冠詞-名詞-代詞

1、PAGE PAGE 11冠詞有兩種，一是不定冠詞aan，另外一種是定冠詞the一、不定冠詞及其用法二、定冠詞的用法1. 一般來說，普通名詞有特指和泛指，如果特指，就要加定冠詞；如果泛指，可數(shù)名詞前加不定冠詞，或用其復(fù)數(shù)形式2. 定冠詞the主要和名詞連用，表示某些特定的人或事物3. 由of引起的限定性短語(作定語)所修飾的詞前加the4. 表示身體的某一部位，用the代替物主代詞my, our, your, his, her等5. 表示江河海洋，海峽海灣，山脈和群島及有些湖泊之前用the6. 定冠詞the加姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)，表示某某一家人，如果做主語，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)7. 當(dāng)一個(gè)抽象名詞，不表示一般

2、的概念而是表示某一特定的內(nèi)容時(shí)加定冠詞the8. 由普通名詞和一些其他詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前加the: the Peoples Republic of China三、同步練習(xí)1. _rose is_beautiful flower.2. Mr. Smith always smokes_cigarette with _cup of coffee.3._door of_garage is broken.4._donkeys are _ stupid animals.5._bread is made from _ flour,and _flour is made from _wheat.6. She i

3、s _good musician;she plays _piano beautifully.7. Thousands of _visitors go to _Great Wall every _day.8. When he was enghteen,he joined _navy.9. He sent me _letter and _postcard;_letter didnt arrive.10. Li is not at _office;I think hes gone_home.11. Is there _telephone here?12. She is studying _Engli

4、sh and _French.13. I bought _pen and some paper,but I left_pen in _shop.14. _machine is made of _steel and _copper.15. _honesty is _best policy.16. _coal is 60 dollars _ton at the moment.17. I stay at _home last night and listened to _radio.18. We went to Paris and saw _Palace of Versailles.19. He g

5、oes back to _ country to see his people once _year.20. _Lius are going to _cinema.語法系列復(fù)習(xí)專題名詞1. 名詞的分類專有名詞：指某人，某地，某機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，其首字母要大寫。如HongKong,China, Bill Clinton, Red Cross個(gè)體名詞：表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如 student, book可數(shù)名詞 集體名詞：表示若干個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family, school, group, people不可數(shù)名詞 物質(zhì)名詞：表示無法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：cotton, air, tea抽象

6、名詞：表示抽象概念，work，happiness, news注：不可數(shù)名詞可以與表示量的可數(shù)名詞連用，借以表示“可數(shù)”的概念，我們可以加 a(n) piece sheet(張), suit(套), tube(管), packet(包), item(條，則), bar(條), basket(籃子), glass(杯),bunch(束), pair(雙，對(duì)), bowl(碗), portion(份), herd(群), series(系列), shower(陣) etc. ，如：a piece of advice(一條建議) a basket of fruit(一籃水果) an item of i

7、nformation (一則信息)a kind of protection(一種保護(hù))等。2名詞的復(fù)數(shù)1）絕大多數(shù)在詞尾加s。如：book,books; bag,bags; cup,cups; face,faces.2）以ch, sh, s, x, o結(jié)尾的名詞加es。如：watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes; 下列以o結(jié)尾的詞加s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)：piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo3）以輔音字母y結(jié)尾的名詞，將y改為i，再加es。例如：baby, babies; family, fami

8、lies; 以元音字母y結(jié)尾的名詞，直接加s。例如：boy,boys;key,keys4）以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞，先將f或fe改為v，再加es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：leaf,leaves; wife,wives.但有些以f結(jié)尾的名詞，是在f后加s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)，常見的有：roof, chief, belief, gulf等。個(gè)別的兩種方式都可以，如： handkerchiefs, handkerchieves5）少數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，要一一背記： manmen; womanwomen; EnglishmanEnglishmen; footfeet; toothteeth; childchildre

