OG閱讀隱藏答案版(with答案)

1、Table of Content TOC o 1-3 h z u HYPERLINK l _Toc85303952 Passage 1 PAGEREF _Toc85303952 h 2 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303953 Passage 2 PAGEREF _Toc85303953 h 4 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303954 Passage 3 PAGEREF _Toc85303954 h 6 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303955 Passage 4 PAGEREF _Toc85303955 h 9 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303956 Pa

2、ssage 5 PAGEREF _Toc85303956 h 11 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303957 Passage 6 PAGEREF _Toc85303957 h 13 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303958 Passage 7 PAGEREF _Toc85303958 h 15 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303959 Passage 8 PAGEREF _Toc85303959 h 17 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303960 Passage 9 PAGEREF _Toc85303960 h 20 HYPERLINK l _Toc853039

3、61 Passage 10 PAGEREF _Toc85303961 h 22 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303962 Passage 11 PAGEREF _Toc85303962 h 23 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303963 Passage 12 PAGEREF _Toc85303963 h 25 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303964 Passage 13 PAGEREF _Toc85303964 h 27 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303965 Passage 14 PAGEREF _Toc85303965 h 28 HYPERLINK l

4、_Toc85303966 Passage 15 PAGEREF _Toc85303966 h 30 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303967 Passage 16 PAGEREF _Toc85303967 h 32 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303968 Passage 17 PAGEREF _Toc85303968 h 34 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303969 Passage 18 PAGEREF _Toc85303969 h 36 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303970 Passage 19 PAGEREF _Toc85303970 h 38 HY

5、PERLINK l _Toc85303971 Passage 20 PAGEREF _Toc85303971 h 39 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303972 Passage 21 PAGEREF _Toc85303972 h 41 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303973 Passage 22 PAGEREF _Toc85303973 h 43 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303974 Passage 23 PAGEREF _Toc85303974 h 45 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303975 Passage 24 PAGEREF _Toc853039

6、75 h 46 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303976 Passage 25 PAGEREF _Toc85303976 h 48 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303977 Passage 26 PAGEREF _Toc85303977 h 49 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303978 Passage 27 PAGEREF _Toc85303978 h 51 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303979 Passage 28 PAGEREF _Toc85303979 h 53 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303980 Passage 29 PAGEREF

7、_Toc85303980 h 55 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303981 Passage 30 PAGEREF _Toc85303981 h 57 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303982 Passage 31 PAGEREF _Toc85303982 h 59 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303983 Passage 32 PAGEREF _Toc85303983 h 62 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303984 Passage 33 PAGEREF _Toc85303984 h 64 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303985 Passage 3

8、4 PAGEREF _Toc85303985 h 66 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303986 Passage 35 PAGEREF _Toc85303986 h 67 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303987 Passage 36 PAGEREF _Toc85303987 h 70 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303988 Passage 37 PAGEREF _Toc85303988 h 71 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303989 Passage 38 PAGEREF _Toc85303989 h 72 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303990

9、 Passage 39 PAGEREF _Toc85303990 h 74 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303991 Passage 40 PAGEREF _Toc85303991 h 76 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303992 Passage 41 PAGEREF _Toc85303992 h 77 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303993 Passage 42 PAGEREF _Toc85303993 h 78 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303994 Passage 43 PAGEREF _Toc85303994 h 80 HYPERLINK l _T

10、oc85303995 Passage 44 PAGEREF _Toc85303995 h 81 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303996 Passage 45 PAGEREF _Toc85303996 h 82 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303997 Passage 46 PAGEREF _Toc85303997 h 83 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303998 Passage 47 PAGEREF _Toc85303998 h 84 HYPERLINK l _Toc85303999 Passage 48 PAGEREF _Toc85303999 h 86使用說明1

11、、各題答案和解釋均隱藏在每篇文章后面，顯示的方法是鼠標(biāo)左鍵單擊“常用”工具欄“顯示/隱藏編輯標(biāo)記”按鈕。再次單擊又被隱藏。2、試題及答案均經(jīng)無數(shù)遍仔細(xì)校對，是官方答案，但錯(cuò)誤肯定在所難免。請各位不吝指正，不勝感謝！祝你成功！ READING COMPREHENSIONPassage 1Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called“the most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth .”Synder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed thatc

12、affeine affects behavior by countering the activity in(5) the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical calledadenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron firingin many areas of the brain. It apparently does this byinhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicalsthat carry nerve impulses

13、 from one neuron to the next.(10) Like many other agents that affect neuron firing,adenosine must first bind to specific receptors onneuronal membranes. There are at least two classesof these receptors, which have been designated A1 andA2. Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is struc-(15) tura

14、lly similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both typesof receptors, which prevents adenosine from attachingthere and allows the neurons to fire more readily thanthey otherwise would.For many years, caffeines effects have been attri-(20) buted to its inhibition of the production of phosphodi-esteras

15、e, an enzyme that breaks down the chemicalcalled cyclic AMP.A number of neurotransmitters exerttheir effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentra-tions in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at(25) the elevated concentrations, as might be brought aboutby a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, c

