段落的構(gòu)成要素

1、段落的構(gòu)成要素 段落是由若干個(gè)彼此關(guān)聯(lián)的句子構(gòu)成的， 通常用以表達(dá)一個(gè)中心思想或者從一個(gè)角度對(duì)文章 的主題進(jìn)行闡述。因此， 段落不能是一組句子的任意堆砌，而是符合一定的模式， 具有某些 基本特征，遵循一定段落發(fā)展方法的。結(jié)構(gòu)完整的段落大多由三部分組成：一、主題句 主題句是概括段落中心思想，反映作者寫作意圖的一個(gè)概括性的句子，是段落的核心所在。 所以，寫好主題句是寫好一個(gè)段落的前提。1.段落主題句的位置及其作用 主題句通常由主題和作者的觀點(diǎn)兩部分組成， 作為段落傳遞信息的出發(fā)點(diǎn)， 簡(jiǎn)明扼要地告訴 讀者段落的線索和范圍。 但是， 主題句的位置并不是固定不變的， 它可以位于段首，也可以 位于段中、

2、段尾。主題句位于段首的情況比較多見。段首主題句開門見山， 直接點(diǎn)明段落主 題，有助于確定段落的主線， 使各個(gè)發(fā)展句圍繞段落主題自然展開； 段尾主題句具有結(jié)論作 用，是對(duì)前面句子的歸納總結(jié)。請(qǐng)看下面各例：Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in one studies or career vary widely. Given approximately equal circumstances, some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck being in the right

3、 place and the right time. Others speak of utter devotion to work, combined with a degree of ruthlessness. Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a matter of how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother had. In a word, people have different ideas on it.本段的主題句 Public

4、opinions on what it takes to succeed in one s studies or career vary widely. 放在段落的開頭， 開門見山地點(diǎn)明主題， 使讀者很容易抓住本段的寫作主線： 對(duì)學(xué)業(yè)或事業(yè) 成功所持的各種不同的觀點(diǎn)和看法。The purpose of this book is to provide you with practice in spelling English. It is not a book that treats the complex rules of English orthography. Neither does i

5、t teach you how to use a dictionary. Its main objective is to introduce regular spelling patterns: that is, to present a regular system for spelling a large group of words. By learning these patterns, and by practicing them, you will master thousands of words.Only the idle will be tired.只有閑人才會(huì)感到疲倦。

6、本段的主題句 The purpose of this book is to provide you with practice in spelling English 也是放在段落的開頭，直截了當(dāng)?shù)馗嬖V讀者作者的寫作意圖，使 讀者對(duì)本段的主題思想有了明確的認(rèn)識(shí)。Give students a chance to grow. Do you mold them from one of a thousand patterns? Let them seek knowledge, but do not find it for them. Let them learn patience; do not f

7、orce it on them. Let them take their own time to grow; do not set rigid time schedules. Most of all, do not push them against a stone wall, crushing them with knowledge gained from the experience of others. Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.在這個(gè)段落中，主題句先不出現(xiàn)，而是先舉出

8、許多具體的experiences,在段落結(jié)尾時(shí)才予以歸納，得出中心結(jié)論： Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search. 這樣的段落結(jié)構(gòu)一開始容易使讀者產(chǎn)生懸念，從而收到特殊的表達(dá)效果。Most of us may have such experiences: when you go to some place far away from the city you live in and think you know nobody there, you are surprised to find

9、 that you should run into one of your old classmates in the street. Perhaps both of you would cry out,“What a small world!在這個(gè)段落里， 作者先給出了一個(gè)假設(shè)性的事例，吸引讀者的注意力，然后在段落結(jié)束時(shí)總結(jié)出“ What a small world! ”（“世界真小啊” ）作為段落主題句。這樣的段落有感染力，使 讀者有興趣讀下去。但是， 主題句有時(shí)也可能出現(xiàn)在段落中間， 或者根本就沒有明顯的段落主題句。 在下面的例 子中主題句是在段落中間出現(xiàn)的。這種情況比較少見。Calif

10、ornians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in their ways of life. Mobility both physicaland psychological has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the cu

11、stoms and morality of New Englanders. 有時(shí)為了特別強(qiáng)調(diào)主題句的內(nèi)容，也可以使主題句既出現(xiàn)在段首，又出現(xiàn)在段末。如： Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks; Japanese eat with chopsticks. Americans say “ Hi ” when they meet;

12、 Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the only manners that are important are those involving one person s behavior toward anoth

