so on D switch integratesto together the monolith chip on, constitutes to be smallestthe computer systemwhich however consummates.These electric circuits can under the software control accurate, be rapid, highly effective c

4、omplete the procedure designer preset the duty.From this looked that, singlechip has the function which the microprocessor does not have, it may alone complete the intellectualization control function which the modern industry control requests, this is singlechip biggest characteristic.However singl

5、echip also is different with the single trigger, the chip before the development, it only has the function greatly strengthenedultra large scale integrated circuit, if entrusts with it the specific procedure, it then is youngest, the integrity microcomputer control system,it (PC machine) has the ess

6、entialdifference with the single trigger or the personal computing, singlechip application belongs to the chip level application, needs the user to understand singlechip chip the structure and the command system as well as other integrated circuit application technologies and the system design need

7、theory and technology, with such specific chip design application procedure, thus causes this chip to have the specific function.The different singlechip has the different hardware characteristic and the software characteristic, namely their technical characteristic is different, the hardware charac

8、teristic is decided by singlechip chip internal structure, the user must use some kind of singlechip, must understand whether this product does satisfy the characteristictarget which the need the function and the application system requests.Here technical characteristic including function characteri

9、stic, control characteristic and electrical specification and so on, these information needs to obtain from in the production merchant technical manual. The software characteristic is refers to the command system characteristic and the development support environment, the instruction characteristic

10、is singlechip addressing way which we is familiar with, the data processingand the logical processingway, input-output characteristicand to power source request and so on. The development support environment is compatible and the probability including the instruction, supports the software (to conta

11、in may support development application procedure software resources)and the hardware resources.Must use some model singlechip to develop own application system, master its structure characteristicand the technical characteristic is that we need.Singlechip control system could substitute for before u

12、ses control system which the complex electronic circuit or the digital circuit constituted, might the software control realizes, and could realize the intellectualization, now singlechip control category omnipresent, for example correspondence product, domestic electric appliances, intelligent instr

13、ument measuring appliance, process control and special-purpose control device and so on, singlechip application domain was more and more widespread.Indeed, singlechip application significance is far is not restricted in its application category or from this the economic efficiency which brings, it f

14、undamentally changed the traditional control method and the design thought more importantly. Is controls technical a revolution, is an important milestone.2.The MCU' s development outlineIn 1946 first electronic accounting machine birth until now, only then 50 years, depends upon microelectronic

15、technology and the semiconductor technology progress, from the electron tube - transistor- integrated circuit - large scale integrated circuit, now together on the chip definitely may integrate several million even more than ten million transistor, causes the computer volume slightly, the function i

16、s stronger. Specially in the nearly 20 years time, computer technology obtained the rapid development, the computer in the industry and agriculture, the scientific research,the education, the national defense and the aerospacedomain has obtained the widespreadapplication, computer technology already

17、 was a national modern science and technology level important symbol.Singlechip is born in the 20th century 70's, looks like F8 monolithic microcomputer which Fairchid Corporation develops. The so-called singlechip is uses the large scale integrated circuit technology the central processingeleme

18、nt (Center ProcessingUnit, Also is Chang Cheng CPU) and the data-carrierstorage(RAM), the program memory (ROM) and other I/O passes integrates unguardedly on together the chip, constitutes a smallest computer system, but modern singlechip then has added on the severance unit, fixed time unit and A/D

19、 transformation and so on more complex, more perfect electric circuit, causes singlechip the function more and more formidable, the application is more widespread.The 20th century 70's, microelectronic technology is being at the development phase,the integrated circuit belongs to the scale devel

20、opmenttime, each kind of new material new craft not yet mature, singlechip still occupied the primary development phase,the part integration scalealso quite small, the function quite was simple, CPU, RAM had generally has also included some simple I/O integrates to the chip on, looks like Farichild

21、Corporation to belong to this type, it also must be joined to the periphery other processing electric circuits just now to constitute the integrity the computing system. The similar singlechip also has Zilog Corporation the Z80 microprocessor.In 1976 INTEL Corporation has promoted the MCS-48 singlec

