Book3_U3_語法

1、賓語補(bǔ)足語在英語中有些及物動詞，接了賓語意義仍不完整，還需要有一個其它的句子成分，來補(bǔ)充說明賓語的意義、狀態(tài)等，稱為賓語補(bǔ)足語，簡稱賓補(bǔ)。比如說： Im going to paint it pink.句子中的it顯然是賓語。但是主語將要做的并不是it，而是paint it pink。pink 是句子中的賓語補(bǔ)足語。它和賓語之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，也就是說從邏輯上來講，是執(zhí)行了paint的動作。 句子中的pink是形容詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語。能夠充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)的還有賓語補(bǔ)足語的大致有：不定式，現(xiàn)在分詞，過去分詞，形容詞，副詞，介賓短語等。一般情況下，賓補(bǔ)通常緊跟在賓語之后。 比如： 1) I find lea

2、rning English difficult. (difficult是形容詞做賓補(bǔ)） 2) I saw the kite up and down. （up and down是副詞做賓補(bǔ)） 3) Tom made the girl cry. (cry是省略不定式符號to的動詞不定式） *常跟復(fù)合賓語的動詞有：call, name, make, think, find, leave, keep, nominate (任命), choose, elect (選舉), define (定義), regard, see, recognize, treat, take, consider, look u

3、p, refer to, accept, acknowledge, describe, depict (描述), represent (表現(xiàn)出), declare (宣稱), denounce, employ (雇傭), use, show, organize, express.Either . or .和neither . nor .1. either . or . either . or . 意為“或者或者；不是就是”之意。表示兩者之一，連接句子中兩個并列的成分。例如： When the girl is happy, she either sings or dances. 那個女孩高興時，

4、不是唱就是跳。此句中either . or . 連接兩個動詞，因為主語是單數(shù)第三人稱，謂語動詞要用其相應(yīng)的形式。either . or . 連接兩個主語時，其謂語動詞應(yīng)與最近的一個主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就是我們通常說的就近原則。例如： Either you or I am going there tomorrow. 明天要么你去那里，要么我去那里。 2. neither . nor . neither . nor . 表示“既不也不”。其含義是否定的，可連接任意兩個并列的成份。例如： She likes neither butter nor cheese. 她既不喜歡黃油也不喜歡乳酪。此

5、句中neither . nor . 連接兩個賓語。當(dāng)neither . nor . 連接兩個主語時，也應(yīng)遵循“就近原則”。例如： Neither dad nor mum is at home today. 今天父母都不在家。若將neither . nor . 句型變?yōu)榭隙ň?，只需把neither . nor . 改為both . and . 即可，同時謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： Both dad and mum are at home today. 今天父母都在家。 主謂一致主謂一致是指： 1） 語法形式上要一致，即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語要一致。 2） 意義上要一致，即主語意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語

6、的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。 3） 就近原則，即謂語動詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語。一般來說，不可數(shù)名詞用動詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動詞復(fù)數(shù)。 There is much water in the thermos. 水瓶里有許多水。但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 Ten thousand tons of coals were produced last year. 去年生產(chǎn)了一萬噸煤。Large quantities of water are needed. 需要大量的水。并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時謂語用復(fù)數(shù) Reading and writing are very importa

7、nt. 讀和寫非常重要。注意： 當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時，如果它表示一個單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，and 此時連接的兩個詞前只有一個冠詞。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 鋼鐵工業(yè)對我們的生活非常重要。典型例題 The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were 答案：B。先從時態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過去時，先排除A，C。本題易誤

8、選D，因為The League secretary and monitor 好像是兩個人，但仔細(xì)辨別， monitor 前沒有the，在英語中，當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時只在第一個職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個人，所以應(yīng)選B。 主謂一致中的靠近原則 1) 當(dāng)there be 句型的主語是一系列事物時，謂語應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致。 (1) There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支筆，一把刀和幾本書。(2) There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three

9、 girl-students in the class. 班上有20個男生和23個女生。2）當(dāng)either or 與neither nor，連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞與最鄰近的主語保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo)，而主語又不止一個時，謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。(1) Either you or she is to go. 不是你去，就是她去。(2) Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you. 這里有一只筆，一些信封和紙是給你的。謂語動詞與前面的主語一致 當(dāng)主語后面跟有with, together with, l

10、ike, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞引起的短語時，謂語動詞與前面的主語一致。 (1) The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 老師和學(xué)生一起在參觀工廠。 (2) He as well as I wants to go boating. 他和我都想去劃船。謂語需用單數(shù) 1）代詞each和由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語，或主語中含有each, every, 謂語需用單數(shù)。 (1) Each of us has a tape

11、-recorder. 我們都需要錄音機(jī)。 (2) There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表有點問題。2）當(dāng)主語是一本書或一條格言時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。 (1) The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 天方夜譚是英語愛好者熟悉的一本好書。 3）表示金錢，時間，價格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語 時，通常把這些名詞看作一個整體，謂語一般用單數(shù)。(用復(fù)數(shù)也可，意思不變）。(1) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary prepara

