環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語和翻譯要求

1、環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語 和翻譯要求2English ProverbImperfection is beauty, madness(瘋狂) is genius (天才，天賦) ，and its better to be absolutely ridiculous (荒唐的) than absolutely boring.不完美也是一種美麗，瘋狂也是一種天賦，不靠譜總好過超無聊。 3Review of the Last Lesson4Appreciation of moviesThe 11th Hour Chinese name （中文名稱） 第十一個(gè)小時(shí)Director Castleberry，Leo

2、nardo DiCaprio Information about the move （相關(guān)信息）萊昂納多.迪卡普里奧 本片是以一種訪談的形式，向觀眾說明了我們所面臨環(huán)境問題。訪談對象包括前蘇聯(lián)總統(tǒng)戈?duì)柊蛦谭?、著名科學(xué)家史蒂芬霍金、前中情局局長詹姆斯伍爾西、超過50位的頂尖科學(xué)家、思想家和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者 。5Part Introduction to Environmental Engineering61. Background to Environment SciencePart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringScience and technolog

3、y constitute a primary productive force. ScienceSocial ScienceNature ScienceThe social science deals with the study of people and how they live together as families, tribes(群落，部落), communities (社區(qū)), races (種族), and nations.The nature sience deals with the study of nature and the physical world. It i

4、ncludes such diverse disciplines as biology, chemistry, geology, physics, and environmental science.72. What is the book about?Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringThe objective Description of environmentalThe objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the in

5、terdisciplinary（跨學(xué)科，各學(xué)科） study of environmental problems: their causes, why they are of concern, and how we can control them.The primary coverage Information on the basis causes of environmental disturbances (困擾) Basis scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems

6、 and to be able to quantify them 8Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringThe primary coverage Current state of the technology environmental control in its application to water, air and pollution problems Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling ma

7、ny of the complex interactions between human activities and nature Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology, but which are not dealt with because of societys lack of will to do so, or in many instances because of a lack of resources to

8、 do so.93. Some DefinitionsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringEnvironmentalEnvironmental is the physical and biotic habitat (棲息地) which surrounds us; that which we can see, hear, touch, smell, and taste.When the goal of improving environmental quality is taken to be improving human wellbe

9、ing (健康，幸福), the word environment broadens to include all kinds of social, economic, and cultural aspects.System is a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole; as, a solar system, irrigation system, water supply system, the world or universe.System103.

10、Some DefinitionsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringEngineeringEngineering is a profession (職業(yè)、專業(yè)) that applies science and mathematics to make the properties (特性) of matter and sources of energy useful in structures, machines, products, systems, and processes.Pollution can be defined as a

11、n undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms.Pollution11Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental engineering is manifest (顯

12、示，表明) by sound Engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of Environmental sanitation (衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)或設(shè)備), notably (尤其) in the provision of safe, palatable (可口的), and ample (足夠) public water supply; the proper disposal of or recycle of wasterwater and solid wastes; the adequate drainage of u

13、rban and rural (田園，鄉(xiāng)村),areas for proper sanitation; and the control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution, and the social and environmental impact of these solutions.Environmental engineeringFurthermore it is concerned with engineering problems on the field of public health.123. Interaction of s

14、ystemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringMany of environmental problems will apply only within one of water, air, or land systems , justifying (證明，為作出解釋) the breakdown (分解) into these categories. Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension (理解) of related problems within

15、 one system.Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative reasons, such subfields (子域) as air pollution, water supply, wastewater disposal, and solid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies. 133. Interaction of systemsPart Introduction to Environmen

16、tal EngineeringUnfortunately, many important environmental problems are not confined (局限于) to an air, water, or land system, but involve interactions between systems. A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from (根源) the emission (排放) of sulfur dioxide (二氧化硫) and nitrogen oxide gases int

17、o the atmosphere from the stacks (煙囪) of generating stations (發(fā)電廠), smelters (熔爐), and automobile exhausts (汽車尾氣) 。 These gases are then transported by air currents (氣流) over wide regions. Rainfall “washes them out”, creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life (水生生物), forests, and agricultur

18、al crops. 144. Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringMany major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of science and technology. With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land (耕地), dis

19、appearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls (微生物滋長 ). Environmental problems are always interrelated. Sometimes a solution to one problem actually creates another problem.154. Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringFor example, whe

20、n people are sick and dying from disease, it is natural to want to improve human health.When health is improved and infant mortality (嬰兒死亡率) is reduced, a population explosion may result. To feed this growing pollution, natural habitats (自然棲息地) are often destroyed by turning them into farmland. As n

21、atural habitats are destroyed, the wild plants, predatory animals (食肉動物), and parasites (寄生生物) that once lived there are killed as well. 164. Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringBecause of the lack of predators and parasites, outbreaks of insect pests (害蟲) become more

