句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分

1、 句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分曲老師課件句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分 相關(guān)概念1.詞性的英文縮寫 在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，掌握單詞詞性非常重要。如果我們?cè)谟泦卧~的時(shí)只記拼寫、讀音而不記詞性的話，我們就不知道如何使用它們，所以我們?cè)谟泦卧~時(shí)一定要把單詞詞性記準(zhǔn)記牢?？s寫字母 原詞 代表詞性 n. noun 名詞 v. verb 動(dòng)詞 vt. transitive verb 及物動(dòng)詞 vi. intransitive verb 不及物動(dòng)詞 adj. adjective 形容詞 adv. adverb 副詞 pron. pronoun 代詞 prep. preposition 介詞 conj. conjunction 連詞

2、 縮寫字母 原詞 代表詞性num. numeral 數(shù)詞interj. interjection 感嘆詞art. article 冠詞 modal v. modal verb 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 aux. v. auxiliary verb 助動(dòng)詞 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞后面跟賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，此時(shí)這個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞。The door opened. (open后面沒(méi)跟賓語(yǔ)，此時(shí)，open是不及物動(dòng)詞。)He opened the door.(open后面有賓語(yǔ)the door, 此時(shí)，open是及物動(dòng)詞。)2.及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞注意：英語(yǔ)中一個(gè)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，關(guān)鍵

3、是看它用在句中時(shí)后面是否跟賓語(yǔ)。有些動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞又可作不及物動(dòng)詞，詞義相同。如：The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. begin(原形) began(過(guò)去式) begun(過(guò)去分詞)有些動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞又可作不及物動(dòng)詞，但詞義不同。如：The man walked away. He walked the dog every day. She washes clothes at home. The clothes washes well. 英語(yǔ)中一些單詞是及物還是不及物，可能與漢語(yǔ)不同。He listens to t

4、he music every day. ( listen為不及物動(dòng)詞，而漢語(yǔ)中“聽(tīng)”是及物動(dòng)詞。)(walk不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“走”)( walk及物動(dòng)詞，“遛”)( wash及物動(dòng)詞，“洗”)(wash不及物動(dòng)詞，“耐洗”)指出下列句中斜體動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，及物動(dòng)詞填vt.，不及物填vi.?？键c(diǎn)1.Most birds can fly.（ ）考點(diǎn)2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( )考點(diǎn)3.It happened yesterday.（ ）考點(diǎn)4.My watch stopped.（ ）考點(diǎn)5.The baby stoppe

5、d crying when he saw his mother. ( )考點(diǎn)6.She spoke at the meeting this morning. （ ）考點(diǎn)7.Shall I begin at once?（ ）考點(diǎn)8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.（ ）（ ）考點(diǎn)9.When did they leave Beijing?（ ）考點(diǎn)10.They left last week. （ ）3.3.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞是根據(jù)動(dòng)詞在句子中的含義和作用來(lái)劃分的。實(shí)義動(dòng)

6、詞也叫行為動(dòng)詞。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞指的是那些意義完全且能夠獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。如：He lives quite near. I like reading. I bought a pen yesterday. 助動(dòng)詞 助動(dòng)詞的“助”是“幫助”之意。因此，助動(dòng)詞是指那些用來(lái)幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、疑問(wèn)句、否定句、倒裝句和幫助強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞。這些詞本身無(wú)詞匯意義或意義不完全，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。 幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)： The boy is crying.(is 用來(lái)幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，和crying一起作謂語(yǔ)，是助動(dòng)詞。) He has arrived.(has用來(lái)幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，和arrived一起作謂語(yǔ)，是助動(dòng)詞

7、。) I have been painting all day. （have been用來(lái)幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，和painting一起作謂語(yǔ)，都是助動(dòng)詞。）幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問(wèn)句：Does he like English? (does幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句，沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是幫助構(gòu)成否定句，沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：Trees are planted in spring. (are幫助構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)The house has been pulled down. (has

8、been幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)，是助動(dòng)詞。)幫助構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)意義： He did come yesterday. 他昨天確實(shí)來(lái)過(guò)。（did起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)因此可以看出，常見(jiàn)的助動(dòng)詞為do, be, have，它們?yōu)榛局鷦?dòng)詞。注意：一個(gè)詞既可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也可以作助動(dòng)詞，具體是哪一種，主要看它們?cè)诰渲械墓δ堋e did his homework at seven oclock.(did單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，意為“做”，是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。)Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助動(dòng)詞，幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句，do是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為“做”，是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。)He has

9、 had breakfast. (has是助動(dòng)詞，幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，had是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為“吃”。has had一起構(gòu)成了句子的謂語(yǔ)。)幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣：If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣，是助動(dòng)詞，屬于謂語(yǔ)的一部分。)幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句：So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此愛(ài)他的母親以至于他母親生日那一天，他給她買了許多禮物。did只是幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句，

10、沒(méi)有具體意義，是助動(dòng)詞。)指出下列畫線單詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞還是助動(dòng)詞。i. Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming? ii. He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.iii. Where does( ) he live ( )?iv. He does ( ) some washing after work.v. He has ( ) had ( ) supper already.vi. The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.vii. I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all da

11、y.viii. He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞同助動(dòng)詞一樣，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，要和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起作謂語(yǔ)。因此，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也稱為情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞同基本助動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別在于，基本助動(dòng)詞本身無(wú)意義，而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有自己的意義。如：He can swim across the river.You must stay at home. I might leave tomorrow. (can的詞義為“能夠”)(must詞義為“必須”)（might的詞義為“或許”）4.4.謂語(yǔ)和非謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)和非謂語(yǔ) 在英語(yǔ)中，一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中只能有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)，再出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要變成非謂

12、語(yǔ)形式，即：在前面加to構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式，或在后面加-ing構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞或現(xiàn)在分詞，或在后面加-ed構(gòu)成過(guò)去分詞。也就是說(shuō)，非謂語(yǔ)是指：動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。先找出句中的謂語(yǔ)，然后改正句中的錯(cuò)誤，并說(shuō)明原因。考點(diǎn)1.Get up early is good for our health. 早起有利于我們的身體健康?？键c(diǎn)2.I want go home now.考點(diǎn)3.My favorite sport is play football. 我最喜愛(ài)的運(yùn)動(dòng)是踢足球?？键c(diǎn)4.There is a bird sings in the tree. 有一只鳥(niǎo)正在樹(shù)上唱歌?？键c(diǎn)5.The bo

13、y sits over there likes singing. 坐在那邊的那個(gè)男孩喜歡唱歌。 我現(xiàn)在想回家。Gettingtoplayingsingingsitting考點(diǎn)6.The house was built last year has been sold out. 去年建的那座房子已經(jīng)出售了。 考點(diǎn)7.The girls are singing over there are my classmates. 在那邊唱歌的那些女孩是我的同學(xué)。 考點(diǎn)8.My parents wanted him work hard. 我父母親想讓他努力學(xué)習(xí)。 考點(diǎn)9.I remember saw him t

14、hat day. 我記得那天看見(jiàn)過(guò)他?？键c(diǎn)10.I saw him walked into the building. 我看到他跑進(jìn)那座建筑物。 builtsingingtoseeingwalking5.5.主謂一致主謂一致 人稱和數(shù)的變化先看下列三組句中have、do和be的變化形式I have a book.He has a book.They have a book.I enjoy watching TV.You enjoy watching TV.We enjoy watching TV.He is sleeping.I am sleeping.They are sleeping.“人稱的變化”是指：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用什么形式，受前面主語(yǔ)是第幾人稱的影響。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)時(shí)（表示一個(gè)人），be在第一人稱I后用am, 在you后用are,