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1、Water supply and Drainage Engineering給水排水工程Unit 9learning guidance :1. Master:配水系統(tǒng)的組成部分及聯(lián)合形式,配水系統(tǒng)的作用及設(shè)計2. Teaching important point : 配水系統(tǒng)3.Teaching difficult point : 科技英語翻譯技巧:否定的譯法9.1 INTRODUCTION 給排水工程是城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的一個組成部分。為了保障人民生活和工業(yè)生產(chǎn),城市必須具有完善的給水和排水系統(tǒng)。 給排水分類生產(chǎn)給水消防給水生活給水室內(nèi)給水工程熱水供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)居住小區(qū)給排水水景及游泳池高層建筑給排水建筑

2、中水系統(tǒng)室內(nèi)排水工程雨水排水系統(tǒng)建筑給排水工程建筑給排水城市排水系統(tǒng)9.2 Part I Distribution SystemsQuestions:(1) For what purpose are distribution systems designed ?(2) What are the components consist of a distribution system?一、Words and Phrases 1. hydrant /haidrEnt/ n. 消防栓,消防龍頭2. cavitation /kQviteiSEn/ n. 氣穴現(xiàn)象3. hydropneumatic /ha

3、idrEunju:mQtik/ adj. 液壓氣動的,水和空氣協(xié)同作用的4. stagnation /stQgneiSEn/ n. 停滯5. booster pumps 增壓泵6. meters 水表7. water hammer 水錘8. pressure reducing valves 減壓閥二、Distribution Systems(配水系統(tǒng))The distribution system consists of booster pumps, meters, storage tanks, control valves, and hydrants. This part of the sy

4、stem is often neglected because much of it is underground and out of sight, but it needs and deserves almost as much operator attention as source and treatment facilities.配水管網(wǎng)由增壓泵,管道,水表,貯水箱,控制閥和消火栓組成。由于多數(shù)配件埋于地下,配水管網(wǎng)往往被忽略不受重視。但事實上配水管網(wǎng)值得像供水設(shè)施和水處理設(shè)施同樣的關(guān)注。An adequate distribution system is able to provi

5、de a sufficient amount of safe water to all users at a pressure that will satisfy normal needs. It also provides water without undue(過度的) water loss.優(yōu)良的配水管網(wǎng)能為用戶提供滿足日常用水的安全水源,并減少水源流失。Distribution systems may be generally classified as grid systems, branching systems, or a combination of these. The co

6、nfiguration of the system is dictated primarily by street patterns, topography, degree and type of development of the area, and location of treatment and storage works. 配水系統(tǒng)一般可分為環(huán)狀管網(wǎng)、枝狀管網(wǎng)或這兩種的聯(lián)合形式。給水管網(wǎng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式主要由街道形式、地形條件、該地區(qū)的發(fā)展程度、類型及水處理廠和水庫的位置等決定。A grid system is usually preferred to a branching syste

7、m, since it can furnish a supply to any point from at least two directions. The branching system does not permit this type of circulation, since it has numerous terminals or dead ends. A grid or combination system can also incorporate loop feeders, which act to distribute the flow to an area from se

8、veral directions. 一般情況下與枝狀管網(wǎng)相比首選環(huán)狀管網(wǎng),因為它可以至少從兩個方向?qū)θ我庖稽c供水。環(huán)狀管網(wǎng)因為有很多的端點和死水點,所以不會有這樣的循環(huán)供水方式。環(huán)狀管網(wǎng)或聯(lián)合形式還可以合并為環(huán)狀供水,也就是從多個方向?qū)σ粋€區(qū)域分配流量。二、Piping MaterialsA variety of pipe materials are available for use in a public water supply system to carry water under pressure. They include plastic, ductile iron, steel

9、and concrete. Service pipesthose running from the distribution system to a customermay be made of copper, plastic, iron, steel, or brass.市政給水系統(tǒng)可用各種管道材料負壓給水。管道材料包括,塑料,延性鐵,鋼以及混凝土。給水管由配水管網(wǎng)鋪設(shè)至用戶的管道,可以是銅,塑料,鐵,鋼或黃銅材質(zhì)。三、ValvesValves are a very important part of the distribution system because they regulate

10、 the flow of water, reduce pressure, provide air and vacuum relief, blow off or drain water from parts of the system and prevent backflow.控制閥是配水管網(wǎng)的重要部分,它調(diào)控水流,減壓,排氣,真空保壓,分流或溢流泄壓和防止逆流。Valves of any size need to be operated slowly. Water hammer is caused by closing the valve too quickly. When water is