9、n; mousemice 少數(shù)名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式相同，如：Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish, means (注: fishes表不同種類的魚)6）復(fù)合名詞：A.含man或woman的復(fù)合名詞，兩部分都變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式。如：two men teachers, four women doctors B.將復(fù)合名詞中的主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式，如：lookers-on旁觀者，editors-in-chief總編輯, passers-by過路人C.如果沒有主體名詞，就在詞尾后加s。如：grown-ups 成年人，go-betweens 中間人7）以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞：t

10、rousers, glasses眼鏡，scales天平，savings儲(chǔ)蓄， findings 調(diào)查結(jié)果， doings行為，surroundings環(huán)境，arms武器，fireworks 煙火，remains殘余，thanks感謝，riches財(cái)富，ashes灰燼 ，stairs 樓梯8）有些名詞在一定的詞組中要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：take pains下功夫,made preparations作準(zhǔn)備，give regards to 問候3.名詞的所有格1）名詞的所有格一般用于有生命的名詞。多在詞尾加上“s”如：Toms bike, Marxs works 以s結(jié)尾的專有名詞，在詞尾后加“”或“

11、s”。如：Engels / Engelss works 以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，只在詞尾加“”。如：students homework, a workers night school 不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，仍在詞尾加“s”。如：mens clothes; childrens books2）如果一個(gè)事物為兩個(gè)人共有，只在后一個(gè)名詞的詞尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在兩個(gè)名詞的詞尾分別加上“s”。例如：Tom and Mikes room湯姆和邁克合住的房間 Toms and Mikes rooms湯姆、邁克各自的房間3）表示店鋪或某人的家時(shí)，常在名詞所有格后省去shop, house等名詞。 the

12、 tailors 裁縫店，the barbers理發(fā)店，go to the doctors上診所，at my uncles4）表示時(shí)間、距離、國家、城市等無生命的名詞，可以在詞尾加“s”或“”來表示 所有格。如：todays newspaper, half an hours rest, two weeks work, ten minutes walk, Chinas population, Shanghais industry5）表示無生命的名詞一般用of短語表示所有關(guān)系。如：the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 26）表示所屬

13、物的名詞前如果有不定冠詞、數(shù)詞、不定代詞，常用“of所有格”來表示所屬關(guān)系。例如：He is an old friend of my fathers. This is a picture of Marys.1._from Beijing to London!A.How long way it is B.What a long way is it C.How long way is it D.What a long way it is 2.Weve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into_. A.fact B.practice C.rea

14、lity D.deed 3.Electrcity , like other forms of _ ,has greatly increased in price. A.pressure B.force C.strength D.energy4That fellow is clever ; he has _. A.brain B.a brain C.the brain D.brains5.Julie went to the _ to buy a pair of shoes. A.shoes store B.shoes store C.shoe store D.shoes store 6.Thos

15、e _ took lots of _ in the Summer Palace. A.Germen; photoes B.Germen; photos C.Germans; photos D.Germans; photoes7.All possible means _ to save the hero. A.has tried B.have tried C.has been tried D.have been tried8.Whose car is it ? Its_. A.Tom and Mary B.Toms and Marys C.Toms and Mary D.Tom and Mary

16、s9.There are 5_ in th fields. A.heads of cattles B.heads of cattle C.head of cattles D.head of cattle 10.He is the very thief the police _ looking for . A.is B.are C.has D.have11.All but Jack _ here just now . A.is B.are C.was D.were 12.He knows almost everything .So we say he is a man of many _. A.

17、knowleges B.presents C.gifts D.rewards13.Carelessness is the usual _ of fire. A.way B.excuse C.cause D.reason14.The girl is quite _to her mother now . A.a help B.helps C.help D.helpness15._is coming to give us a lecture . A.A manager and an expert B.A manager and expert C.Manager and expert D.Manage

18、r and an expert16.Most of the bridges over the river are made of _. A.stone B.the stone C.a stone D.the stones17.If you hurt her _ ,you should apologize. A.feelings B.feel C.feels D.feeling18.Ill go and call at _ right after school. A.the doctor B.the Smiths C.Smith D.my uncles19.The shop will be cl