22、hip, this time singlechip is the genuine 8 monolithic microcomputers, and pushes to the market. It is young by the volume, function entire, the price has lowly won the widespread application, has laid the foundation for singlechip development,becomesin singlechip history the important milestone.Unde

23、r the MCS-48 leadership, after that, each big semiconductor company developed and has developed own singlechip one after another, looked like Zilog Corporation the Z8 series. To the beginning of the 80's, singlechip has developed to the high performance stage, looks like INTEL Corporation the MC

24、S-51 series,Motorola Corporation 6,801 and 6,802 series, Rokwell Corporation 6,501 and 6,502 series and so on, In addition,Japan'sfamous electrical company NEC and HITACHI all one after another developed had oneself characteristic the special-purpose singlechip.The 80's, world each big compa

25、ny competes to develop the variety multi-purpose strong singlechip, some severaldozens series, more than 300 varieties, this time singlechip belongs approximately truely monolithic, mostly integrated CPU, RAM, ROM, number many I/O connection, many kinds of interruption system, even also has some to

26、bring A/D switch singlechip,function more and more formidable, RAM and ROM capacity also more and more big, the addressing space even may reach 64kB, may say, singlechip developed to a brand-new stage,the application domain has been more widespread, many domestic electric appliances moved towards th

27、e intellectualized development path which controlled using singlechip.After 1982, 16 singlechips are published, represent the product are INTEL Corporation's MCS-96 series, 16 singlechips compare 8 machine, the data width increased a time, real-time processing ability stronger, the basic frequen

28、cy is higher, the integration rate had achieved120,000 transistors,RAM increasedto 232 bytes, ROM then has achieved 8kB, and had 8 interrupt sources,at the same time has disposed multichannel A/D transformation channel, high speed I/The O processing unit, is suitable for the more complex control sys

29、tem.After 90's, singlechip obtained the rapid development, the world each big semiconductor company has developed a function more formidable singlechip one after another. American Microchip Corporation had issued one kind of incompatible MCS-51 new generation of PIC series singlechip, has arouse

30、d the field widespread interest completely, its product only then 33 simplified the set of instructions to attract many users specially, caused the people to concentrate from the INTEL 111 complex instructions. The PIC singlechip has obtained the fast development, holds the small space in the field.

31、The afterwards matter, the familiar singlechip public figures quite have been all clear, more monolithic aircraft types pour out, MOTOROLA Corporation had issued one after another the MC68HC series singlechip, Japan's several famous companies all developed a performance stronger product, but Jap

32、an's singlechip used in generally the special-purpose systems control, but did not look like company and so on INTEL puts in to the market forms the general singlechip. For example NEC Corporation produces the uCOM87 series singlechip, its representative works uPC7811 is one kind of performance

33、quite outstanding singlechip. MOTOROLA Corporation's characteristic and so on MC68HC05 series its high speed low price has won many users.Zilog Corporation's Z8 series product representativeworks are Z8671, contains BASIC the Debug interpreter, enormous place then user. But American country

34、half COP800 series singlechip then uses the advanced Harvard structure. ATMEL Corporation then perfectly unifies singlechip technology and the advanced Flash memory technology, has issued the performance quite outstanding AT89 series singlechip. Including company and so on China's Taiwan HOLTEK

35、and WINBOND in abundance has also joined singlechip development ranks, by reason of their inexpensive superiority, shares cup of beautiful thick soup.In 1990 American INTEL Corporation promoted 80,960 super 32 singlechipsto cause the computer stir, the product has put in the market one after another

36、, became in singlechip history an important milestone.This period, in singlechip field, singlechip variety extraordinary splendour, competes to be the most unusual. Some 8, 16 even 32 machine, but 8 singlechips by its price inexpensive, the variety complete, the application software rich, the suppor

37、t environment were still full, characteristicand so on development conveniencebut are occupying the dominant position. But INTEL Corporation by reason of their abundant technology, the performance outstanding type and the good foundation, at present was still singlechip mainstream product. Only is t

38、he 90's intermediate stages, INTEL Corporation is busy is developing their personal computing microprocessor,not the enough energy continued singlechip technology which develops oneself creates leads, but by company and so on PHILIPS continues to develop the C51 series singlechip.3.Singlechip ap