22、 common. Farmers use pesticides (農(nóng)藥) to control the pests and protect the crops, but in the process the environment becomes polluted. The development of this entire (整個(gè)的) cycle in itself consumes fossil fuel (化石燃料) supplies that are becoming scarce. In addition, when fuels are burned, air pollutants

23、 are generated. 174. Environmental ProblemsPart Introduction to Environmental EngineeringHow does a person begin to study such a network of interlocking (相關(guān)聯(lián)的) problems? To make the task (工作、任務(wù)) a bit more manageable, we should recognize what environmental problems people are up against.What environ

24、mental problems are people up against？OverpopulationPollutionDepletion of ResourcesChanges in the Global ConditionThe War18Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringOverpopulationOverpopulation may be defined as the presence in a given area of more people than can be supported adequately by the

25、resources available in that area.Many people argue that the population explosion that has taken place in the twentieth century is now the most important problem we face. It is important first because overpopulation is a major cause of all environmental problems: Fewer people would use less oil, chop

26、 down fewer trees, and pour less sewage into rivers. 19Part Introduction to Environmental EngineeringOverpopulationSecond, overpopulation and the starvation（饑餓） that accompanies it are generally higher on our list of priorities than other environmental concerns. It is hard to argue that an area shou

27、ld be set aside as parkland to preserve（保護(hù)） a vanishing（消失） forest or savanna（平原，熱帶大草原） when that might be used to raise crops that would prevent fellow human beings from starving to death. 20專業(yè)英語翻譯理論專業(yè)英語翻譯理論21專業(yè)英語翻譯理論范文：Aerobic TreatmentAerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic t

28、reatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.Aerobic bacteria are like humans in that they require oxygen to survive and thrive. This is the primary difference between aerobic system

29、s and septic systems, you see. Septic systems depend on much less efficient anaerobic bacteria. 22專業(yè)英語翻譯理論During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-calle

30、d aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated. Of all biological waste treatment method, aerobic digestion is the most widespead process used throughout the world (more than 95%).Aerobic bacteria demand oxygen to decompose dissolved pollutants. Large amounts of pollutants require large qu

31、antities of bacteria; hence the demand for oxygen will be high.The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in biological oxidation by the bacteria. It is expressed in mg/L.23專業(yè)英語翻譯理論The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the

32、quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in chemical oxidation, by adding strong acids. It is expressed in mg/L.The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable. Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste

33、products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.24專業(yè)英語翻譯理論1. 專業(yè)英語翻譯概論1.1 專業(yè)英語的特點(diǎn)1.1.1 專業(yè)英語的詞匯特點(diǎn)專業(yè)詞匯出現(xiàn)的頻率低。詞義專一。廣泛是使用縮寫詞。如：COD chemical oxygen demand 化學(xué)需氧量BOD biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量TOC total organic carbon 總有機(jī)碳DO disso

34、lved oxygen 溶解氧25專業(yè)英語翻譯理論P(yáng)OPs persistent organic pollutants 持久性有機(jī)污染物TSP total suspended particle 總懸浮顆粒TKN total Kjeldahl nitrogen 總凱氏氮UASB up flow anaerobic sludge blanket 上流式厭氧污泥床MBR membrane bioreactor 膜生物反應(yīng)器SBR sequencing batch reactor 間歇式活性污泥法 專業(yè)英語的句法特點(diǎn)廣泛使用陳述句。Aerobic means requiring the presenc

35、e of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.26專業(yè)英語翻譯理論廣泛使用被動語態(tài)。During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2), water

36、(H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated.被動語態(tài)在專業(yè)英語中的使用比在其他場合更為廣泛，主要因?yàn)楸粍泳浔戎鲃泳涓苷f明需要論證的對象，更能使其位置鮮明、突出。27專業(yè)英語翻譯理論簡略表達(dá)多。The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutan

37、ts in the wastewater that is biodegradable. 長句使用多。Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.主句帶若干從句，從句帶短語，短語帶從句，相互依附，相互制約。28專業(yè)英語翻譯理論Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trill

38、ion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.句子倒置。Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice多重修飾。ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety p

39、ercent of them from Antarctica.29專業(yè)英語翻譯理論Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.庖丁解牛。ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more

40、 than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.就近修飾原則。Layer 1: Ice encased in 10,000 icebergsLayer 2: icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, icebergsmore than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.粗譯：世界大洋里漂浮著7659萬億噸的冰。這些冰包含在10000多個(gè)冰山里。這些冰山從極地冰蓋脫落而產(chǎn)生；多于90%的這些冰山來源于南極。30專業(yè)英語翻譯理論1.1.3 專業(yè)英語的修辭特

41、點(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用有限。過去研究過去時(shí)（與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系）；討論理論用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Biofiltration technique for disposing ammonium-contaminated gas streams was investigated. 修辭手法較為單調(diào)。31專業(yè)英語翻譯理論邏輯性語法詞使用普遍。如：表示原因的詞：because, because of, due to, owing to, as, as a result, caused by, for表示語氣轉(zhuǎn)折的詞：but, however, nevertheless, yet, otherwise表示邏輯、順利連接的詞：so,