19、osed during_. A.repairs B.a repair C.repair D.repairing20.The_we saw yesterday come out to the farm once in a while. A.mouse B.deer C.dog D.cow21.My brother didnt find army life to his _. A.like B.taste C.quality D.favour22.Though they hadnt met for long ,he recognized her _. A.voice B.noise C.sound

20、 D.laughter23.Learning that they were to have a picnic,the children were in _. A.the high spirit B.high spirits C.a high spirit D.high spirit24.After _ silence ,they began to write letters to each other . A.three-year B.a three-year C.three years D.three yearss25.If these trousers are too big ,buy a

21、 smaller_. A.copy B.pair C.piece D.set 26.That daughter of Jacks is _. A.a good fun B.good runs C.good fun D.good funny27._will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas. A.The Evenses B.The Evens C.The Evenses D.The Evens28.He is one of the most successful_ in the city. A.newspapers

22、writer B.newspaper writers C.nesapapers writer D.newspaper writer29.Where is your brother? At_. A.Mr Greens B.Greens C.the Mr Greens D.the Greens30.Are you _ ,Mr Black? Yes ,I speak_. A.English ; the English language B.the English ; English C.an Englishman; on English language D.an English ; English

23、同步練習(xí)（Correct errors, if any, in the following sentences:）1. The scholars met once a year to exchange esperiences.2. Foreign ship are not allowed to fish in our territorial water.3. I went to the doctor for an advice about my health.4. The letter contained an important information.5. In the afternoon

24、 I did some baby-sittings, for it is a fun looking after children.6. The congregation was not numerous that night, but they seemed to be listening attentively to my lecture.7. Poultries are dear in the city.8. The board of director is shaking heads at the chairmans speech.9. The merchandises have ar

25、rived undamaged.語法系列復(fù)習(xí)專題二代詞代詞的分類1.人稱代詞：有主格、賓格、所有格（含形容詞性和名詞性兩種所有格）2.反身代詞:myself ,yourself ,himself ,herself ,itself ,ourselves ,yourselves themselves3.指示代詞:this ,that ,these ,those4.疑問代詞:who ,whom ,what ,which5.相互代詞:each other ,one another6.不定代詞:some ,any ,all ,both ,none ,one, each ,either ,neither

26、,other ,another, something ,anything ,nothing ,anyone ,anybody , someone ,somebody ,nobody7.關(guān)系代詞(用于定語從句):who ,whom ,whose，that ,which ,as 代詞用法注意點(diǎn)1.名詞性所有格代詞可作主語、賓語、表語，可用于雙重所有格。例如： This isnt my book. Its his. Mine is in the bag. /Is she a friend of yours ?/Do you think this bag of mine beautiful ?/She

27、 lost some pencils of hers.2.反身代詞可用于某些固定搭配。例如： (all)by oneself 自己單干，獨(dú)立干： The boy usually finishes his homework by himself. of oneself 自動(dòng)地，自行地： Mary will correct her mistakes in the exercises of herself. for oneself 替/為自己：You have to choose for yourself.3.指示代詞this/these一般用來指時(shí)間和空間上較近的人或物；that/those 常指

28、時(shí)間和 空間上較遠(yuǎn)的人或物。 進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，that可代替不可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)名詞以避免重復(fù)；those 可代替復(fù)數(shù)名詞以免重復(fù)。例如： The water of the well is cleaner than that of the river./The Christmas cards are much better than those you bought yesterday.4.相互代詞each other ,one another.前者通常指兩者之間的“相互”，后者側(cè)重三者或三 者以上的“相互”，也可指兩者之間的“相互”。5.不定代詞some多用于肯定句；any多用于否定句，疑問句或條件

29、句中。另外some可用于表示請求、提議或者希望得到肯定回答的疑問句中，修飾可數(shù)名詞，表示“任何、無論哪一個(gè)” If you have any ink ,please give me some. Edison became quite expert at it and could find work in any town he went to.all 與noneall表示“三者或三者以上全部”，可以修飾可數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞。none用于表示對(duì)三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物的否定，意思是“沒有什么人，沒有什么東西”，可作主語和賓語。none of后的謂語可以是單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式。none可以簡略回答以How m