11、suddenly stopped, shock waves are generated, which cause large pressure increases throughout the system. These shock waves travel quickly and can cause extensive damage, sometimes splitting pipes or blowing fittings completely off the system. Frequently in the operation of valves, conditions cause a

12、 partial vacuum or void to occur on the downstream side of a valve. These voids will fill with low-pressure vapors from the water. 閥門應(yīng)該輕開輕關(guān)。水錘現(xiàn)象由迅速關(guān)閉閥門所致。水流急速停止時會產(chǎn)生沖擊波,進一步致使給水系統(tǒng)增壓。沖擊波流動迅速,可產(chǎn)生大面積危害,有時會震裂水管或?qū)⒐芗_出給水系統(tǒng)。迅速操作閥門會使閥門水流側(cè)形成真空,真空與低壓下分離出的氣泡相融合。When these pockets implode or collapse, they create

13、 a mechanical shock causing pockets of metal to break away from the valve surface. A noisy or vibrating valve may be an indication that cavitation is occurring, which will eventually result in leaks and a valve unsuitable for service.當(dāng)氣泡破碎時形成機械沖擊,致使閥門內(nèi)部金屬構(gòu)件脫離閥門。若有噪音或震動表示有氣穴現(xiàn)象發(fā)生,進而導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)滲漏和閥門性能減弱。四、Pre

14、ssure Reducing ValvesPressure reducing valves reduce the water pressure by restricting the flow. Pressure on the downstream side of the valve regulates the amount of flow permitted through it.減壓閥通過限制流量來減壓。閥門水流側(cè)壓力控制通過這一端的水流量。Small water systems may have a small amount of storage in the form of a hydr

15、opneumatic tankeither a standard pressure tank with an air/water interface, or a captive air tank. Other systems might have ground level concrete or steel storage tanks or elevated steel tanks which serve the system by gravity.小型給水系統(tǒng)所需貯水量少,因此用液壓氣動儲箱帶氣/水界面的標準壓力罐,或是自備燃氣罐。其他系統(tǒng)用置于地面的混凝土或鋼材儲罐,或是架空鋼材儲罐重力給

16、水。Small hydropneumatic pressure tanks, are used to maintain pressure within the distribution system and to prevent well pumps from cycling too frequently. Larger hydropneumatic tanks use on-site, permanent, air charging devices to maintain the needed air pressure within the vessel.小型液壓氣動儲存罐用來維持給水系統(tǒng)壓

17、力和避免井泵運作過快。大型儲存罐用換氣裝置提供所需氣壓。五、Looped Systems and Dead End Mains Water lines should be installed to loop back into another part of the distribution system. This allows circulation of water to all users. Dead ends should be avoided. The lack of movement of the water in these lines will cause stagnatio

18、n and result in the growth of slimes and bacteria, and development of taste and odor problems.給水管道應(yīng)被安裝在系統(tǒng)間回環(huán),以此為所有用戶供水。應(yīng)盡量避免死水端。不流動會導(dǎo)致水源停滯進而引起細菌滋長,水質(zhì)變差產(chǎn)生異味。六、Leak Detection ProgramLeak detection programs are an effective way to reduce operating and maintenance costs. If leaks can be detected when th

19、ey are small, the system may save many dollars, hours of work and possible property damage. Leaks not only waste water but may create an environment around the pipe which increases corrosion. Once corrosion develops pinhole leaks in the pipe, contamination can be drawn into the system when the press

20、ure in the pipe is reduced.滲漏檢測系統(tǒng)是降低系統(tǒng)安裝和維修費用的有效途徑。若滲漏在初期就被檢測到,可節(jié)省下物力財力及可能的財產(chǎn)危害。滲漏不只浪費水資源,它會引起滲漏管道區(qū)侵蝕,當(dāng)腐蝕程度加重管道形成孔狀滲漏,在管道內(nèi)壓力變小的條件下污染便會在給水系統(tǒng)內(nèi)發(fā)生。To effect the hydraulic design of a water distribution system, information must be available on the anticipated local rates of water consumption, the manner

21、in which these design flows are distributed geographically, and the required pressure gradients for the system. It should be reemphasized that the designer ought to investigate both the maximum day rate plus fire protection and the maximum hourly rate to determine which will govern the design. 為配水系統(tǒng)

22、做水利設(shè)計,需清楚該配水區(qū)的預(yù)計用水量,不同地段的設(shè)計流量,及所要求的氣壓梯度。應(yīng)該再次強調(diào)的是設(shè)計人員要研究包括在內(nèi)的日最大用水量和每小時最大用水量,以便確定用哪一個量控制設(shè)計。The spatial distribution of consumption can be estimated by studying population densities, and commercial and industrial use pattern, that are known or predicted for the region.通過研究人口密度、商業(yè)與工業(yè)用水格局,能夠估算出耗水量的空間分布;