42、 thus, therefore, furthermore, moreover, in addition to 表示限制的詞：only, if only, except, besides, unless表示假設(shè)的詞：suppose, supposing, assuming, provided, providingAerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than

43、 that obtained in anaerobic processes.32專業(yè)英語翻譯理論1.2 翻譯的基本知識1.2.1 翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚴(yán)復(fù)天演論：信、達(dá)、雅忠實(shí)：譯文必須忠實(shí)、正確地傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容。通順：譯文的語言必須規(guī)范、流暢、通俗易懂。33專業(yè)英語翻譯理論1.2.2 翻譯的過程理解-表達(dá)翻譯的理解過程通讀全文，領(lǐng)會大意。明辨語法，弄清關(guān)系。結(jié)合上下文，推敲詞義。Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and pur

44、ification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.34專業(yè)英語翻譯理論 翻譯的表達(dá)過程a. 一稿初譯，忠實(shí)為主。b. 二稿核對，注意邏輯。c. 三稿定局，潤色詞句。 翻譯的方法 直譯 意譯Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purificat

45、ion process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.35專業(yè)英語翻譯理論2. 詞義的選擇和引申2.1 詞義的選擇2.1.1 根據(jù)詞類選擇詞義E.g.: like：像、同樣的、喜歡、希望、如同 He would like to join our discussion. Things like air, water or metal are matter.Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.I

46、 hope that I can drive the tractor like you do. 36專業(yè)英語翻譯理論2.1.2 根據(jù)詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇詞義E.g.: operate: 操作、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、完成、實(shí)施Thermal convection will not operated in zero gravity.Rockets operate in the vacuum of outer space as well as in the earth atmosphere.Transistors(晶體管) operate as control devices and amplifier.The ele

47、ctric computers can operate only according to instructions, which must be prepared by man in advance. 37專業(yè)英語翻譯理論 represent: 代表，表示、相當(dāng)于，是、提供、闡述Inorganic flocculants represent nearly 20% of the total flocculants.The material referred to as “acid rain” represents the raindrops dissolved CO2 which have a

48、 pH of 5.6.38專業(yè)英語翻譯理論2.1.3 根據(jù)單、復(fù)數(shù)及習(xí)慣表達(dá)選擇詞義E.g.:The ability to do work is called energy. （功）This iron and steel works was set up last year. （工廠）The time for the water supply is cut by half.A is three times as large as B.2.1.4 語言習(xí)慣的轉(zhuǎn)換 E.g.:Magnetism is used to measure the coldest temperature. (很低的）Lig

49、ht-colored things reflect more light than dark-colored things. （深、淺）39專業(yè)英語翻譯理論2.2 詞義的引申2.2.1 單詞的引申E.g.:Today is the link between yesterday and tomorrow. （橋梁）This kind of wood works easily. （加工）Within these broad categories, process differ according to the type of the drier(干燥機(jī)).The thicker the wire

50、the more freely it will carry current. （容易）40專業(yè)英語翻譯理論2.2.2 詞組的引申E.g.:Alloys belong to a half-way house between mixture and compounds. （中間結(jié)構(gòu)） At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. （能源） High concentrations of critical elements, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, may affect the human h

51、ealth. （微量）41專業(yè)英語翻譯理論3. 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換3.1 非動詞譯成動詞E.g.:The control unit of a computer causes the machine to operate according to mans wish.計(jì)算機(jī)的控制單元使機(jī)器人按照人的意志運(yùn)作。42專業(yè)英語翻譯理論3.1.1 名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞1.單獨(dú)的名詞用作動詞（1）動名詞、動詞派生的名詞，具有動作意義的名詞可直接譯為動詞E.g.: In the absence of friction, vehicles could not even start.Control of dissolved o

52、xygen, solids retention time and hydrolytic retention time is necessary for efficient treatment of wastewater.c. The main object of sedimentation is the separation of clear water from mixture.43專業(yè)英語翻譯理論(2) 一些加er或or的名詞，有時(shí)在句中并不表示一個(gè)人的身份或職業(yè)，而具有較強(qiáng)的動作意義，這種詞漢譯時(shí)可譯為動詞。 E.g.:Talking with his son, the old man

53、was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.Professor Wang was the instructor of our experiment.2. 適用于動詞短語或介詞短語中的名詞可譯為動詞。E.g.:A body is negatively charged when it has electrons in excess of its normal number.44專業(yè)英語翻譯理論3.1.2. 形容詞譯為動詞1. 英語中表示感覺、知覺、信念的詞，如familiar、 confident、sensible of等在句中作表語時(shí)，譯成動詞。 E.g.: Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment.We are not sure about the effect of this parameter on the quality of the effluent.45專業(yè)英語翻譯理論2. 有些要求有固定介詞的形容詞在句中作表語或定語時(shí)，譯成動詞。E.g.:The final product moistu