13、er pecrsooun.trIinesalilt isgood manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.而下面這段話則沒有明顯的主題句。An independent trucker working full time can earn close to $20,000 gross compared with the $30,000 or mo

14、re that a union trucker makes. A union trucker works a 10hour shift and that s it,whereas the independent trucker is always pushing himself. And even though there are strict laws prohibiting a trucker from driving more than ten hours a day, with four hours on and four hours off, no independent truck

15、er adheres to that because if he did, he d never get the load delivered ontime. With the economy as shaky as it is, the competition for loads is fierce and, at times, vicious. There are only so many loads, and truckers will bid on them, the lowest bid getting the load. 這段話的主題句應(yīng)該是 “ An independent tr

16、ucker has a difficult time making a living. ”但由于 暗含的意思很清楚， 所以被省去。應(yīng)該注意的是， 在沒有主題句的段落中， 敘述應(yīng)該十分清 楚，暗含的主題必須顯而易見。There are two tragedies in life. One is to lose your heart s desire, the other is to gain it.失去心中所欲的和得到心中所欲的， 是人生的兩大悲劇。 特別提請(qǐng)注意的是，在段落中，雖 然主題句可以放在不同的位置， 但最常見的還是放在段首， 這并不是說主題句一定就是該段 的第一句話，而往往是在主題句

17、之前還有一個(gè)承上啟下的過渡句。2.段落主題句的寫作方法 主題句的作用是要告訴讀者該段的主題思想， 該段將圍繞這個(gè)主題思想逐步展開、 定義、 論 述、分類、解釋和舉例說明等，所以，段落主題句中必須包含一個(gè)主導(dǎo)思想，這是一個(gè)等待 發(fā)展的思想， 也是段落的主旨所在。 同時(shí)， 段落主題句不能寫得太籠統(tǒng)， 也不能涉及面太窄。 一個(gè)段落的容量是有限的， 如果主題句限定范圍太寬， 其內(nèi)容就無法在一個(gè)段落中闡述清楚； 如果限定范圍太窄又不利于段落的發(fā)展。段落主題句所限定的內(nèi)容必須符合段落寫作的目 的，有助于段落的鋪開和抒發(fā)。例如：Television is very important. 這個(gè)句子太泛， 沒有

18、表達(dá)一個(gè)清楚的主題思想， 做主題句不大合 適?？梢愿臑椋?Television plays an educational role in our daily life.Big cities have traffic problems. 這個(gè)句子如果用做主題句也沒有表達(dá)出明確的主題思想，范圍限得過寬，抓不住段落主線，不好下筆擴(kuò)展段落?？筛臑椋?Traffic problems in big cities are serious, which can be found in several ways. He encountered an old friend yesterday. 這是一個(gè)描寫細(xì)節(jié)

19、的句子。 由于涉及面太窄而不利于展 開討論，不適合做主題句。I go to college to make friends. 如果作為段落的主題句就顯得范圍太窄了，作者發(fā)揮的余地太 小，段落不容易寫好?？筛臑椋?Going to college, I can learn more and make new friends.二、擴(kuò)展句 擴(kuò)展句是用來支持或說明主題句的， 是段落主題句的延伸和發(fā)展， 起著輔助主題句、 推展段 落中心的作用， 對(duì)主題句表達(dá)的中心思想或舉例說明、 或細(xì)致描寫、 或詳細(xì)解釋闡述和論證， 使讀者能夠清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表達(dá)的意思。擴(kuò)展句一般要具備這樣的特點(diǎn)： （ 1

20、）清晰、詳實(shí)，有較強(qiáng)的說服力， 能清楚地表達(dá)思想； （2） 條理分明， 脈絡(luò)清晰。上一句要為下一句鋪平道路，下一句是上一句的自然延伸， 一步一步 地論述或敘述主題。一個(gè)段落通常有若干個(gè)擴(kuò)展句。 這些擴(kuò)展句可以處于同一個(gè)層次， 共同來為主題句服務(wù)； 也 可以在一級(jí)擴(kuò)展句之下用二級(jí)擴(kuò)展句來支持一級(jí)擴(kuò)展句，從而構(gòu)成擴(kuò)展句之間的層次關(guān)系。 但在段落中如果有多個(gè)不同層次的擴(kuò)展句時(shí)，必須要合理地安排它們，既要作到簡(jiǎn)潔清晰、 意義連貫、 合乎邏輯，又要作到層次分明并緊緊地圍繞主題句，為主題句服務(wù)；同時(shí)還要注 意一級(jí)擴(kuò)展句、 二級(jí)擴(kuò)展句等和主題句之間的關(guān)系。 一級(jí)擴(kuò)展句為主題句服務(wù)， 二級(jí)擴(kuò)展句 支持一級(jí)擴(kuò)展