23、對于一個區(qū)域來說,人口密度、商業(yè)與工業(yè)用水格局也可以知道或預(yù)測出來。七、 Exercises I. Read the whole passage and answer the following questions.1. For what purpose are distribution systems designed?2. What are the three types distribution systems generally classified?3. What are the components consist of a distribution system?4. What

24、is the function of a valve?5. What is the reason that causes a water hammer?6. What is the function of a pressure reducing valve and how does it work?7. What are the functions of storage reservoirs?8. What are the functions of loop feeders in a grid or combination system?9. Should dead ends be avoid

25、ed? What is the reason?10. What information must be available to effect the hydraulic design of a water distribution system?II. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text.1. The _ consists of booster pumps, meters, storage tanks, control valves, and hydrants. 2. The _is dictated prima

26、rily by street patterns, topography, degree and type of development of the area, and location of treatment and storage works.3. The total amount of water delivered to the customers is usually measured in _ (mgd), or in _ (gpcd) which is the total number of gallons divided by the number of persons be

27、ing served. 4. A noisy or vibrating valve may be an indication that _ is occurring, which will eventually result in leaks and a valve unsuitable for service.5. Small water systems may have a small amount of storage in the form of a _. Other systems might have ground level concrete or steel storage t

28、anks or elevated steel tanks which serve the system _.6. If it is necessary to have a dead end line, a _ or a _ should be installed on the end of the line so stagnant water can be routinely discharged.III. Translate the following terms into English.引入管 室內(nèi)給水系統(tǒng) 生活給水系統(tǒng) 消防給水系統(tǒng) 配水器具 . 衛(wèi)生器具 市政管道 . 存水彎 建筑給

29、水系統(tǒng) 建筑排水系統(tǒng)IV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. The function of a drainage system in a building is to remove safely and quickly sanitary sewage, industrial wastes, and rainwater.2. In locations where sharp changes in topography occur it is common practice to divide the distribution s

30、ystem into two or more service areas or zones. This precludes the difficulty of extremely high pressure in low-lying areas in order to maintain reasonable pressures at higher elevations.3. Usual practice is to interconnect the various systems, with the interconnections closed off by valves during no

31、rmal operations.4. A water supply engineering for a town usually includes a storage reservoir at the source of the supply, a pipeline from the storage reservoir to the distribution reservoir near the town, and finally the distribution pipes buries in the street. 5. A pump is a mechanical device that

32、 adds energy to water or other liquids. In most water distribution systems, pumps are needed to raise the water in elevation and to move it through the network of water mains under pressure. 6. Sometimes it is necessary to increase the pressure within the distribution system or to raise the water in

33、to an elevated storage tank,; booster pumps can be used for this purpose. 7. Plumbing is the practice, materials, and fixtures used in installing, maintaining, and altering of pipes, appliances, and appurtenances, utilized for potable water supply, sanitary or storm drainage and venting systems. 8.

34、The individual pipes used to collect and transport wastewater are called sewers, and the network of sewers used to collect wastewater from a community is known as a collection system. 9.3 Part II Reading MaterialsText A: House Water-Supply SystemsText B: Distribution Reservoirs and PumpsRequirements

35、 of reading materials:( it is arranged by teachers)英語里表示否定意義的詞匯、語法手段等和漢語不完全相同。因此,在翻譯科技英語資料時,對于否定句須特別注意。要正確翻譯英語否定形式,必須對英語各種否定句型的意義正確理解,才能使?jié)h語譯文正確表達英語原文的意義。英語中的否定句型大致上可劃分為五類:1)完全否定(full negative)。常見的否定詞有:no, not, none, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere, neither, nor 等。 2)幾乎否定(semi negative)。常見的否定詞有:hardl

36、y, scarcely, seldom, barely, few, little 等。 3)部分否定(partial negative)。常見的否定表達有:not every, not all, not both, not many, not much, not often, not always 等。 8.4 Part III Translation of EST(8)-否定的譯法4)雙重否定(double negative)。常用的否定表達有:no.not, without.not, not.until, never.without, not.too 等。 5)意義上的否定(words w

37、ith negative implication)。英語中有些單詞或詞組,雖然形式上是肯定的,但在意義上是否定的。常見的單詞有動詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、連詞。例如:fail, without, beyond, until, unless, lest, ignorant, refrain, neglect, absence。常見的詞組有:but for, free from, short of, far from, too.to(do), but that, rather than, instead of 等。 下面綜合探討一下各類否定句的譯法。1. 全部否定的譯法 英語中用來表示全部否定

