翻譯的步驟和原則精講

1、翻譯的步驟和原則精講翻譯考題通常包含有難度的詞匯、語(yǔ)法和句子結(jié)構(gòu)等所謂的考點(diǎn)。平時(shí)應(yīng)熟練掌握翻譯技巧，善于處理各類情況。一般翻譯的步驟有三個(gè)： 1、仔細(xì)閱讀原文，分析理解每個(gè)詞匯和句子結(jié)構(gòu)，正確理解其含義；2、將原文擱置一邊，依據(jù)對(duì)原含義的把握用中文表達(dá)出來(lái)；3、將譯文同原文比較，補(bǔ)充漏掉的意思，作必要的調(diào)整與潤(rùn)色。翻譯中切忌： 1、不顧詞語(yǔ)在整個(gè)句子中的環(huán)境，按照自己有限的認(rèn)識(shí)機(jī)械死譯；2、逐字逐句翻譯，或一個(gè)蘿卜一個(gè)坑式的一一對(duì)應(yīng)翻譯；3、機(jī)械按照原文語(yǔ)序照搬翻譯成漢語(yǔ)，使?jié)h語(yǔ)語(yǔ)句不同，意義含混不清。答題注意事項(xiàng)： 1、有把握的題盡量做到完善，拿滿分；2、沒把握的題也不輕言放棄，知道的全部

2、寫出來(lái)，不知道的結(jié)合語(yǔ)境猜測(cè)意義編寫，不要留空；3、實(shí)在一點(diǎn)都寫不出來(lái)，就放棄，將時(shí)間用于其他題，切不可發(fā)泄性亂寫，既浪費(fèi)自己時(shí)間又引起批卷老師反感?？傊?，力爭(zhēng)做到“知無(wú)不言，言無(wú)不盡”。一、詞義的選擇詞語(yǔ)的意義往往由語(yǔ)境，即上下文所決定。對(duì)詞匯的理解不能太偏狹、機(jī)械，而是在掌握其基本意義的前提下，結(jié)合詞語(yǔ)所處的具體的句子整體的含義，靈活處理，使譯文準(zhǔn)確和通暢。She had a heart so large that everybodys griefs and joys found welcome in it.她的心胸開闊，無(wú)論誰(shuí)的悲傷與歡樂都容得下。The issue of insanit

3、y as a defense in criminal cases is at the interface of medicine, law and ethics.刑事案件中以精神錯(cuò)亂為理由進(jìn)行辯護(hù)，這個(gè)問(wèn)題涉及到醫(yī)學(xué)、法律、倫理道德等三方面問(wèn)題。As already discussed, the disease, if present at all, is usually a rather steady and continuous process.如上所述，此病一旦發(fā)生，就是頑癥。At the dawn of the 21st century a free people must now c

4、hoose to shape the forces of the Information Age and the global society, to unleash the limitless potential of all our people, and to form a more perfect union.在21世紀(jì)的黎明到來(lái)之際，自由的人民現(xiàn)在必須作出抉擇，明確信息時(shí)代和全球社會(huì)的各種力量，充分發(fā)揮我國(guó)全體人民的無(wú)限潛力，實(shí)現(xiàn)更完善的團(tuán)結(jié)統(tǒng)一。The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.由于水土不服，她就回

5、到了英國(guó)。And this industry, visible to our neighbours, began to give us character and credit.我們的街坊們看到我們?nèi)绱饲趭^，開始看重我們，給我們以好評(píng)了。He contended that the ill-paid labouring classes ought to save sufficient means in their early days to support themselves in the decline to life.他竭力主張，工資不多的各個(gè)勞動(dòng)階級(jí)應(yīng)當(dāng)及早積攢足夠的財(cái)富，以便在晚年維持

6、生計(jì)。If we must not be obsessed by the past, we should not entirely ignore it.如果說(shuō)我們不應(yīng)迷戀過(guò)去，那么也不應(yīng)該完全無(wú)視過(guò)去。Because the body defense system is damaged, the patient has little ability to fight off many other diseases.由于人體的免疫系統(tǒng)遭到破壞，病人幾乎沒有什么能力來(lái)抵抗眾多其他疾病的侵襲。 二、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換英語(yǔ)句子講究主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語(yǔ)只有一個(gè)，非謂語(yǔ)形式和從句頻繁出現(xiàn)，而漢語(yǔ)在一個(gè)句子中可以有若干個(gè)動(dòng)

