數(shù)詞翻譯課件

1、 數(shù)詞的翻譯The Translation of Numerals/在翻譯中，我們時常也會碰到數(shù)詞的翻譯。由于英漢兩種語言在表達數(shù)字以及倍數(shù)增減方面存在一定的差別，翻譯時應(yīng)十分小心，稍有不慎，就可能會出現(xiàn)錯誤。因此我們在翻譯數(shù)字時務(wù)必格外謹慎，力爭做到準確無誤。/數(shù)詞組成的常用短語這類短語大多是由數(shù)詞和介詞搭配而成，或是數(shù)詞和其他詞類搭配而成，常用來表示不確定的范圍和概念，有時也可表示事物所處的狀態(tài)或其他情況。例如：by hundreds hundreds of數(shù)以百計; 數(shù)百 數(shù)以百計by thousands thousands of 數(shù)以千計；大量 數(shù)千；數(shù)以千計by (the) mill

2、ions 數(shù)以百萬計/hundreds of thousands of 幾十萬；無數(shù)的thousands upon thousands 數(shù)萬的 tens of thousands好幾萬several millions of 數(shù)百萬 millions upon millions of 數(shù)千萬的hundreds of millions billions of數(shù)億的 幾十億/scores of dozens of許多，幾十個 幾打；幾十個tens of, decades of數(shù)十個ten to one十比一；十之八九（表示很有可能）nine cases out of ten十之八九；常常nine t

3、enths十分之久；十之八九；幾乎全部fifty-fifty各半的；對半的；平均/Exercises：Thousands of people attended the meeting.數(shù)千人參加了會議。Ten to one she has forgotten it.十有八九她把這件事給忘了。Her name ranks last but one on the list.她的名字在名單上排在倒數(shù)第二。In a few minutes the students began to come in by twos and threes.幾分鐘之后，學生們?nèi)齼蓛傻刈吡诉M來。/數(shù)詞的換算：ten tho

4、usand one hundred thousand（10個千）一萬 （100個千）十萬ten million one hundred million（10個百萬）千萬 （100個百萬）億one billion ten billion十億（美式英語） （10個十億）百億one hundred billion（100個十億）千億one trillion萬億/The Translation of estimates:What are estimates (概數(shù))?概數(shù)是用來表示簡略、大概情況的數(shù)字。英語和漢語中都有使用概數(shù)來表示不確定的范圍或概念的語言現(xiàn)象。例如漢語中的幾個、十來個、若干、大約、大

5、概、左右、上下、約有、不到、多于、少于等概念，在英語中都能找到與之對等的詞。/1. 表示“大約”、“不確定”的翻譯方法在英語中，一般常使用about, some, around, round, nearly, towards, somewhere about, estimated, approximately, in/of/on the border of, close to等詞修飾數(shù)字，表示“不確定”、“大約”、“上下”、“將近”、“幾 乎”等。The volume of the sun is about (or some, around, round) 1,300,000 times th

6、at of the earth.太陽的體積約為地球的130萬倍。It is nearly (or towards) 4 oclock.現(xiàn)在已是將近4點了。/The price of this new machine is in the neighborhood of a thousand dollars.這臺新機器的價格約1,000美元。According to the weatherman, the temperature will be up 5 or so. 據(jù)天氣預(yù)報，氣溫將升高5左右。/2. 表示“不多不少”、“恰恰正好”的翻譯方法英語中一般使用clear, cool, exactl

7、y, flat, just, sharp, whole等。Professor Johnson finished the experiment in twenty-four hours flat.約翰遜教授完成這實驗正好用了24小時。The physician treated cool 30 patients that day.這位醫(yī)生那天正好看了30個病人。/The plane takes off at 8 oclock sharp.這架飛機8點整起飛。The machine worked for ten whole days.這臺機器整整運轉(zhuǎn)了10天時間。The wire measures

8、exact twenty meters.這條導(dǎo)線剛好20米長。/3. 表示“高于”、“多于”的翻譯方法英語常用more than, odd, over, above, long, past, or more, upwards of , higher than, exceed, in excess of 等詞修飾數(shù)字，表示“超過”、“以上”、“有余”、“高于”、“多于”等。Only when a rocket attains a speed of 18,000 odd miles per hour, can it put a man-made satellite into orbit.只有當火箭

