項(xiàng)目管理合同法（PPT 52頁(yè)）

1、Project Management & Contract Law項(xiàng)目管理和合同法Trainer: Herb brookInterpret: Richard guoOutline（大綱）Legal System Layers法定體系層Sources of Law法的來源Contracts合同Legal system layersSanctionsSample ConductCode of EthicsNo formal penaltyFailure to report moonlightingProfessional MisconductDisciplinary actionMoonlight

2、ing for competitorTort LawCompensation to othersSlanderContract LawCompensation to clientBreach of contractCriminal LawPunishment (Jail)Breach of criminal codeAs conduct worsens the severity of the sanctions increase法律體系層面隨著行為的進(jìn)一步惡化處罰的嚴(yán)肅性也增加。處罰辦法行為案例道德規(guī)范代碼無正式處罰不報(bào)告 moonlighting職業(yè)人員的明知故犯訓(xùn)誡式的起訴為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手提供暗

3、地服務(wù)民事法對(duì)他人的補(bǔ)償誹謗合同法對(duì)客戶的補(bǔ)償違約合同刑法處罰 (進(jìn)監(jiān)獄)違反犯罪 codeSources of LawThe US Legal SystemBased on English common law except in State of LouisianaConsists of two partsLegislativeThe common law法的來源美國(guó)的法律體系除美國(guó)的路易斯安那州外都基于英國(guó)的普通法。 由兩部分組成立法機(jī)構(gòu)普通法Legislative lawDetermined by legislatures (US Congress and State Legislat

4、ures)Consists ofStatutes Professional Engineering Licensing Laws (States)Occupational Health and Safety Act (US)RegulationsCreated by organizations like the Society of Professional Engineers. 立法機(jī)構(gòu)的立法由立法機(jī)構(gòu)決定 (美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)和州立法機(jī)構(gòu))組成部分有：條例 職業(yè)工程師執(zhí)照法 (州)職業(yè)的健康和安全法案 (國(guó)家)法規(guī)由諸如職業(yè)工程師協(xié)會(huì)組織創(chuàng)建. Common LawJudge-Made Law Ba

5、sed on the theory of PrecedentContract DisputeLegal RulingPrecedentPrecedent - a legal principle established in previous court decisionswhich involved similar or analogous fact situations.普通法衡平法 基于先例的理論合同糾紛法律規(guī)則先例先例 - 一種建立在前一個(gè)類似案例的法庭宣判結(jié)果的法律原理。Precedent Example - Fundamental BreachMay be applied to re

6、nder exemption clauses in contracts ineffective.Case HistoryHarbutt Plaasticine v. Wayne Tank & Pump (1970). Factory burned down due to faulty material. $2,300limitied liability in contract was waived and $170,000 paid. Precedent - in the event of fundamental breach (a breach of such nature as to go

7、 to the very root of the contract)an exmption clause in a contract would not afford protection to the party that committed the breach先例案例 - 根本性的違約可能應(yīng)用于解釋無效合同中的免除條款.案例歷史Harbutt Plaasticine v. Wayne Tank & Pump (1970). 由于不合格材料導(dǎo)致工廠被燒毀。合同中$2,300的有限責(zé)任被放棄，賠償了 $170,000。 先例 -根本上違反合同中的免除條款（該違反涉及到合同中的根本性問題）不能

8、對(duì)違反條款方提供保護(hù)。The Theory of Deep PocketsThe purpose of Contract Lawis to compensate wronged parties for their damages (not for punishment)Therefore, legal action will tend to be made against those with the greatest capacity to pay.深口袋理論合同法的目的在于為受害方的損失提供賠償（不是為了懲罰）因此，法律行為通常針對(duì)最有支付能力的一方。Contract LawDefinit

9、ionrelationship between 2 or more people defining rights and obligations5 Essential Elements of EnforceabilityOffer and AcceptanceMutual IntentAconsideration was paid (If not, then the contract is an “agreement”.Capacity (18 yrs of age, sound mind, capable)Lawful Purpose合同法定義在兩方或多方之間定義權(quán)利和義務(wù)的一種關(guān)系具備法律

10、效力的五個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素提供和接受雙方自愿已支付 報(bào)酬 (如果沒有支付，該合同僅僅是一個(gè)協(xié)議）。法律承擔(dān)能力 (18歲以上，精神正常，有能力)合法的目的Bilateral vs. Unilateral ContractsEvery contract involves at least two parties: an offeror and an offeree. The offeror promises to do or not to do something. Whether a contract is unilateral or bilateral depends on what the off