16、ould lead to a greateramount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behav-ioral stimulation. But Snyder et al point out that thecaffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the production(30) of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher thanthose that produce stimulation. Moreover, other com-pound

17、s that block phosphodiesterases activity are notstimulants.To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by pre-(35) venting adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared thestimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives withtheir ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors inthe brains

18、 of mice. “In general,” they reported, “theability of the compounds to compete at the receptors(40) correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion inthe mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at thereceptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomo-tion.” Theophylline, a close st

19、ructural relative of caffeineand the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most(45) effective compounds in both regards.There were some apparent exceptions to the generalcorrelation observed between adenosine-receptor bindingand stimulation. One of these was a compound called3-isobuty1-1-methylxant

20、hine(IBMX), which bound very(50) well but actually depressed mouse locomotion. Snyderet al suggest that this is not a major stumbling block totheir hypothesis. The problem is that the compound hasmixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence withpsychoactive drugs. Even caffeine, which is gen

21、erally(55) known only for its stimulatory effects, displays thisproperty, depressing mouse locomotion at very lowconcentrations and stimulating it at higher ones.1. The primary purpose of the passage is todiscuss a plan for investigation of a phenomenon that is not yet fully understoodpresent two ex

22、planations of a phenomenon and reconcile the differences between themsummarize two theories and suggest a third theory that overcomes the problems encountered in the first twodescribe an alternative hypothesis and provide evidence and arguments that support it（D）challenge the validity of a theory by

23、 exposing the inconsistencies and contradictions in it2. According so Snyder et al, caffeine differs from adenosine in that caffeinestimulates behavior in the mouse and in humans, whereas adenosine stimulates behavior in humans onlyhas mixed effects in the brain, whereas adenosine has only a stimula

24、tory effectincreases cyclic AMP concentrations in target neurons, whereas adenosine decreases such concentrationspermits release of neurotransmitters when it is bound to adenosine receptors, whereas adenosine inhibits such release（D）inhibits both neuron firing and the production of phosphodiesterase

25、 when there is a sufficient concentration in the brain, whereas adenosine inhibits only neuron firing3. In response to experimental results concerning IBMX, Snyder et al contended that it is not uncommon for psychoactive drugs to havemixed effects in the braininhibitory effects on enzymes in the bra

26、inclose structural relationships with caffeinedepressive effects on mouse locomotion（A）the ability to dislodge caffeine from receptors in the brain4. According to Snyder et al, all of the following compounds can bind to specific receptors in the brain EXCEPTIBMXcaffeineadenosinetheophylline（E）phosph

27、odiesterase5. Snyder et al suggest that caffeines ability to bind to A1 and A2 receptors can be at least partially attributed towhich of the following?The chemical relationship between caffeine and phosphodiesteraseThe structural relationship between caffeine and adenosineThe structural similarity b

28、etween caffeine and neurotransmittersThe ability of caffeine to stimulate behavior（B）The natural occurrence of caffeine and adenosine in the brain6. The author quotes Snyder et al in lines 38-43 most probably in order toreveal some of the assumptions underlying their theorysummarize a major finding

29、of their experimentspoint out that their experiments were limited to the mouseindicate that their experiments resulted only in general correlations（B）refute the objections made by supporters of the older theory1.D is the best answer. This question requires you to identify the primary concern of the

30、passage as awhole. The first paragraph presents a recent hypothesis about how caffeine affects behavior. Thesecond paragraph describes an earlier and widely accepted hypothesis about how caffeine affectsbehavior, and then presents evidence that is not consistent with that hypothesis. The third andfo

31、urth paragraphs return to the newer hypothesis introduced in the first paragraph and provide“evidence and arguments” that support this alternative hypothesis.2.D is the best answer.Lines 11-23 state that adenosine “depresses neuron firing” by binding to specific receptors onneuronal membranes, which

32、 in turn inhibits the release of neurotransmitters. Lines 27-35 describeSnyder et als hypothesis about caffeine. They propose that caffeine binds to specific receptors onneuronal membranes, which prevents adenosine from binding to those receptors and “allows theneurons to fire more readily that they

33、 otherwise would”. Therefore, according to Snyder et al,caffeine differs from adenosine in that caffeine permits neurotransmitter release when it is boundto adenosine receptors, whereas adenosine inhibits neruotransmitter release.3.A is the best answer. The effects of IBMX are discussed in the last

34、paragraph of the passage.IBMX apparently binds to adenosine-specific receptors on neuronal membranes, but, in contrast tothe other caffeine derivatives that Snyder et al experimented with, IBMX depresses rather thanstimulates mouse locomotion. Snyder et al respond to this experimental result by stat

35、ing thatIBMX has “mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs”(line104-107)4.E is the best answer. This question asks you to identify which compound, according to Snyder etal, does NOT bind to specific receptors in the brain. Phosphodiesterase, identified as an “enzy

