動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)(語法專題復(fù)習(xí)7)課件

1、2006高考英語語法復(fù)習(xí)專題(7)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)一、考點(diǎn)聚焦 1、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)考查要點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)述 （1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析 表示客觀事實(shí)或普通真理（不受時(shí)態(tài)限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.Water boils at 100oC.表示現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)時(shí)多用系動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞；表示經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，多用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語連用。Ice feels cold.We always care for each other and help each other.表示知覺、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念

2、的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：I know what you mean.Smith owns a car and a house.All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。但要注意由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時(shí)態(tài)。If you will accept my invitation and c

3、ome to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并參加我們的舞會(huì)，我的家人會(huì)非常高興。少數(shù)用于表示起止的動(dòng)詞如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。當(dāng)be表示根據(jù)時(shí)間或事先安排，肯定會(huì)出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.Tomorrow is Wednesday.（2）一般過去時(shí)的考點(diǎn)分析（考核重點(diǎn)）。一般過去時(shí)的基本

4、用法：表示過去的事情、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)常與表示過去具體的時(shí)間狀語連用（或有上下文語境暗示）；用于表達(dá)過去的習(xí)慣；表示說話人原來沒有料到、想到或希望的事通常用過去式。如：I met her in the street yesterday.I once saw the famous star here.They never drank wine.I thought the film would be interesting, but it isnt.如果從句中有一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間狀語，盡管從句中的動(dòng)作先于主句發(fā)生，但從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞仍用過去式。如：He told me he read an interest

5、ing novel last night. 表示兩個(gè)緊接著發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常由以下詞語連接，用一般過去時(shí)。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it.常用一般過去時(shí)的句型：Why didnt you / I think of that?I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been

6、 there with my brother before.I didnt recognize him.（3）一般將來時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。表示未來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)常用will / shall + 動(dòng)詞（常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語邊用如tomorrow、next week等）。表示一種趨向或習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。Well die without air or water.表示趨向行為的動(dòng)詞如come、go、start、begin、leave等詞常用進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式表示將來時(shí)。be going to與will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及區(qū)別：be going to 表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近

7、或?qū)硪瞿呈?，這種打算往往經(jīng)過事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備；shall / will do表示未事先考慮過，即說話時(shí)臨時(shí)作出的決定。be going to 表將來，不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中；而will則能，表意愿。如：If it is fine, well go fishing.(正確)If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(錯(cuò)誤)be to do sth.表按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.be abou

8、t to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接時(shí)間狀語或狀語從句。Autumn harvest is about to start. （4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。表示說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生著的一個(gè)動(dòng)作；表示現(xiàn)階段但不一定是發(fā)生在講話時(shí)；表近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃；go、come等起止動(dòng)作可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。如：It is raining now.He is teaching English and learning Chinese.I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.We are leaving on Friday.At six I am bathing the baby.

9、 (I start bathing the bady before six.)The girl is always talking loud in public.(與always、often等頻度副詞連用，表經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行動(dòng)或某種感情色彩)下面四類動(dòng)詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。（A）表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動(dòng)作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表

10、示一時(shí)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的動(dòng)詞：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。（5）過去完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析（考核重點(diǎn)）。常用過去完成時(shí)的幾種情況：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示過去某一時(shí)間的短語或從句以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left b

11、efore we reached the station. (B)表示曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/ though / wanted / expected等或用上述動(dòng)詞過去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned + to have done。（C）“時(shí)間名詞 + before”在句子中作狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)；“時(shí)間名詞 + ago”在句中作狀語，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before

12、. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一就”的幾個(gè)句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主語 + 過去分詞 + when / than / before + 一般過去時(shí)。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.在before或after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)代替過去完成時(shí)。After he (had) left the room,

13、the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed. （6）過去將來時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。參照一般將來時(shí)對(duì)比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表過去將來；come、go、leave等過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表過去將來時(shí)；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表過去將來。（7）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析。過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生。某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)另一動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，其中一個(gè)在由when或while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中。（8）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)分析?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)除

