管理信息系統(tǒng)理論基礎(chǔ)與簡(jiǎn)介課件

1、上海工程技術(shù)大學(xué)管理學(xué)院第二章 信息技術(shù)與信息系統(tǒng)主要內(nèi)容0 復(fù)習(xí)1 管理系統(tǒng)2 理解管理信息系統(tǒng)3 管理信息系統(tǒng)的分類(lèi)4 流程、職能、角色管理信息系統(tǒng)（以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)MIS）課程是一門(mén)綜合了管理科學(xué)、信息科學(xué)、系統(tǒng)科學(xué)和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)的課程，依賴(lài)于管理科學(xué)和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)的發(fā)展及其應(yīng)用而逐漸形成的，系統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)、數(shù)學(xué)的方法和計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用是其三大要素。MIS課程定義Contemporary Approaches to Information SystemsContemporary Approaches to Information SystemsThe study of information systems

2、deals with issues and insights contributed from technical and behavioral disciplines.4Why to invest on MIS?Business firms invest heavily in information systems to achieve six strategic business objectives:Operational excellenceNew products, services, and business modelsCustomer and supplier intimacy

3、Improved decision makingCompetitive advantageSurvivalThe Role of Information Systems in Business TodayInformation Technology Capital InvestmentInformation technology capital investment, defined as hardware, software, and communications equipment, grew from 32 percent to 52 percent of all invested ca

4、pital between 1980 and 2009.FIGURE 1-16信息與數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)是人們用來(lái)反映客觀世界而記錄下來(lái)的可以鑒別的物理符號(hào)，或者說(shuō)數(shù)據(jù)是用各種可以鑒別的物理符號(hào)記錄下來(lái)的客觀事實(shí)。 數(shù)據(jù)的含義包括兩個(gè)方面：客觀性：客觀性是數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)客觀事實(shí)的描述，它反映了某一客觀事實(shí)的屬性，這種屬性是通過(guò)屬性名和屬性值同時(shí)來(lái)表達(dá)的，缺一不可?？设b別性：是數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)客觀事實(shí)的記錄，這種記錄是通過(guò)一些特定的符號(hào)來(lái)表現(xiàn)的。常用的特定符號(hào)包括：聲、光、電、數(shù)字、文字、字母、圖形、圖表和圖像等。信息與數(shù)據(jù)（續(xù)）信息是經(jīng)過(guò)加工后的數(shù)據(jù)，它對(duì)接收者有用，對(duì)決策或行為有現(xiàn)實(shí)或潛在價(jià)值。Information:

5、Data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings.信息與數(shù)據(jù)可看作原材料和成品的關(guān)系相對(duì)/絕對(duì)主觀/客觀抽象/具體原材料生產(chǎn)過(guò)程產(chǎn)成品數(shù)據(jù)處理數(shù) 據(jù)信 息生產(chǎn)流程信息與數(shù)據(jù)的轉(zhuǎn)化信息的特征信息與決策信息是管理的基礎(chǔ)。管理的決策理論學(xué)派認(rèn)為：“管理就是決策”，而決策過(guò)程就是收集、處理和使用信息的過(guò)程。決策分類(lèi) 決策方法決策類(lèi)型傳統(tǒng)方法現(xiàn)代方法結(jié)構(gòu)化決策1. 習(xí)慣2. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作業(yè)規(guī)程3.適當(dāng)?shù)慕M織機(jī)構(gòu)MIS(包括各種管理科學(xué)方法)非結(jié)構(gòu)化決策 1. 判斷力、直覺(jué)2.經(jīng)驗(yàn)規(guī)則3.選拔

6、訓(xùn)練管理人員1. DSS2.ESS3.人機(jī)對(duì)話(huà)進(jìn)行探索管理系統(tǒng)管理系統(tǒng)管理系統(tǒng)為了達(dá)到組織的目標(biāo)，針對(duì)管理對(duì)象，由具有特定管理職能、相互聯(lián)系的各種管理機(jī)構(gòu)、管理制度、管理方法和技術(shù)等所構(gòu)成的完整的組織管理體系。管理系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成，可以從不同角度分析企業(yè)管理系統(tǒng)的功能結(jié)構(gòu)企業(yè)管理系統(tǒng)的管理層次管理系統(tǒng)縱向劃分為不同子系統(tǒng)管理系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成：功能結(jié)構(gòu)生產(chǎn)銷(xiāo)售研發(fā)財(cái)務(wù)人事上層管理 政策 計(jì)劃 預(yù)算 目標(biāo) 年收入 成本 利潤(rùn) 調(diào)度 度量 產(chǎn)品 服務(wù) 性能中層管理操作管理 管理系統(tǒng)橫向劃分為不同層次管理系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成：管理層次理解管理信息系統(tǒng)高登戴維斯（G.B.Davis）給出了管理信息系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)典定義：管理信息系統(tǒng)