11、eree must do to accept. A bilateral contract is a promise for a promise; if the offeree need only promise to perform, the contract is bilateral. A unilateral contract is a promise for an act; if the offeree can accept only by complete performance, the contract is unilateral. A unilateral contracts o

12、ffer becomes irrevocable once substantial performance has been completed. 雙邊與單邊合同每一個(gè)合同至少涉及到兩個(gè)合同方: 提供方和接受方 。提供方承諾做或者不做某個(gè)（些）事情。采用單邊合同還是雙邊合同取決于接受方為了接受必須做什么雙邊合同是對(duì)一個(gè)承諾的承諾；如果接受方只需要承諾履行，合同則為雙邊合同。 單邊合同是對(duì)一個(gè)行為的承諾；如果接受方只有通過完全履行才能接受，合同則為單邊合同。在單邊合同中，一旦關(guān)鍵部分已經(jīng)履行， 提供則不能召回。Expressed vs. Implied ContractsAn express c

13、ontract is one in which the terms are expressed in words, oral or written, A contract that is implied from the conduct of the parties is an iniplied-in-fact contract, or simply an implied contract. The parties conduct reveals that they intended to form a contract and creates and defines its terms. T

14、o establish an implied-in-fact contract: (1) the plaintiff must have furnished some service or property; (2) the plaintiff must have expected to be paid and the defendant knew or should have known that payment was expected; and (3) the defendant had a chance to reject the service or property and did

15、 not. 明確的與隱含的合同一個(gè)明確的合同中，條款以語言的形式（口頭或書面）明確表述，隱含于合同方的履行準(zhǔn)則之外的合同是一種隱含于事實(shí)的合同， 或簡(jiǎn)稱為隱含合同。合同方履行準(zhǔn)則不但表明合同各方有意達(dá)成合同，而且創(chuàng)建并定義合同條款。建立一個(gè)隱含于事實(shí)的合同：(1) 原告必須已經(jīng)完成一些服務(wù)或產(chǎn)品； (2)原告必須已經(jīng)期望得到支付，被告已經(jīng)知道或應(yīng)該已經(jīng)知道原告期望得到支付； (3) 被告已經(jīng)有機(jī)會(huì)拒絕服務(wù)或產(chǎn)品但是沒有拒絕。Formal vs. Informal ContractsFormal contracts require a special form or method of form

16、ation to be enforceable. Formal contracts include contracts under seal, which are writings with a special sea attached. All other contracts are informal contracts, or simple contracts. For these, no special form is required (except for certain types; of contracts that must be in writing).正式與非正式合同正式合

17、同需要一種特殊的合同形式或形成合同的方法以使合同生效。正式合同包括有印章的合同，即付有特殊印章的書面文字。所有其他合同都是非正式合同或簡(jiǎn)單合同。對(duì)于這些合同，不需要特殊的合同形式(除了一些必須以書面形式存在的合同）。Executed vs. Executory ContractsContracts are also classified according to their stage of performance. A contract that has been performed is an executed contract. A contract that has riot been

18、 performed is an executory contract. If one party has fully performed but the other has not, the contract is said to be executed on the one side and executory on the other, and it is classified as executory.已執(zhí)行 與待執(zhí)行 合同合同也可以按照它們履行的階段來分類。已經(jīng)執(zhí)行的合同稱為已執(zhí)行合同。還未執(zhí)行的合同稱為待執(zhí)行合同。 如果合同一方已經(jīng)履行而另一方還未履行，可以說該合同一方已經(jīng)執(zhí)行另一

19、方還未執(zhí)行，該合同歸類為待執(zhí)行.VALID, VOID, VOIDABLE, AND UNENFORCEABLE CONTRACTSA valid contract results when all of the elements necessary to contract formation exist-when th parties agree, through an offer and an acceptance, to form a contract; the contract is supported by consideration; the contract is for a l

20、egal purpose; and the parties had legal capacity to contract, A contract that is void is no contract. A void contract gives rise to no legal obligation on the part d any party. An illegal contract is, for example, a void contract, A voidable contract is a valid contract in which one or both of the p

21、arties has the option of avoiding his or her legal obligation. If the contract is avoided, both parties are released. If it is ratified, both parties must perform An unenforceable contract is a valid contract that cannot be enforced due to certain defenses. For example, a valid contract barred by a