14、可以和for、since引導(dǎo)的狀語連用外，還可以和下面的介詞短語連用：during / in /over the last (past) few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)It is (has been) + 一段時(shí)間 + since從句This (That/ It) is the first (second)time that + 完成時(shí)This (That / It) is the only + that + 完成時(shí)This (that / It) is the best / finest / most inter

15、esting + that 從句 + 完成時(shí)在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以代替一般將來時(shí)。如：I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.（9）注意幾組時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別：一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：時(shí)間上有差異：凡有過去時(shí)間的均用過去時(shí)態(tài)，不能用完成時(shí)態(tài)，如含有ago、last year、just now、the ot

16、her day等。結(jié)果上有差異：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)“現(xiàn)在”的影響和結(jié)果，動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在剛完成或還在繼續(xù)；一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去”，和現(xiàn)在毫無關(guān)系。過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)：過去完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“過去的過去”；如出現(xiàn)同一主語連續(xù)幾個(gè)動(dòng)作（“連謂”）形式則只用一般過去時(shí)即可。2、被動(dòng)語態(tài)考查要點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)述被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式：be + 過去分詞，口語只也有用get / become + 過去分詞表示。被動(dòng)語態(tài)的基本用法：不知道或沒必要提到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰時(shí)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)（by短語有時(shí)可以省略）。（1）使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題。主動(dòng)變化被動(dòng)時(shí)雙賓語的變化?？聪铝欣?/p>

17、句。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)時(shí)，賓補(bǔ)成主補(bǔ)（位置不變）；（作補(bǔ)語的）不定式前需加to。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long (by the boss)短語動(dòng)詞

18、變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were taken good care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)，只需將它們后面的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閎e +過去分詞。當(dāng)句子的謂語為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時(shí)，被動(dòng)語態(tài)有兩種形式：（A）謂語動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，動(dòng)詞不

19、定式作主補(bǔ)。（B）用it作形式主語，真正的主語在后面用主語在后面用主語從句來表示。如：People say he is a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.People know paper was made in China first.It is known that paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.類似句型有：It is said / known / suggest

20、ed / believed / hoped/ thought that （2）不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾種情況。所有的不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)之中。表示狀態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。表示歸屬的動(dòng)詞，如have、own、belong to等。表示“希望、意圖”的動(dòng)詞，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。賓語是同源賓語，不定式、動(dòng)名詞等謂語動(dòng)詞不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。有些動(dòng)

21、詞以其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，特別是當(dāng)主語是物時(shí)，常見的動(dòng)詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。（3）主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。當(dāng)feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時(shí)；當(dāng)cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語修飾語時(shí)；當(dāng)動(dòng)詞表示“開始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動(dòng)”等意義時(shí)。This kind of cloth washes easily.這種布易洗。These novels wont sell well.這些小說不暢銷。My pen writes smoothly.我的鋼筆寫起來很流暢。The door wont lock.門鎖不上

22、。The fish smells good.魚聞起來香。當(dāng)break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等動(dòng)詞表示“發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定”等意思時(shí)。The plan worked out successfully.The lamps on the wall turn off.want, require, need后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義。be worth doing用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。在“be + 形容詞 + to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動(dòng)代被動(dòng)。This kind of water isnt fit to drink

23、.The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外：be to blame(受譴責(zé))，be to rent（出租）也用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。（4）被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義的幾種情況。be seated坐著He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。be hidden躲藏He was hidden behind the door. (He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在門后。be lost迷路be drunk喝醉be dressed穿著The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.（5）被動(dòng)語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別被動(dòng)語態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)。如：The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被動(dòng)語態(tài))The book is well sold.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))二、精典名題導(dǎo)解選擇填空1. Visitors _not to touch the exhibits. (NMET 2001)A. will request B. are re