9、速度達到每小時18，000多英里時，才能把人造衛(wèi)星送入軌道。/Pig iron is an alloy of iron and carbon with the carbon content more than two percent.生鐵是鐵碳合金，其中碳含量超過2%。Over/ Above/ More than/ Not less than 100 chemicals elements are known to man, of which about 80 are metals.人類已知的化學元素有100種以上，其中有約80種是金屬。Upwards of seven thousand med

10、ical workers and twenty thousand PLA men have left for the earthquake district.有七千多名醫(yī)務(wù)人員和兩萬多名解放軍前往震區(qū)。/The patients are children of three years old and upwards.這些病人是三歲和三歲以上的兒童。The weight of this child is said to be over one hundred pounds.據(jù)說，這個孩子的體重有100多磅。It took me more than two hours to finish the

11、homework.我花了兩個多小時才做完家庭作業(yè)。This car has run a long thousand miles.這輛車已經(jīng)跑了1000多英里。/4. 表示“少于”、“差一些”、“不到”等的翻譯方法英語常用less, less than, below, no more than, under, short of , off, to, within, as few as 等詞修飾數(shù)字，表示“少于”、“不到”、“以下”等。It took one month less than three years for them to develop the new material.他們花了三

12、年差一個月的時間才研制出了這種新材料。/The price of that tricycle is less than one hundred and eighty-five francs.那輛三輪車的人售價還不到185法郎。He bought the coffeepot at 6 dollars off the list price.他以低于價目表6美元的價格買下了那個咖啡壺。Helium in the air is a little under 1%.空氣中氦的含量略低于1%。The efficiency of the best of these engines is under/ bel

13、ow/ less than/ no more than 40%.這些發(fā)動機中效率最好的也不到40%。/5. 形容數(shù)目多、數(shù)量多，表示“多達”“高達”“足足”的翻譯方法英語中常用full, solid, at least, all of, no less than, asasThey covered full twenty reference resources on rocks in a single day.僅用了一天時間，他們就看完了足足20種有關(guān)巖石的資料。The motor ran 450 solid days on end.馬達連續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)了足足450天。/The experiment

14、will take three months, at least.實驗至少需要三個月時間。The temperature at the suns center is as high as 10,000,000C.太陽中心的溫度高達攝氏1，000萬度。There were no less than 3,000 dead and wounded in the 9.11 terrorist attack.在9.11恐怖襲擊中，死傷者達三千多人。/6. 形容數(shù)目小、數(shù)量少，“至多”“僅”的翻譯英語中常用only, merely, barely, scarcely, but, at most, no m

15、ore than, scant。There is at most only room for one person.至多只有可容納一個人的空間。That solar-energy car weighs only/ merely/ scarcely/ barely/ but 500 kg.那輛太陽能汽車重量僅有500公斤。Inspection time for the installation was no more than 2 hours.檢驗安裝工作僅用了兩個小時。/The Translation of Multiples（倍數(shù)）倍數(shù)在英語中使用得相當普遍，但在表達方式上，英漢兩種語言卻大

16、相徑庭。例如：to increase 5 times漢語可譯成“增加到5倍”，也可譯成“增加了4倍”；to decrease 5 times在漢語中通常不譯為“減少5倍”，而譯為“減少到1/5”或“減少了4/5”。因此“了”和“到”這類問題很容易使人混淆迷惑。翻譯時務(wù)必謹慎嚴密，力爭做到準確無誤。/1. 倍數(shù)增加的譯法英語中表示倍數(shù)增加時，常常要把基數(shù)包括在內(nèi)。增加的倍數(shù)通常指現(xiàn)在的數(shù)量為原來數(shù)量的倍數(shù)。譯成漢語“增加到若干倍”、“為的若干倍”或“若干倍于”這種句型時，可將原文中數(shù)字照舊譯出；若是譯成“增加（了）若干倍”這種句型時，通常要把原文中的數(shù)字減去一。/ 倍數(shù)+asasThe grai