22、statute of limitations is an unenforceable contract.有效的，無效的，可轉(zhuǎn)為無效的和不能生效的合同當(dāng)所有形成合同的必要因素已經(jīng)存在時(shí)當(dāng)所有合同方通過提供和接受達(dá)成一致同意簽定合同；合同具有報(bào)酬的支持；合同具有合法的目的；合同各方具有簽定合同的法律能力一個(gè)有效的合同即可形成。一個(gè)無效的合同不能稱為合同。一個(gè)無效的合同對(duì)合同任何一方都無法律義務(wù)的約束。例如，一個(gè)非法的合同即是一個(gè)無效的合同。 一個(gè)可轉(zhuǎn)為無效的合同是一個(gè)有效的合同，在合同中，合同一方或雙方可以選擇避免他或她的法律義務(wù)。如果合同轉(zhuǎn)為無效，合同雙方均不再受合同條款的約束。如果合同獲得批準(zhǔn)

23、，合同雙方均應(yīng)履行合同。一個(gè)不能生效的合同是一個(gè)有效的合同，由于某些原因該合同不能生效。例如，一個(gè)受某些因素限制的有效合同即是一個(gè)不能生效的合同。Excuses for non-performance of a ContractMisrepresentation (false statement or assertion of fact)Innocent - didnt know they were lyingFraudulant - knowingly Duress - induced by means of intimidation (coercion)Undue Influence -

24、one party to a contract dominates the free will of the other party.不履行合同的原因錯(cuò)誤的描述（對(duì)事實(shí)的不真實(shí)陳述或聲稱）無錯(cuò)不知道對(duì)方在欺騙有錯(cuò)知道對(duì)方在欺騙強(qiáng)迫由于受到威脅、恐嚇等。不適當(dāng)?shù)挠绊懞贤环降囊庠甘艿搅硪环降目刂啤?MistakesOften happens with submission of bidsRectificationof a “common mistake” (secretarial or recording in nature)Unilateral Mistake - made by 1 part

25、yexample.錯(cuò)誤經(jīng)常在投遞投標(biāo)書時(shí)發(fā)生。批準(zhǔn)普通錯(cuò)誤（打印或記錄錯(cuò)誤）單邊錯(cuò)誤合同一方所犯的錯(cuò)誤示例.Unilateral MistakeSuppose you are bidding on a construction contract and make an incorrect transfer from a summary sheet such that your bid (submitted under seal for 60 days) is $70,000 lower than you intended. After 30 days, you discover your mi

26、stake and attempt to withdraw the bid. The client understands that you made a mistake but after 50 days accepts your bid.Should you be required to honor the bid? 單邊錯(cuò)誤假設(shè)您在投標(biāo)一個(gè)建筑合同，但是您依據(jù)總結(jié)單做了一個(gè)不正確的轉(zhuǎn)述 ，以至于您的投標(biāo)（已經(jīng)投遞并付有印章60天有效）比您原先所期望的低了$70,000 。 30天后，您發(fā)現(xiàn)了自己的錯(cuò)誤并試圖撤回投標(biāo)?？蛻裘靼啄噶隋e(cuò)誤但是50天后接受了您的投標(biāo)。您是否必須履行您的投標(biāo)?

27、Contract Interpretation PrinciplesTHE PLAIN MEANING RULE (ALSO KNOWN AS PAROL EVIDENCE RULE)- When a contract is in writing that is not subject to conflicting meanings, a court will enforce the writing according to its plain meaning. Under this plain meaning rule, the meaning of the words must be de

28、termined from the face of the instrument-a court cannot consider evidence extrinsic to the document.合同解釋原理字面意義原理 (亦稱為PAROL 證據(jù)原理)- 當(dāng)一個(gè)合同是以書面形式存在而且不存在意思矛盾時(shí)，法庭將依據(jù)合同的字面意義使合同生效。 依據(jù)此字面意義原理, 合同中詞語的意思必須由其字面意義來決定法庭不能考慮此合同之外的證據(jù)。Contract Interpretation PrinciplesReasonable Meanings and Implied termsIt is impos

29、sible to write everything downContra ProferentumInterpretation of unclear statements will go against the party responsible for writing them.合同解釋原理合理的意思和隱含的條款不可能把每一項(xiàng)東西都寫下來。相反Proferentum對(duì)不清楚陳述的解釋將參照合同的寫作方對(duì)合同條款的解釋。AmbiguitiesWhen the writing is ambiguous, a court will interpret the language to give eff