7、詞。通常把英語(yǔ)中的名詞、形容詞、介詞等翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，尤其具有動(dòng)作意義的名詞和有動(dòng)詞衍生的名詞。An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.了解一些世界史，對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)事是有幫助的。After an impatient oath or two, she got her hair away from her eyes, sufficiently to obtain a sight of him.她不耐煩地咒罵了一兩聲，把頭發(fā)從眼睛上撥開，才看到了他。 Rockets have found a

8、pplication for the exploration of the universe.火箭已經(jīng)用來(lái)探索宇宙。It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the Presidents reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.這篇發(fā)言明白無(wú)誤地、心平氣和地表明了總統(tǒng)希望開始中美對(duì)話的原因。I, like Queen Victoria, have always been a believer in that old maxim “moderation in all thin

9、gs.”我與維多利亞女王一樣，一直信奉那句古老的箴言：“凡事適度”。I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.我非常感激我的父親，因?yàn)樵谖倚〉臅r(shí)候他總是不斷地鼓勵(lì)我。The growing awareness by millions of people of their intolerable conditions of life had prompted them to relinquish the present social system.千百萬(wàn)人民日益認(rèn)識(shí)到他們那

10、種難以容忍的生活狀況，這就促使他們放棄現(xiàn)行的社會(huì)制度。The wide application of computer in designing can free us from a host of complicated work.在設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域廣泛地應(yīng)用電腦可以把我們從許多復(fù)雜的工作中解放出來(lái)。In handling the materials of history, each act of selection is also an act of judgment, and therefore the charge of bias is never completely answerable.

11、在處理歷史資料時(shí)，每選一項(xiàng)資料就是作出一種判斷，因此不能說(shuō)你就百分之百地沒有偏見。Ideally, one day, researchers will know enough about the genesis of earthquakes and the nature of particular faults to predict quakes directly.最理想的情況是，有朝一日研究人員能夠?qū)Φ卣鸬某梢蚣熬唧w斷層的性質(zhì)有足夠的了解，從而能夠直接預(yù)報(bào)地震。He sometimes, as I thought, bore me down more by his fluency than

12、by his strength of his reasons.我覺得，他有時(shí)之所以能把我駁倒，不是因?yàn)樗睦碛沙浞郑且驗(yàn)樗目诓藕?。It is equally the obligation of education to train the minds and the talents of our youth; to improve, through creative citizenship, our American institutions in accord with the requirements of the future.同樣，教育有責(zé)任培養(yǎng)我們青年的思想與才智，并通過(guò)創(chuàng)新的

13、公民義務(wù)教育，來(lái)提高美國(guó)的學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)，適應(yīng)未來(lái)的要求。三、增詞與減詞Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.勇敢過(guò)度，即成蠻勇；喜愛過(guò)度，即成溺愛；勤儉過(guò)度，即成貪婪。We talked about ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each otherof everything but our host and hostess.我們談到自己，談到前途，談到旅行，談到天氣，談到彼此的情況談到一

14、切，只是不談我們的男女主人They pay lip-service to education but dont work for better schools.他們口惠而實(shí)不至，口口聲聲支持教育，卻又不肯為改善學(xué)校條件做一些實(shí)際工作。 The spirit of a campaign against poverty does not cost a single cent. It is a matter of vision, of sensitivity.開展消滅貧困運(yùn)動(dòng)的精神不需要花一分錢；這需要有遠(yuǎn)見卓識(shí)，需要有敏銳的洞察力 Scientific exploration, the searc

15、h for knowledge has given men the practical results of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by other man.科學(xué)的探索，知識(shí)的追求，是人類獲得了避免天災(zāi)人禍的能力。Science demands of men great efforts and complete devotion.人們要掌握科學(xué)，必須作出巨大的努力并對(duì)之懷有無(wú)限的熱愛。Medicine is not a science but a