17、n output of this year is about three times as great as that of last year.今年的糧食產(chǎn)量大約是去年的三倍。（或：今年的糧食產(chǎn)量比去年多兩倍左右。）Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲比歐洲大3倍。（或：亞洲是歐洲的4倍大。）This substance reacts three times as fast as the other.該物質(zhì)的反應(yīng)速度是那種物質(zhì)反應(yīng)速度的3倍。（或：該物質(zhì)的反應(yīng)速度比那種物質(zhì)的反應(yīng)速度快2倍）/ 倍數(shù)+比較級+thanKuwait oil wells

18、 yield nearly 500 times more than U.S. wells.科威特油井的產(chǎn)油量幾乎是美國油井的500倍。Iron is almost three times heavier than aluminum.鐵的重量幾乎是鋁的3倍。（或：鐵幾乎比鋁重兩倍。）X is 15 times larger than Y.X是Y的15倍。/ 表示增加意義的動詞+倍數(shù)常見的表示增加意義的動詞有increase, rise, exceed, grow, raise, expand, go up等。The number of the students enrolled in eveni

19、ng classes has increased more than twofold.注冊上晚間課的學生人數(shù)增加了一倍多。The total volume of state purchase in the first quarter rose by 5.2 percent, compared with the same period of last year.和去年同期相比，國家第一季度的總收購量增長了5.2個百分點。/ 表示增加意義的詞+by a factor of+數(shù)詞這種句式譯成漢語時，必須把原文中的數(shù)字減去一，因為漢語不把基數(shù)包括在內(nèi)。Today the speed of our ca

20、r exceeds the ordinary speed by a factor of three.今天，我們的汽車速度超過了平常速度的兩倍。The population of this county has increased by a factor of five.這個縣的人口已經(jīng)增長了4倍。/ 表示倍數(shù)意義的詞+賓語（或表語）英語中表示倍數(shù)意義的動詞主要有double（變成兩倍），treble（變成三倍），quadruple（變成四倍）等。這些詞也能當形容詞使用。The new airport will double the capacity of the existing one.新機

21、場是現(xiàn)有機場容量的2倍。The population has nearly trebled in forty years.人口在40年中增加了近2倍。The company quadrupled output to around 20 million tons.該公司把產(chǎn)量增至2，000萬噸 左右，是原來的4倍。/2. 倍數(shù)減少的譯法英語中常使用表示減少意義的詞加上數(shù)詞來說明減少的倍數(shù)。減少的倍數(shù)通常指原來數(shù)量為現(xiàn)在數(shù)量的倍數(shù)。 用表示“減少”的動詞（decrease, reduce, fall, lower等）連接“by n 或n%”，表示凈減量；用系動詞+“n less(than)”表示凈

22、減量，所減數(shù)字均可照譯。180 decreased by 90 is 90.180減去90等于90。/This new process used 35% less fuel.這種工藝少用了35%的燃料。The cost decreased by 40%.成本下降了40%。/ 用表示“減少”的動詞（decrease, reduce, fall, lower等）連接“by n times”, “n times”, “n times as + 形容詞或副詞+as”，“by a factor of n”等，均可譯 作“減少了n分之(n-1)”或“減少到n分之1”。The enterprise mana

23、gement expenditure this year has decreased by three times as against that of 2002.該企業(yè)今年的行政管理開支比2002年降低了2/3。The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. 該設(shè)備誤差概率降低了4/5。 /The error probability of the equipment was reduced by 2.5 times through technical innovation.通過技術(shù)革新該設(shè)備誤差概率降低3/5。The

24、 principal advantage over the old-fashioned machine is a four-fold reduction in weight.與舊式機器比，主要特點是重量減少了四分之三。 The plastic container is five times lighter than that glass one.這個塑料容器比那個玻璃容器輕五分之四。/The Cultural Connotation of Numbers 1. Different Cultural Perspectives towards Numbers Westerners prefer “

25、7”e.g. “seven days in creation” （The Bible)時間創(chuàng)造了世間萬物。/In the Bible, there are : The Seven Virtues : Faith, Hope, Charity, Justice, Fortitude, Prudence, Temperance信任、希望、仁慈、公正、毅力、謹慎、節(jié)制 The Seven Deadly Sin: Pride, Wrath, Envy, Lust, Gluttony, Avarice, Sloth傲慢、暴怒、嫉妒、淫欲、暴食、貪婪、懶惰/ Chinese prefer “6, 8, 9”隋唐政府有六部，皇后的寢宮稱為六宮（三宮六院），佛教認