30、any或How much開頭的疑問句。 None of them have/has failed. How many books are there on the desk ? None. 注意：no one (nobody)不同于none ,作主語時(shí)只能跟單數(shù)謂語，不可跟of短語連用， 回答以who開頭的問句，不能回答How many/much 開頭的問句。 例如： Who is in the room ? no one(Nobody). Is there any oil in the glass ? None.other ,another ,the other ,others ,the o

31、thers other表示“沒有范圍的，其他的”，與名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用。如：other books/boys/another泛指很多中的“另一個(gè)”，可作代詞或形容詞用，代替或修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。 I dont like this hat ,please show me another.the other可作代詞或形容詞用，指已知的事物或人中的“另一個(gè)”，或另一方中的“全部其他的”。如：I have two sisters.One is a student and the other is a worker./I can see only two teachers in the office.Where

32、 are the other teachers ?others泛指其他的人或物；the others特指其余的人或物。others常和some對(duì)比使用。 Thirty students in our class are boys ,the others are girls. Some are carrying water ,others are watering the trees.one作為不定代詞，泛指“任何人”（包括說話人在內(nèi)），還可用來代替上文出現(xiàn)過的可數(shù)名詞（指人或物），并有復(fù)數(shù)形式ones。例如： I have bought a new bike.My old one doesnt

33、 work./One must do ones duty.注意：one ,that都可代替前面出現(xiàn)過的單數(shù)名詞，但這樣用時(shí)，one可被前置或后置定語修飾,that只能被后置定語修飾。例如： This book is the one that is needed by him. My seat is next to that of our teacher.代詞專練 1. Which of the two dictionaries will you borrow ? Ill borrow _ ,for the different uses. A.all B.both C.either D.neit

34、her 2._ of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret. A.Each B.Any C.No one D.None 3.We couldnt eat in a restaurant because _ of us had _ money on us. A.all ;no B.any ;no C.none ;any D.no one ;any 4.They were all very tired ,but _ of them would stop to take a rest. A.neither B.none C.som

35、e D.any 5.There is a No.2 trolleybus and a No.24 bus ;_ will take you there. A.both B.either C.all D.any 6.As we were asleep ,_ of us heard the sound. A.both B.none C.either D.any 7. Which of the five may I use ? Oh ,_. A.any one B.anyone C.anything D.nothing 8.Are the two answers correct ? No ,_ co

36、rrect. A.no one is B.both are not C.neither is D.either is not 9.I asked him for some oil ,but he hadnt _. A.any B.some C.no D.anything 10.You have three English dictionaries ,but I have only two _. A.ones B.不填 C.the one D.the ones 11.I have a colour TV set.I want to sell _. A.one B.the one C.that D

37、.it 12.This film is not so good as _ we saw last week. A.that B.it C.the one D.one 13._ of us must go there and help him out. A.One or other B.One by one C.One or the other D.One or another 14.We all felt _ to be the highest praise. A.it B.that C.that one D.the one 15.Havent you read _ English stori

38、ces ?Please tell us an interesting one. A.any B.all C.either D.some 16. Would you like _ dumplings ? No,thanks. A.some B.another C.any D.all 17.If there is _ chance ,I will try another. A.one B.any C.some D.all 18. Are _ here to take the college entrance exam ? Yes ,we _. A.all you ;are all B.you al

39、l ;all are C.all of you ;are all D.you of all ;all are 19.Mr Green gave the textbooks to all the pupils except _ who had already taken them. A.one B.the ones C.some D.the others 20. Have you ever seen a snake alive ? Yes ,Ive seen _. A.that B.so C.one D.it 21. Lily ,do you have an umbrella ?It is ra

40、ining outside. Yes ,but its _. A.small one B.small umbrella C.only a small one D.that one 22.Toms mother kept telling him that he should work hard ,but _ didnt help. A.this B.which C.any D.it 23. Have you got _ red ink ? Sorry ,I havent got _. A.some ;some B.any ;many C.some ;any D.any ;some 24.I pr