16、 learned profession deeply rooted in a number of sciences and charged with the obligation to apply them for mans benefit.醫(yī)學(xué)不是一門獨(dú)立的學(xué)科，醫(yī)學(xué)是需要學(xué)問(wèn)的職業(yè)。它深深地植根于許多學(xué)科之中。醫(yī)學(xué)的責(zé)任是要應(yīng)用科學(xué)知識(shí)造福人類。To get to the Olympics, athletes need an abundance of raw talents, good training and willingness to sweat and sacrifice.若想?yún)⒓?/p>

17、奧運(yùn)會(huì)，運(yùn)動(dòng)員需要有天資、良好的訓(xùn)練，并且愿意付出汗水和做出犧牲。四、英語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)句子的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是全句的骨架核心和支點(diǎn)，在此基礎(chǔ)上衍生出其他修飾、限定、補(bǔ)充等附加成分，同時(shí)運(yùn)用其他結(jié)構(gòu)，如各類從句、詞組、以及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等，在邏輯上經(jīng)常把信息重心放在前面，即結(jié)果前，原因后；結(jié)論前，條件后；事實(shí)前，讓步后。漢語(yǔ)句子則少受主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的限制，語(yǔ)序一般按時(shí)間順序或因果邏輯順序逐步展開，先交代時(shí)間、條件、原因等次要信息，后表明由此產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果（即主句）。翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)考慮到各自語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)，英譯漢時(shí)不必拘泥于原文的層次結(jié)構(gòu)，適時(shí)斷句，把樹型結(jié)構(gòu)變成直線性敘述，避免英式漢語(yǔ)We can only derive i

18、nformation from students errors if we are capable of describing them in an adequate manner.我們只有對(duì)學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤作出適當(dāng)?shù)拿枋?，才能從中取得材料。Such mastery can only be achieved if the learner internalizes the rules which determine the proper use.只有在學(xué)生把有助于做適當(dāng)選擇的有關(guān)規(guī)則變?yōu)樽约簝?nèi)在的東西之后，才能這樣運(yùn)用自如。The boy, who was crying as if his heart

19、 would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry, because he had had no food for two days.那個(gè)男孩哭得心似乎都要碎了，當(dāng)我問(wèn)他時(shí)，他說(shuō)他已經(jīng)兩天沒有吃東西，實(shí)在是餓極了。Their fortress, built on a hill, commanded an extensive prospect of the bright and beautiful lake and its surrounding forests.從他們建在山上的城堡望去，可以遠(yuǎn)眺一片廣闊的地域，明澄美

20、麗的湖泊及環(huán)繞湖面的森林也盡收眼底。It has become harder and harder for a teenager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way.（試卷）十幾歲的孩子要抵擋住大眾文化浪潮而走自己的路越來(lái)越難了。If democracy is to survive, it is the task of men of thought, as well as men of action, to put aside pride and prejudice, and with cou

21、rage and single-minded devotionand above all with humilityto find the truth and teach the truth that shall keep men free. 要使民主得以存在，善于思索的人與敏于行動(dòng)的人都必須消除傲慢與偏見；他們要有勇氣，有全心全意的獻(xiàn)身精神，最重要的是要有謙虛精神，去尋求與傳播使人民永保自由的真理。There are those who view this prospect with alarm for they fear that civilization, as we know it,

22、will be swept away by juvenilesif not entirely delinquent, then at least objectionable.有的人對(duì)這個(gè)前景頗感驚慌，因?yàn)樗麄儞?dān)心人類現(xiàn)知的文明將被青少年一掃而光，這些青少年即使不全是少年罪犯，至少也算得上是搗蛋鬼。 Since the invention of this technique at our laboratory, it has found its way into varied applications in the commercial, industrial and military fiel

23、ds.自從我們實(shí)驗(yàn)室發(fā)明這項(xiàng)技術(shù)以來(lái)，它的種種應(yīng)用已經(jīng)遍及商業(yè)、工業(yè)和軍事領(lǐng)域。五、被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的處理（1）被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)除了用“被”之外，還可以用“為所”，“是的”，“加以”，“予以”等Principles mean very little unless they are acted up.原則如果不加以執(zhí)行，就沒有什么意義了。Mistakes must not be covered up. They must be exposed before you can correct them.錯(cuò)誤不應(yīng)加以掩飾，而必須加以揭露，才能加以改正。Illness must be correctly diagnos