30、ect to the parties intent as expressed in their contract. A court will not make or remake a contract nor interpret the language according to what the parties claim their intent was when they made it. In interpreting ambiguities, the following rules are generally applied: 模糊條款當(dāng)書面語言意義模糊時(shí)，法庭將對(duì)合同中的語言進(jìn)行解

31、釋以便是合同方在合同中的意愿得以生效。法庭將既不會(huì)簽訂或重新簽訂合同也不會(huì)按照合同方在簽訂合同時(shí)所聲稱的意愿解釋合同中的語言。在解釋模糊條款時(shí)，通常情況下將采用以下原則。Ambiguities1. A reasonable, lawful, and effective meaning will be given to all of a contracts terms.2. A contract will be interpreted as a whole; individual clauses will be considered subordinate to the contracts ge

32、neral intent. Ali writings that are part of the same transaction will be interpreted together, although terms that were negotiated separately will be given greater consideration than standardized terms and terms that were not negotiated separately. 模糊條款1. 合同中所有的條款都必須具有合理的、合法的、有效的意義。2. 一個(gè)合同必須作為一個(gè)整體來解

33、釋；單個(gè)條款必須作為合同整體意義的一部分來考慮。同一條款的所有書面部分都必須放在一起來解釋；但是，與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的條款和非分開單獨(dú)談判的條款相比 ，分開單獨(dú)談判的條款將作為重點(diǎn)來考慮。Ambiguities3. A word will be given its ordinary, commonly accepted meaning, and a technical word or term will be given its technical meaning, unless the parties clearly intended something else. 4. Specific and e

34、xact wording will be given greater consideration than general language.5. Written or typewritten terms prevail over printed ones.模糊條款3. 合同中的單詞將按照它的普通意義和通常情況下被接受的意義來解釋，一個(gè)技術(shù)性的單詞或術(shù)語將按照它的技術(shù)意義來解釋，除非合同各方清楚地表明了其他意義。4. 與一般性的語言相比，具體的和精確的用語將被重點(diǎn)考慮。5. 當(dāng)存在幾種書面形式時(shí)，將以手寫和打字機(jī)打出的術(shù)語為準(zhǔn)，而非打印出的術(shù)語。Ambiguities6. When the l

35、anguage used has more than one meaning, it will be interpreted against the party who drafted the contract. 7. When evidence of trade usage, prior dealings between the parties, and previous course of performance under the contract is admitted, what each of the parties does in pursuance of the contrac

36、t will be interpreted as consistent with what the other does and with any relevant usage of trade and course of dealing and performance. 模糊條款6. 當(dāng)所用的語言具有多種意義時(shí)，將參照合同起草方對(duì)合同條款的解釋。. 7. 當(dāng)在合同方之間存在貿(mào)易慣例或先前交易方面的證據(jù)，以前的履行方針是可以接受的，對(duì)合同任何一方為了達(dá)成合同所做的努力的解釋,將必須與合同另一方為達(dá)成合同所做的努力以及任何相關(guān)的貿(mào)易慣例和交易及履行方針保持一致。AmbiguitiesIn the

37、 above circumstances, express terms are given the greatest weight, followed by course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade, in that order. When considering custom and usage, a court will look at the customs and usage of trade of the particular business and the locale where the contr

38、act was made or is to be performed模糊條款在上述情況下，明確化的術(shù)語將會(huì)被給予最重的分量，其次是 履行方針，交易方針， 和貿(mào)易慣例，應(yīng)該按照以上分量順序。當(dāng)考慮到習(xí)慣或慣例時(shí)，法庭將考慮簽訂合同或履行合同所在的相關(guān)特定商業(yè)領(lǐng)域和地區(qū)的貿(mào)易習(xí)慣和慣例Contract Interpretation PrinciplesDuty to MitigateA party that suffers a loss due to a breach of contract must take reasonable steps to reduce the amount of da

39、mages sufferedLiquidated damages (Penalty Clauses)Must be based on genuine pre-estimates of damages (Rule is to compensate, not punish)Quantum MeruitWhen price is not an express term of the contract then amount is determined by - as much as is reasonably deserved合同解釋原理減少損失的責(zé)任由于合同違約而遭受損失的合同方必須采取合理的行動(dòng)來減少所遭受損失的數(shù)量。清算損失 (懲罰條款)必須建立在真實(shí)