7、是一個(gè)利用計(jì)算機(jī)軟、硬件，手工作業(yè)，分析、計(jì)劃、控制和決策模型以及數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)技術(shù)的人-機(jī)系統(tǒng)。它能提供信息，支持企業(yè)或組織的運(yùn)行、管理與決策功能。對(duì)MIS定義的理解MIS由四個(gè)部分組成： 計(jì)算機(jī)硬件與軟件。 手工作業(yè)。 分析、計(jì)劃、控制與決策模型。 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)技術(shù)。MIS的功能是提供信息：基礎(chǔ)信息、管理信息、決策信息等。MIS提供的信息有兩個(gè)方面的作用： 基礎(chǔ)信息與管理信息支持企業(yè)管理活動(dòng)與正常運(yùn)行。 它的決策信息能輔助企業(yè)進(jìn)行有效的企業(yè)決策。 Information system: Set of interrelated components Collect, process, store, and

8、 distribute informationSupport decision making, coordination, and controlInformation vs. dataData are streams of raw factsInformation is data shaped into meaningful formPerspectives on Information SystemsFunctions of an Information SystemAn information system contains information about an organizati

9、on and its surrounding environment. Three basic activitiesinput, processing, and outputproduce the information organizations need. Feedback is output returned to appropriate people or activities in the organization to evaluate and refine the input. Environmental actors, such as customers, suppliers,

10、 competitors, stockholders, and regulatory agencies, interact with the organization and its information systems.Figure 1.420Perspectives on Information SystemsInformation Systems Are More Than ComputersUsing information systems effectively requires an understanding of the organization, management, a

11、nd information technology shaping the systems. An information system creates value for the firm as an organizational and management solution to challenges posed by the environment.Figure 1.521總體概念圖高級(jí)管理人員（計(jì)劃、決策）經(jīng)理支持系統(tǒng)決策支持系統(tǒng)知識(shí)工作系統(tǒng)職能人員中央數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)市場(chǎng)分系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)分系統(tǒng)財(cái)務(wù)分系統(tǒng)其它分系統(tǒng)業(yè)務(wù)信息系統(tǒng)管理信息系統(tǒng)中級(jí)管理人員（控制、決策）專(zhuān)用數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)公用數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)模型庫(kù)應(yīng)用程序數(shù)

12、據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)略決策管理控制運(yùn)行控制業(yè)務(wù)處理用戶(hù)訂貨服務(wù)市場(chǎng)預(yù)測(cè)生產(chǎn)調(diào)度計(jì)劃庫(kù)存資產(chǎn)管理生產(chǎn)作業(yè)計(jì)劃工廠監(jiān)控采購(gòu)供應(yīng)成本計(jì)劃（縱向子系統(tǒng)）橫向子系統(tǒng)MIS軟件結(jié)構(gòu)MIS功能結(jié)構(gòu)：金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃管理控制運(yùn)行控制業(yè)務(wù)處理銷(xiāo)售與市場(chǎng)生產(chǎn)財(cái)務(wù)與會(huì)計(jì)其它MIS功能（用戶(hù)角度）戰(zhàn)略層管理層知識(shí)層操作層高層決策者中層決策者知識(shí)/數(shù)據(jù)處理者基層決策者市場(chǎng)銷(xiāo)售生產(chǎn)制造財(cái)務(wù)管理行政管理管理信息系統(tǒng)的分類(lèi)管理層次作業(yè)控制各類(lèi)日常業(yè)務(wù)處理信息系統(tǒng)、辦公自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)管理控制完成計(jì)劃、預(yù)算、偏差分析、輔助中層管理決策的信息系統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃輔助企業(yè)高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)規(guī)劃、控制企業(yè)的運(yùn)作的信息系統(tǒng)，如專(zhuān)門(mén)的數(shù)據(jù)挖掘和分析系統(tǒng)Perspe