24、ed before they can be treated with medicine.疾病必須先有正確診斷，才能用藥加以治療。Part or all of the light may be reflected, absorbed or transmitted by the thing or object that comes into its way.光的一部分或全部可能給擋住其去路的物體所反射、吸收或透射。The debate goes on, but one thing appears to be clear: the relaxation response can be achieve

25、d by a number of methods.（試卷）爭(zhēng)論還在繼續(xù)，但是有一點(diǎn)看起來(lái)是明顯的：放松效應(yīng)可以通過(guò)許多方式達(dá)到。（2）將被動(dòng)翻譯省漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)，必要時(shí)對(duì)句子的主語(yǔ)作變換調(diào)整 Many new opportunities will be opened up in the course of time for those with a university education.今后，具有大學(xué)文化水平的人將會(huì)過(guò)的更多新的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。Nothing that this country (the US) did or could have done within the reasonable

26、 limits of its capabilities could have changed that result; nothing that was left undone by this country has contributed to it.美國(guó)在它能力的合理限度內(nèi)所實(shí)際采取過(guò)的，或本來(lái)能夠采取的種種措施，都不能改變這個(gè)結(jié)果；美國(guó)也沒有因?yàn)槲茨懿扇∧承┐胧┒俪蛇@個(gè)結(jié)果。Crimes such as this are not usually owned up to unless the culprit hopes to gain some thing from confessing

27、.一般來(lái)說(shuō)，犯人是不會(huì)承認(rèn)這類罪行，除非認(rèn)罪對(duì)他們有利。（3）將被動(dòng)翻譯成漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句So much has been published on all kinds of subjects that even a specialist who devoted all his time to reading could not keep up with it.各類學(xué)科已發(fā)表了諸多材料，即使是整天看材料的專家也跟不上啊。A job such as that is not one that should be thrown up without serious thought.這么一份好差事可不能等

28、閑視之。Organizational leadership must be made fully equal to the task of ensuring the realization of the political slogans and decisions of the Party.必須使組織上的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)完全保證黨的政治口號(hào)及其決議的實(shí)現(xiàn)。The most important part of the teaching of a place like Yale is found in the lessons of public spirit and devotion to high ide

29、als which it gives; these things can in some measure be learned from daily life of the college and the sentiments which it inculcates.在耶魯這樣的學(xué)府里，最重要的課程是為公眾服務(wù)的精神以及由此產(chǎn)生的獻(xiàn)身于崇高理想的品質(zhì)。在一定程度上，這些可以從大學(xué)的日常生活及大學(xué)教誨的情操中學(xué)到。六、定語(yǔ)從句的處理定語(yǔ)從句一般有三種譯法：簡(jiǎn)短的從句處理成漢語(yǔ)相應(yīng)的定語(yǔ)，若從句較長(zhǎng)且結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，可重復(fù)所修飾的名詞另譯成一句，有時(shí)依據(jù)原文的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系將從句處理成漢語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)，這時(shí)需要

30、添加表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、轉(zhuǎn)折等連詞。Ones thought must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done.一個(gè)人應(yīng)當(dāng)把心思放在未來(lái)，放到可以有所作為的事情上。In spite of the title, this article will really be on how not to grow old, which, at my time of life, is a much more important subject.盡管有這樣一個(gè)標(biāo)題，這篇文章真正要談的

31、卻是如何不變老。在我這個(gè)年齡，這實(shí)在是一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的問(wèn)題。There is now a single accepted pronunciation for the vast majority of words in ordinary polite use, deviation from which is regarded either as a provincialism or as a vulgarism.現(xiàn)今日常社交所用的大多數(shù)讀音已有了一個(gè)公認(rèn)的統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。不符合這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，就被稱為方言或粗俗發(fā)音。There can be no criticism of the custom, but t

32、here may be an unfortunate effect that prolonged routine work dulls the imagination. （06試卷）這種習(xí)慣做法不會(huì)招致什么批評(píng)，但也許會(huì)有一種不好的作用長(zhǎng)久的日常工作削弱想象力。We support the open trading system which is to the ultimate advantage of all.我們支持開放的貿(mào)易制度，因?yàn)樗罱K對(duì)各方都是有益的。She was very patient toward the children, which her husband seldom

33、 was.她對(duì)孩子門很有耐心，而她丈夫卻很少這樣。The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or hear from.大使只宴請(qǐng)了幾個(gè)人，因?yàn)樗氐叵牒瓦@些人談?wù)劊犅犓麄兊囊庖?。It may seem somewhat odd to get water from fire, but we shall find that water is a common by-product of any fire in which hydrogen takes part.