39、plication domainMCU applications SCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-tim

40、e process control and data processing,extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system,video recorder, camera,fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparablefrom the microcontroller. Not to mention the area

41、of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers.Singlechip widely applies in the instrument measuring appliance, the domestic e

42、lectric appliances, the medical equipment, domain and so on aerospace, special purpose equipment intellectualizedmanagementand processcontrol, may divide the following several categories approximately:1. On intelligent instrument measuring appliance applicationSinglechip has the volume small, the po

43、wer loss low, the control function strong, the expansion is nimble, merit and so on microminiaturization and easy to operate, widely applies in the instrument measuringappliance,the union different type sensor, may realize such as physical quantity the and so on voltage, power, frequency, humidity,

44、temperature, current capacity, speed, thickness, angle, length, degree of hardness, element, pressuresurvey. Uses singlechip control to causethe instrument measuringappliance digitization, the intellectualization, the microminiaturization, also the function compares uses the electron or the digital

45、circuit is more formidable. For example precise measurement equipment (dynamometer, oscilloscope, each kind of analyzer).2. In industry control applicationMay constitute the various formats control system, the data acquisition system with singlechip. For example the factory assembly line intellectua

46、lized management,the elevator intellectualizationcontrol, eachkind of alarm system,constitutes two cascade control systems with the computer networking and so on.3. In domestic electric appliances applicationMay say like this that, the present domestic electric appliances basically have all used sin

47、glechip control, praised, the washer, the electric refrigerator, the air conditioner, the color television, other acoustic video frequency equipmentsfrom the electricity food, again to the electronic weighting equipment, all kinds of, omnipresent.4. In computer network and correspondence domain appl

48、icationOf the modern singlechip has the correspondence connection generally, may very conveniently and the computer carries on the data communication, for provided the extremely good physical conditions application in between the computer network and the communication facility, the present communica

49、tion facility basically has all realized singlechip intelligence control, from the handset, the telephone, the small program controlled switch, the building automatic correspondence ringing system, the train wireless correspondence,again the mobile phone which everywhere to the routine work in, the

50、colony mobile communication, radio intercom and so on.5. Singlechip in medical equipment domain applicationSinglechip quite is also widespread inmedical equipment use, for example medical life-support machine, each kind of analyzer, , ultrasound diagnosis equipment and hospital bed ringing system an

51、d so on.6. In a variety of major appliances in the modular applicationsDesigned to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly

52、 simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller, analog music into electrical signals

53、 (similar to the sound card). In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace.7. Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipmentSCM in automotive electronics is widely used, su

54、ch as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc.In addition, singlechip in the industry and commerce, the finance, the scientific research, the education, domain and so on national defense

55、aerospaceall has the extremely widespread use.4.Singlechip development tendencyNow may say singlechip was all flowers blooms together, the time which hundred school of thought contended, in the world each big chip manufacture company has all promoted own singlechip,from 8, 16 to 32, innumerable,had

56、everything expectedto find, has compatibly with the mainstream C51 series, also had not not compatibly, but they unique, became mutually supplementarily, provided the broad world for singlechip application.Looks over singlechip developing process,may indicate singlechip development tendency, has app

57、roximately:1. Low power loss CMOSThe MCS-51 series 8,031 promotes when the power loss reaches 630mW, but the present singlechip all about 100mW, along with more and more is generally low to singlechip power loss request, the present each singlechip manufacturer basic has all used CMOS (complementary

58、 metal oxide semiconductor craft). Looked like 80C51 to use HMOS (namely high density metal oxide compound semiconductor craft) and CHMOS (supplementary high density metal oxide compound semiconductor craft). CMOS although power loss low, but because its physical characteristic decides its working s

59、peed insufficiently high, but CHMOS then had has been high speed and the low power loss characteristic,these characteristics,suited in are requesting the low power loss likely battery power supply the application situation. Therefore this kind of craft will be the main way which the next section of times singlechip will develop.2. Miniature monolithicNow the conventional singlechip all is generally the central processor(CPU), the random access data storage (RAM), the read-only program memory (ROM), parallel and the serial communication connection, the interruption system,the