36、methat breaks down the chemical called cyclic AMP”(lines 40-42), is the only compound that is notidentified as one that binds to specific receptors in the brain.5.B is the best answer.This question asks you to identify information that is suggested rather than directly stated in thepassage. To answe

37、r it, first look for the location in the passage of the information specified in thequestion. The A1 and A2 receptors are mentioned in lines 23-26. Lines 27-35 go on to describeSnyder et als hypothesis about the effects of caffeine on behavior. They propose that caffeine,“which is structurally simil

38、ar to adenosine,” is able to bind to A1 and A2 receptors in the brain, thesame receptors that adenosine normally binds to. Thus, the passage suggests that the structuralrelationship between caffeine and adenosine may be partially responsible for caffeines ability tobind to A1 and A2 receptors.6.B is

39、 the best answer.This question asks you to identify the function of a quotation in the third paragraph of the passage.The third paragraph provides evidence for Snyder et als hypothesis by discussing experimentsthey conducted on mice. The quotation in lines 74-84 “summarizes” the findings of theseexp

40、eriments. Snyder et al found that a number of caffeine derivatives are able to bind to specificreceptors in the brains of mice just as adenosine does, and that the derivatives that are mostsuccessful at stimulating locomotion are also the most successful in competing with adenosine inbinding at the

41、receptors. This finding is “major” in that it supports their hypothesis that thesimulative effects of caffeine are a result of its ability to compete with adenosine.Passage 2Archaeology as a profession faces two major prob-lems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltrysums are available for

42、 excavating and even less is avail-able for publishing the results and preserving the sites(5) once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with pricelessobjects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegalexcavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces beingsold to the highest bidder.I would like t

43、o make an outrageous suggestion that(10) would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology andreduce the amount of illegal digging. I would proposethat scientific archeological expeditions and govern-mental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the openmarket. Such sales would provide substantial

44、funds for(15) the excavation and preservation of archaeological sitesand the publication of results. At the same time, theywould break the illegal excavators grip on the market,thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegalactivities.(20) You might object that professionals excavate toacquir

45、e knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient arti-facts are part of our global cultural heritage, whichshould be available for all to appreciate, not sold to thehighest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique(25) artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply,everything that comes our o

46、f the ground has scientificvalue. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may becorrect in claiming that every artifact has potential scien-tific value. Practically, you are wrong.(30) I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancientlamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. Inone

47、 small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recentlyuncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs ina single courtyard, Even precious royal seal impressions(35) known as/melekh handles have been found in abun-dancemore than 4,000 examples so far.The basements of museums are simply not large

48、enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discov-ered in the future. There is not enough money even to(40) catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be foundagain and become as inaccessible as if they had neverbeen discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer,sold artifacts could be

49、 more accessible than are thepieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to(45) sale, each could be photographed and the list of thepurchasers could be maintained on the computer Apurchaser could even be required to agree to return thepiece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.It

50、would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging(50) would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market.But the demand for the clandestine product would besubstantially reduced. Who would want an unmarkedpot when another was available whose provenance wasknown, and that was dated stratigraphic

51、ally by theprofessional archaeologist who excavated it?7. The primary purpose of the passage is to proposean alternative to museum display of artifactsa way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological professiona way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value from those that have

52、 no such valuethe governmental regulation of archaeological sites（B）a new system for cataloguing duplicate artifacts8. The author implies that all of the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT:A market for such artifacts already exists.Such artifacts seldom have scientific va

53、lue.There is likely to be a continuing supply of such artifacts.Museums are well supplied with examples of such artifacts.（E）Such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those already catalogued in museum collections.9. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing a

54、rtifacts in museum basements?Museum officials rarely allow scholars access to such artifacts.Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.Such artifacts are often damaged by variations in temperature

55、 and humidity.（E）Such artifacts often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.10. The author mentions the excavation in Cyprus (lines 31-34) to emphasize which of the following points?Ancient lamps and pottery vessels are less valuable, although more rare, than ro

56、yal seal impressions.Artifacts that are very similar to each other present cataloguing difficulties to archaeologists.Artifacts that are not uniquely valuable, and therefore could be sold, are available in large quantities.Cyprus is the most important location for unearthing large quantities of sala

57、ble artifacts.（C）Illegal sales of duplicate artifacts are wide-spread, particularly on the island of Cyprus.11. The authors argument concerning the effect of the official sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal excavation isbased on which of the following assumptions?Prospective purchasers would pref

58、er to buy authenticated artifacts.The price of illegally excavated artifacts would rise.Computers could be used to trace sold artifacts.Illegal excavators would be forced to sell only duplicate artifacts. （A）Money gained from selling authenticated artifacts could be used to investigate and prosecute

59、 illegal excavators.12. The author anticipates which of the following initial objections to the adoption of his proposal?Museum officials will become unwilling to store artifacts.An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.Artifacts that would have been displayed

60、 in public places will be sold to private collectors.Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts for resale. （C）Counterfeiting of artifacts will become more commonplace.7.B is the best answer.The first paragraph identifies two major problems faced by the archaeological profession