34、從火中取水，這聽起來(lái)似乎有些離奇，但我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，水乃是火的一種常見的副產(chǎn)品，只要有氫參與燃燒的話。Computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work nor replace man.盡管電腦有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但它們不能進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性的工作，也代替不了人。七、比較結(jié)構(gòu)的理解與翻譯英語(yǔ)中比較結(jié)構(gòu)運(yùn)用頻繁，常常表示類比、取舍、肯定或否定等多種意義。故而在理解與表達(dá)時(shí)不能簡(jiǎn)單地視其為比較概念，而應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況作靈活處理。Whether you die at a young age or when you are older i

35、s less important than whether you have fully lived the years you have had.人的一生不在于你能活多久，更重要的是你是否活得很充實(shí)。 The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time is too valuable to be wasted.美國(guó)人所需要的各種方便之物與其說(shuō)反映了一種從容不迫的生活方式，還不如說(shuō)反映了一種

36、忙碌的生活方式，在這種忙碌的生活中甚至幾分鐘的時(shí)間都得珍惜。I find this rather chilling, less because of what it says about the teenagers than what it says about their parents.這使我不寒而栗，倒不是因?yàn)槟切┯嘘P(guān)青少年的說(shuō)法，而是因?yàn)殛P(guān)于他們父母的言論。No complaint is more common than that of a scarcity of money.最普遍的抱怨莫過(guò)于說(shuō)錢不夠用。Many active people are of the opinion th

37、at the slightest grain of resignation, the faintest gleam of humour, would destroy the energy with which they do their work and the determination by which, as they believe, they achieve success.許多忙碌的人認(rèn)為，哪怕一丁點(diǎn)兒的舍棄，一丁點(diǎn)兒的幽默，足以破壞他們做事的精力，破壞他們自以為能帶來(lái)成功的決心。The timing of this event could not be more appropri

38、ate, as we all await the presentation next month of the commissions formal proposals for reform of the Common Agricultural Policy.此次會(huì)議的時(shí)間是再合適不過(guò)了，正值我們等待委員會(huì)下月正式提出（歐盟）共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策改革計(jì)劃時(shí)期。There are as many different library services as there are types of people who use them.（07試卷）圖書館的服務(wù)種類之多，足以滿足不同使用者的需要。The be

39、auty of our country (Great Britain) is as hard to define as it is easy to enjoy.人們一方面可以悠然享受英倫之美，另一方面卻難以將她的美麗付諸筆墨。He would say to me, Old Pontifex was not only an able man, but he was one of the very ablest men that ever I knew. This was more than I as a young man was prepared to stand.他總是對(duì)我說(shuō)：“老龐蒂費(fèi)克斯

40、不僅是個(gè)能干人，而且是我所知最有才干的人之一。” 在我還年輕氣盛的時(shí)候，聽了這話哪里受得了。 八、否定的理解與翻譯英語(yǔ)中各種否定結(jié)構(gòu)的理解（包括雙重否定、強(qiáng)調(diào)否定、部分否定、和否定含義的轉(zhuǎn)移，即否定其它成分而非謂語(yǔ)）是正確翻譯的前提，切不可望文生義，想當(dāng)然地簡(jiǎn)單處理。During four very difficult years, the two Curies never made an experiment without weighing and boiling and measuring and calculating and thinking.在艱苦的四年中，居里夫婦每次做實(shí)驗(yàn)，總要

41、稱重、煮沸、測(cè)量、計(jì)算并思考。We dont believe that our mother tongue is inferior to any other language in the world.我們相信，祖國(guó)的語(yǔ)言并不遜色于世界上任何其他語(yǔ)言。I do not believe in a fate that will fall on us no matter what we do. I do believe in a fate that will fall on us if we do nothing.我決不相信無(wú)論我們?cè)鯓幼龆疾豢杀苊饽骋欢蜻\(yùn)。我卻相信如果我們碌碌無(wú)為厄運(yùn)將降臨我們頭上