38、意義的詞或短語很多,主要有以下這些:never, none, not, no, neither, nothing, nobody, nowhere, not at all 等。含有這些詞的否定句通常均譯成漢語的全部否定句,翻譯過程中無須考慮其所修飾的成分以及句子中所占的地位,只要注意譯文符合漢語表達習(xí)慣即可。Neither refractory materials nor magnetic materials can be used to make the part.耐火材料和磁性材料都不適合生產(chǎn)這種零件。 He can analyze neither of the circuits.這兩個電

39、路他一個也不能分析。He knows none of the electronic meters.這些電子儀表他全都不知道。2. 幾乎否定的譯法 幾乎否定詞,通常是以下這些詞:hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, seldom, few, almost no, little 等。翻譯成漢語時,一般可以譯成“極少”、“幾乎沒有”、“幾乎不”、“很少”等。如:It seldom makes such difference to the user which winding or windings are tapped.哪個繞組或哪些繞組上有分接頭,對使用者來說這沒有多

40、大區(qū)別。The installed capacity in this power plant hardly changes at all.這個電廠的裝機容量幾乎沒有什么變化。There was little electric power supply in China before 1949.在一九四九年之前中國幾乎沒有什么電力供應(yīng)。 Little information is given as to damage of the machine.關(guān)于機器損壞情況的信息極少。Curiously, Uranus has almost no such excess heat.奇怪的是,天王星幾乎沒有

41、這種多余的熱量。Much of Britains liner fleet rarely sees a British port.英國遠洋貨輪很少在本國港口???。3. 部分否定的譯法(1)如果句子中的主語帶有不定代詞或形容詞all, both, each, some, many, every, everybody, everyone, everything 等,并與not 構(gòu)成否定句,這種句子不表示完全否定,而只是部分否定句子的內(nèi)容,在翻譯時通常譯為“不都是”、“并非都”、“不全是”。All metals do not conduct electricity equally well. 并非所有

42、金屬的導(dǎo)電性能同樣好。 Every electric motor here is not new.這里的電機不全是新的。Each transistor in the box is not out of order.盒子里的晶體管并非每一個都是壞的。Both of the instruments are not digital ones.這兩種儀表不全是數(shù)字的。Both the instruments are not precision ones.這兩件東西不都是精密儀器。(2)如果否定句中帶有副詞always, entirely, completely, totally, altogether

43、, often, quite, enough 等,句子也表示部分否定,一般應(yīng)翻譯成“不總是”、“不全是”、“不?!钡?。Digital oscilloscopes cannot be often used in our experiments.數(shù)字示波器不常用在我們的實驗中。The water is not hot enough.水不夠熱。4. 雙重否定的譯法英語中的雙重否定形式通常由否定詞no, not, never等表示否定意義的詞連用構(gòu)成,如nowithout, withoutnot, neverwithout, not/nonethe less, not/neverunless, no

44、lessthan, notuntil, notany the less, impossiblewithout等。 有一些雙重否定詞因其本身含義的確定性,在翻譯成漢語時通常譯成固定的意思,比如toonot to, not tooto 一般譯成“太肯定會”、“必然”、“不要不”等。 Without electricity, there could be no todays civilization. 沒有電也就沒有現(xiàn)代文明。 There is no rule that has no exception.任何規(guī)則都有例外。There is no modern communication mean t

45、hat has no disadvantage.現(xiàn)代通信手段都有缺點。No flow of water occurs unless there is a difference in pressure.如果沒有壓差,水也就不會流動。Now no spaceship cannot be loaded with man.現(xiàn)在的宇宙飛船都能夠載人了。It is impossible for electricity to be converted into certain energy without something lost.電轉(zhuǎn)換成某種能量時不可能不產(chǎn)生損耗。There is nothing u

46、nexpected in the simulation investigation.仿真研究的一切都在預(yù)料之中。All these electric protective devices should not be unboxed or unwrapped until the moment for fitting has arrived. 不到安裝這些電氣保護裝置是不應(yīng)打開包裝箱或包裝紙。5. 意義否定的譯法意義否定即內(nèi)容否定,是指英語中某些形式上肯定,內(nèi)容上否定的句子,也有人稱其為含蓄否定句。句子中沒有否定詞,但意義上卻是否定的,而且有時否定的語氣還很強烈。原因是句中有帶否定意義的詞或詞組,翻譯是要把否定的意義明確譯出。如:The performance of the machine is short of the requirements.機器的性能沒有達到要求。 Short of transformers, they make their own in their lab. 沒有變壓器,他們在實驗室自

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