21、句來說明或論證主題句。Strong in action, gentle in method. 行動(dòng)要堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，方式要溫和。請(qǐng)看下面的例子：（1）Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. （ 2）It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide f

22、or export at competitive prices. （ 3）By drawing attention to new ideas, it helps enormously to raise standards of living. （ 4）By helping to increase demand, it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. （ 5） It lowers the costs of many services: wit

23、hout advertisements your daily newspapers would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 percent more.這個(gè)段落中的句 （ 1）是段落主題句， 提出觀點(diǎn)：“花錢做廣告是我所知道的最好的花錢方式。 句（2）、（3）、（4）和（ 5）都是擴(kuò)展句，處在同一層次上，進(jìn)一步闡述和說明主題句，即通 過列舉廣告給社會(huì)帶來的好處來說明為什么

24、花錢做廣告是最好的花錢方式。（1）The computer finds many applications in all fields. （2）Computers are now doing almost everything from diagnosing hospital patients to running nuclear power stations. （3）In any field where information is collected, processed, stored, and retrieved, computers are being used more and m

25、ore. （4）Computers are also used as an aid to design planning. （5）For example, they can be used to predict faults in design as well as the cost of a design if one is planning to build a road. 在這個(gè)段落中，句（ 1）是主題句，提出計(jì)算機(jī)在所有領(lǐng)域都有應(yīng)用的觀點(diǎn)；句（2）、（ 3）和（4）是一級(jí)擴(kuò)展句， 都支持和說明句 （1），具體說明計(jì)算機(jī)都在哪些領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用， 而句（ 5） 是二級(jí)擴(kuò)展句，用來補(bǔ)充說明句（ 4

26、），通過舉例來說明計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)的用途。（1）In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat. （2）No single beat is characteristic of the music today. （ 3）But each song has an easily recognizable rhythm. （4）As you listen to a song, your foot usually starts to pick up the beat. （5）Before long, your entire bo

27、dy seems to be moving with it. （ 6）Your head pounds with the beat, and there is no room for thought. （ 7） Only the surge of the music is important. （8）In its own way, rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibraltar. Its message is an overgrowing emotional one.在這一段中，句（ 1）是段落主題句，點(diǎn)出本段主題思想，要說明“搖滾樂最突出的特點(diǎn)

28、是其節(jié)奏”。句（ 2）、（3）是一級(jí)擴(kuò)展句，對(duì)主題句進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說明；而句（4）、（5）、（ 6）是二級(jí)擴(kuò)展句，從屬于句（ 2），對(duì)句（ 2）起著補(bǔ)充、解釋和說明的作用，更形象、生動(dòng)地證 明了主題句所表達(dá)的思想。這里，句（7）是結(jié)尾句，它的功用在后面的章節(jié)里會(huì)做詳盡的講解。He who mistrusts most should be trusted least. 最不信任別人的人最不應(yīng)該得到信任。三、結(jié)尾句 結(jié)尾句位于段落的末尾， 在段落中也起著非常重要的作用， 用以對(duì)全段內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)、 歸納 或提出結(jié)論性的觀點(diǎn)。 結(jié)尾句常和主題句相呼應(yīng)， 以不同的形式再現(xiàn)主題， 并與擴(kuò)展句相關(guān) 聯(lián)。但是并非

29、任何段落都必須有結(jié)尾句才算完整。 有的段落， 尤其是一些較短的段落中只有 主題句沒有結(jié)尾句。請(qǐng)看下面各段落中結(jié)尾句的寫法：Scientists believe that there has been life of some sort on the earth for about twelve hundred million years. Such a large figure is difficult to grasp, so let us scale it down and reckon it as one hundred years. We then find that man has

30、been on the earth for about a month, and civilized man for only seven or eight hours. So you see mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life, and we must not expect too much.本段的結(jié)尾句是對(duì)全段的總結(jié)歸納。 它進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了段落的中心思想， 以引起讀者的注意和 重視。A contract is an agreement which is enforceable by law. It can be lon

31、g or short, formal or informal, simple or complicated, and verbal or written. Without a contract or agreement to bind the contracting parties, any international business or transaction would be impossible. Long age, people exchanged promises in making bargains and binding the conduct of others. This exchange of promises came to be known as“ agreement ” and became more and more important in the fieldsof business. A promise or agreement is reached as a result of the process of offer and acceptance. When an agreement is reached, a contract is formed. Once a