42、。We cannot recommend this book too strongly.這本書很好，無(wú)論如何推薦，也不過(guò)分。It is not to be denied that no sacrifice is too great to avert a catastrophe.不容否認(rèn)，為了避免大災(zāi)難，再大的犧牲也不算大。Chinas potential contribution, as one of the worlds largest economies and a leading figure in world affairs, cannot be over exaggerated.中國(guó)

43、作為世界上最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國(guó)之一和國(guó)際事務(wù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，其潛在的貢獻(xiàn)無(wú)論怎樣夸大都不為過(guò)。Just because the matter had always been hidden from us, it intrigued us the more, when first revealed.正因?yàn)檫@件事一直不讓我們知道，所以一旦暴露出來(lái)，大家都特別好奇。Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation.永恒的真理如果不在新的社會(huì)形勢(shì)下

44、賦予新的意義，就既不是真理，也不是永恒的了。九、一些詞組和結(jié)構(gòu)（1）主語(yǔ)從句一般翻譯成“的”結(jié)構(gòu)，或主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)做譯文的主語(yǔ)，其余部分仍按原文順序處理。其他名詞性從句可根據(jù)語(yǔ)境補(bǔ)充名詞而不必譯出whatever, whoever等連詞Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.他此行所見所聞都給他留下了深刻的印象。Whoever fails to see this will make a big mistake.誰(shuí)要是看不到這點(diǎn)，就要犯極大的錯(cuò)誤。Whatever was said here must

45、 be kept secret.這里說(shuō)的話都應(yīng)當(dāng)保密。What comes before realization is contemplation. If you avoid contemplation, you will never get to the realization.實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)劃之前必須深思熟慮。如果你不加思考，就絕對(duì)不可能使計(jì)劃付諸實(shí)現(xiàn)。 What he emphasized over and over again was that, no matter how difficult it might be, they should never retreat even for an

46、 inch.他再三強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，不管多么困難，他們決不應(yīng)該后退寸步。Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior.每一種生物都有控制自己行為的時(shí)鐘，科學(xué)家稱之為生物鐘。It doesnt make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.他參不參加會(huì)議沒多大關(guān)系。She was never satisfied with what she had achieved.她從不滿足于她取得的成就。We can as

47、sign the work to whoever is reliable.我們可以把這項(xiàng)任務(wù)交給任何可靠的人。 As to the precise value of this initial fund of knowledge, this depends to a great degree on how it has been acquired and on who has been imparting it.至于這種最初積累起來(lái)的知識(shí)有多大確切的價(jià)值，這在很大程度上取決于獲得知識(shí)的方法和傳授知識(shí)的人。（2）同位語(yǔ)可將其處理成動(dòng)詞，變?yōu)橹骶涞闹^語(yǔ)。也可將其提前至句首。An obedient s

48、on, I had accepted my fathers decision that I was to be a doctor, though the prospect interested me not at all.作為一個(gè)孝順的兒子，我接受了父親的決定，要當(dāng)醫(yī)生，雖然我對(duì)這樣的前途毫無(wú)興趣。We demanded a guarantee that no similar incident would occur again.我們要求保證不再發(fā)生類似事件。It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the de

49、lay.延遲應(yīng)由他負(fù)責(zé)，這個(gè)事實(shí)是改變不了的。There can be no doubt that he is qualified for the job.他有資格勝任這個(gè)工作，這是毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的。But considered realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.但是現(xiàn)實(shí)地考慮一下，我們不得不正視這樣的事實(shí)：我們的前景并不妙。（3）倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)可將倒裝部分恢復(fù)原處，或識(shí)別出語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，然后酌情處理。Had this article been a scientific analysis

50、on the experiment, it would have been useful.假定這篇文章的內(nèi)容是科學(xué)分析那次實(shí)驗(yàn)的話，則本來(lái)是有所裨益的。Little do we suspect that the region is rich in water resources.這一地區(qū)水利資源豐富，我們對(duì)此深信不疑。Simple as the question may seem, it is not at all common in nature.這問(wèn)題似乎簡(jiǎn)單，但實(shí)質(zhì)上它一點(diǎn)也不一般。We call conductors those materials which allow electricity to pass easily.我們把容許電流暢通的那些材料稱為導(dǎo)體。But never forget that such operations are painful experiences, however good the results. And at what point should you stop treating the ol