12、tions. 有三個星期可以用來做必要的準(zhǔn)備。(2) Ten yuan is enough. 十元錢足夠了。指代意義決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù) 1）在代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。 (1) All is right. 一切順利。(2) All are present. 所有人都到齊了。2）集體名詞作主語時，謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后用復(fù)數(shù)形式時，意為這個集體中的各個成員

13、，用單數(shù)時表示該個集體。 (1) His family isnt very large. 他家不是一個大家庭。 (2) His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音樂愛好者。 但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 (3) Are there any police around? 周圍有警察嗎？3）有些名詞，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時看作單數(shù)，有時看作復(fù)數(shù)。 A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動詞。 The numbe

14、r of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動詞。 (1) A number of books have lent out. 許多書都已經(jīng)借出去了。(2) The majority of the students like English. 大多數(shù)學(xué)生喜歡英語。與后接名詞或代詞保持一致 1）用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等詞引起主語時，動詞通常與of后面的名詞，代詞保持一致。 (1) Most of his money is spent on books. 他大多數(shù)錢都用來買書了。(2) Most of the students are taking an a

15、ctive part in sports. 大多數(shù)學(xué)生都在積極參加運(yùn)動。2）在一些短語，如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than of 作主語時，動詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。 (1) Many a person has read the novel. 許多人都讀過這本書。 (2) More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生都來自這個城市練習(xí)一、單項選擇。1. A library with five thousand books _

16、 to the nation as a gift. A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered2. The police _ determined to bring back the missing boy when his family _ almost given up all hope.A. is, has B. are, have C. are, has D. is, have3. I have finished a large part of the book; the rest _ more difficu

17、lt. A. is B. are C. was D. were4. Ten minutes _ an hour when one is waiting for an important call.A. seemsB. seemC. likeD. feels 5. Its not you but Mr. Anderson who _ to answer for the incident.A. are B. were C. is D. was 6. -Mike, what did your monitor say just now? - Every boy and every girl as we

18、ll as teachers who _ to visit the museum _ asked to be at the school gat before 6:30. A. is; isB. are; areC. is; areD. are; is7. My driving license, rather than my credit cards, _lost. A. have B. are C. is D. has 8. _ neither you nor your brother interested in swimming?A. Are B. Is C. Do D. Does9. T

19、he wounded _ sent to the hospital at once.A. were B. are C. is D. was10. A number of students _ for an outing. The number of them _ fifty. A. have gone; areB. has gone; isC. has gone; areD. have gone; is11. When and where to build the subway _ yet.A. are not decidedB. have not been decidedC. is not

20、being decidedD. has not been decided12. There _ Id like to answer this evening.A. are one or two letters B. has one or two lettersC. is one or two letters D. have one or two letters13. A large quantity of information, as well as some timely help _ since the organization was built. A. has offeredB. h

21、ad been offeredC. have been offeredD. is offered14. Whisky and soda _ his favorite drink.A. is B. are C. were D. have been15. Each of the students in our class _ great interest in English and they each _ a copy of New Concept English.A. shows; haveB. have; hasC. is; haveD. takes; has16. Not only pol

22、itics but also English is important. In other word, _ is important. A. English, as well as politics B. politics as well as EnglishC. both politics and English D. politics as well as the English17. About one third of the population in Beijing and Shanghai _ netizens, but in poorer areas, only three o

23、r four percent _ online. A. is; isB. are; areC. are; isD. is; are18. He said that the twelfth and last lesson _ rather difficult.A. were B. was C. will be D. are19. No one in the department but Tom and I _ that the director is going to resign.A. knows B. know C. have known D. am to know20. She has s

24、et a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book _ 50 million.A. have reached B. has reached C. are reaching D. had reached二、動詞填空。1. When he came back after so many years, he found his hometown much _ (change). 2. Do you hear someone _ (knock) at the door? Yes, I did. I heard him _ (knock) thr

25、ee times. 3. The chef was fired because he was caught _ (smoke) in the kitchen.4. Oliver Twist is made _ (steal) money from a kind gentleman.5. Mr Smith was so disappointed to see the camera he had had _ (repair) went wrong again.6. He got me _ (pick) up a pizza on my way home.7. All of us consider

26、Yao Ming _ (be) the best basketball player in China.8. I felt a great weight_ (take) off my mind when I finished the task. 9. A statesman can make his influence _ (feel) through his speech. 10. She smelt something _ (burn). 三、句子翻譯。1. 他再次被選為班長。 2. 他醒來時，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己躺在地上。 3. 所有的學(xué)生，包括我自己，都已通過考試。 4. 正如你所見，最近新車的數(shù)

27、量在不斷增加。 5. 對他們來說，完成這項工作十天就夠了。 6. 他是經(jīng)常被老師表揚(yáng)的學(xué)生之一。 7. More than one student is present at the meeting. 8. The singer and dance is going to give a performance in our school. 9. At the foot of the mountain stands a school. 10. I wont have you talking to Mother like that. 四、句子改錯。1. His works is to be published next month. 2. “All are present and all are going on well.” said our teacher. 3. Every possible means have been tried. 4. What influences my life greatly is his words. 5. You, he, or I are right. 6. Half of the apple have been r