13、ctives on Information SystemsLevels in a FirmBusiness organizations are hierarchies consisting of three principal levels: senior management, middle management, and operational management. Information systems serve each of these levels. Scientists and knowledge workers often work with middle manageme

14、nt.28Transaction processing systemsPerform and record daily routine transactions necessary to conduct businessExamples: sales order entry, payroll, shippingAllow managers to monitor status of operations and relations with external environmentServe operational levelsServe predefined, structured goals

15、 and decision makingTypes of Information Systems29Types of Information SystemsA Payroll TPSA TPS for payroll processing captures employee payment transaction data (such as a time card). System outputs include online and hard-copy reports for management and employee paychecks.FIGURE 2-230Management i

16、nformation systemsServe middle managementProvide reports on firms current performance, based on data from TPSProvide answers to routine questions with predefined procedure for answering themTypically have little analytic capabilityTypes of Information Systems31Types of Information SystemsHow Managem

17、ent Information Systems Obtain Their Data from the Organizations TPSIn the system illustrated by this diagram, three TPS supply summarized transaction data to the MIS reporting system at the end of the time period. Managers gain access to the organizational data through the MIS, which provides them

18、with the appropriate reports.32Types of Information SystemsSample MIS ReportThis report, showing summarized annual sales data, was produced by the MIS in Figure 2-3.33Decision support systemsServe middle managementSupport non-routine decision makingExample: What is impact on production schedule if D

19、ecember sales doubled?Often use external information as well from TPS and MISModel driven DSSVoyage-estimating systemsData driven DSSIntrawests marketing analysis systemsTypes of Information Systems34Types of Information SystemsVoyage-Estimating Decision Support SystemThis DSS operates on a powerful

20、 PC. It is used daily by managers who must develop bids on shipping contracts.35Business intelligenceClass of software applicationsAnalyze current and historical data to find patterns and trends and aid decision-makingUsed in systems that support middle and senior managementData-driven DSS Executive

21、 support systems (ESS)Types of Information Systems36Executive support systemsSupport senior managementAddress non-routine decisionsRequiring judgment, evaluation, and insightIncorporate data about external events (e.g. new tax laws or competitors) as well as summarized information from internal MIS

22、and DSSExample: Digital dashboard with real-time view of firms financial performance: working capital, accounts receivable, accounts payable, cash flow, and inventoryTypes of Information Systems37Systems from a constituency perspectiveTransaction processing systems: supporting operational level empl

23、oyeesManagement information systems and decision-support systems: supporting managersExecutive support systems: supporting executivesTypes of Information Systems38Relationship of systems to one anotherTPS: Major source of data for other systemsESS: Recipient of data from lower-level systemsData may

24、be exchanged between systemsIn reality, most businesses systems are only loosely integrated (but they are getting better!) Types of Information Systems39管理層次分類(lèi)小結(jié)組織層次系統(tǒng)類(lèi)型典型功能戰(zhàn)略層戰(zhàn)略支持系統(tǒng)長(zhǎng)期銷(xiāo)售趨勢(shì)預(yù)測(cè)、長(zhǎng)期預(yù)算計(jì)劃、人力資源計(jì)劃管理層決策支持系統(tǒng)成本分析、定價(jià)分析、投資分析管理信息系統(tǒng)銷(xiāo)售管理、庫(kù)存控制知識(shí)層辦公自動(dòng)化文字管理、電子郵件、電子日歷知識(shí)工作系統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)操作層事務(wù)處理系統(tǒng)物流管理、現(xiàn)金管理

25、、設(shè)備管理、訂單管理、薪資處理Enterprise applicationsSystems for linking the enterpriseSpan functional areasExecute business processes across firmInclude all levels of managementFour major applications:Enterprise systemsSupply chain management systemsCustomer relationship management systemsKnowledge management sys

26、temsSystems that span the enterprise41Systems that span the enterpriseEnterprise Application ArchitectureEnterprise applications automate processes that span multiple business functions and organizational levels and may extend outside the organization.FIGURE 2-642Enterprise systemsCollects data from

27、 different firm functions and stores data in single central data repositoryResolves problem of fragmented, redundant data sets and systemsEnable: Coordination of daily activitiesEfficient response to customer orders (production, inventory)Provide valuable information for improving management decision makingSystems that span the enterprise43Supply chain management (SCM) systems Manage firms relationships with suppliersShare information aboutOrders, produc