41、efer a street in a small town to _ in such a large city as Shanghai. A.that B.it C.this D.one 25.Sarad has read a lot of stories by American writers.Now she would like to read _ stories by writers from _ countries. A.some ;any B.other ;some C.some ;other D.other ;other 26. Is _ here ? No ,Bob and Ti

42、m have asked for leave. A.anybody B.somebody C.everybody D.nobody 27.Our headmaster advised us that in order to succeed in life ,one has to be honest with _ friends. A.their B.her C.ones D.our 28.I borrowed some books _ myself ,but when I was going to read them ,the lamp went out _ itself and I had

43、to sit in the dark _ myself. A.不填;for;by B.by;for;of C.for;of;by D.of;不填；by 29.When I first saw the old farmer ,I could hardly imagine _ invented the machine to pick cotton. A.himself B.he himself C.he for himself D.he by himself 30.It is impossible for all the people to get the job ,because _ of th

44、em are not fit for it. A.all of B.none of C.each of D.every one of 第一節(jié) 名 詞 的 數(shù)一、可數(shù)名詞2. 有少數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，childchildren, manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, toothteeth, goosegeese, mousemice, oxoxen3. 英語里還有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)變化較為特殊，需特別注意analysisanalyses, bacteriumbacteria, basisbases, crisiscrises, criterioncriteria, da

45、tumdata, formulaformulae(或formulas), fungusfungi, phenomenonphenomena,syllabussyllabi, thesistheses4. 有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)是一樣的：aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, deer, fish, Japanese, means, series, species等。5. 如果前邊有表示復(fù)數(shù)的限定詞時(shí)名詞用其復(fù)數(shù)形式6. 在形容詞最高級(jí)中，表示范圍的of后要用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式7. 有些集體名詞在形式上是單數(shù)如people(人民，人們)，police(警察)，cattle(牲畜)，st

46、aff(全體人員，全體職員)，但它們表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)的含意。如果這些詞做主語，其謂語須用復(fù)數(shù)形式。8. hair和fruit一般情況下用單數(shù)，表示總體。但如果我們要表示若干根頭發(fā)或幾種水果時(shí)，就要用這兩個(gè)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式eg: He bought apples, oranges and other fruits. (“fruits”在此處意為“多種水果”)另外還要注意：police和cattle的謂語形式總是用復(fù)數(shù)形式。9. 名詞做定語時(shí)，不能用作復(fù)數(shù)二、不可數(shù)名詞1. 不可數(shù)名詞為物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞，如information, proverty, advice, anger, applause, bag

47、gage, cake, chalk, chocolate, cloth(布), bread, damage(損害), equipment, fruit, furniture, gold, information, ink, jewellery, luggage, mail(郵件), money, news, paper, protection, soap, sugar, weaponry, machinery, scenery, personnel, work等2. 有些抽象名詞的意思可以轉(zhuǎn)變成為具體名詞，這時(shí)要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式The insurance company paid $10000 i

48、n damages for the accident. (“damage”本來為不可數(shù)名詞“損害”，變復(fù)數(shù)后意思是“損失賠償費(fèi)”。) 單復(fù)數(shù)含義不同的名詞還有：communication(通訊)communications(通訊系統(tǒng)，通訊工具)；cloth(布)clothes(衣服)；content(內(nèi)容)contents(目錄)；convenience(便利)conveniences(便利設(shè)備)；humanity(人類)humanities(人文科學(xué))；necessity(需要)necessities(必需品)；pain(疼痛)pains(辛勞)；ruin(毀滅)ruins(廢墟，遺跡)；sand(沙子)sands(沙地，沙灘)；wood(木材)woods(樹林)；work(工作)works(工廠，著作)。另外，有些名詞通常只用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：fundamentals(基本原則)，goods(貨物), means(方法), rapids(急流)，shorts(短褲), sweets(歡樂), valuables (貴重物品)。第二節(jié) 名詞所有格名詞有三個(gè)格：主格、賓格和所屬格。這里我們只講屬格，屬格表示所有關(guān)系，它有兩種不同的形式。一、一是在名詞尾加s (如 my brothers toy我弟弟的玩具，the hostess living room女主人的起居室)，如果