香山科學(xué)會(huì)議溫室氣體控制技術(shù)及關(guān)鍵問題unfccc課件

1、GAO GuangshengOffice of National Coordination Committee on Climate Change,National Development and Reform Commission of P.R. ChinaNov. 15, 2006Policies and Measures of China on Climate Change Mitigation under the Framework of Sustainable DevelopmentThe 2nd Workshop of Dialogue on Long-term Cooperati

2、ve Action1Climate change is one of the key concerns of the international community. Climate change, both as an environmental issue and development issue, falls in the category of development in the final analysis;Tackle the challenges of climate change in joint efforts through dialogue and cooperati

3、on has become the consensus of international community;Introduction2Actively addressing climate change and enhancing sustainable development are not only the requirements of implementing the UNFCCC, but also the requirements of carrying out the scientific concept of development in China;Advancing th

4、e sustainable development in full scale and effectively controlling GHG emissions are the key measures of China to carry out its basic national policies on resource-conserving and environmental protection and to ensure national security.Introduction3Huge temperature differences between seasons/daysC

5、hinas climate is characterized by the distinct continental monsoon climate. Comparing with North U.S. and the Western Europe, the temperature difference in most regions in China is greater than that in the regions of the same latitude. In order to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature, more ener

6、gy is required.The National Circumstances of China42. Increasing amount of economic loss caused by climate disastersThe National Circumstances of ChinaEconomic Loss53. Huge population & high employment pressureBy the end of 2005, the total population in Mainland China was 1.31 billion, accounting fo

7、r 22% of the world total;43% of the total population live in cities/towns, 750 M people still live in villages;Every year, 10 M new employment opportunities need to be created in cities/towns, and about 10 M people living in countryside move to cities/towns to find job.The National Circumstances of

8、ChinaTotal Population (100 million)64. Low level of economic developmentThe GDP per capita of China in 2005 was USD 1,714 (based on exchange rate of that year), only of the world average;By the end of 2005, the annual per capita income of 23.65 million people living in villages was less than 683 RMB

9、 (USD 83).The National Circumstances of ChinaComparison of GDPs per Capita between China and the World average in 2004ChinaWorld75. Coal-dominated energy mixThe primary energy consumption in 2005 was about 1,563 million toe, among which 68.9% came from coal consumption;In 2005, coal accounted for 27

10、.8% of the worlds primary energy consumption.The National Circumstances of China86. Low per capita energy consumptionIn 2005, the commercial energy consumption per capita was about 1.2 toe, equal to 2/3 of world average and of the OECD countries.The National Circumstances of ChinaComparison of per c

11、apita energy consumptions between China and the world average in 200497. The CO2 emission per capita of China is lower than that of the world averageIn 2004, the CO2 emission per capita of China from fossil fuel utilization was 3.65 tons, equal to 87% of the world average and 33% of the OECD countri

12、es.The National Circumstances of China101. Formulation and implementation of sustainable development strategy:The Government of China issued the sustainable development strategy of China in 1994 - China Agenda 21;In 1996, the idea of sustainable development was taken as an important guiding principl

13、e as well as a strategic goal for social and economic development; In 2003, the Government of China formulated the Program of Action for Sustainable Development in China in the Early 21st Century. Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate Change112. Adoption of a series of policies/measures favorable to

14、climate change mitigation:In January 1998, the Energy Conservation Law of China entered into force;In June 2003, the State Council issued the Decision on Promoting the Development of Forestry; In February 2005, the National Peoples Congress reviewed and approved the Renewable Energy Law;In August 20

15、06, the State Council issued the Decision on Strengthening Energy Conservation.Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate Change12 3. Improve energy efficiency and energy conservation Energy use per 10K RMB Yuan GDP decreased from 1.88 toe in 1990 to 1 toe in 2005 (2000 price) at the rate of 4.1% per annu

16、m.Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate Changetoe/10,000 RMB13In 15 years, the accumulated energy saving adds up to 560Mtoe, equal to 1.8bt CO2 emission reductions.Comparison of CO2 per unit GDP of China and the world Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate Change14 4. Develop low carbon energy and rene

17、wable energy, improve energy structure：The percentage of coal in primary energy consumption dropped from 76.2% in 1990 to 68.9% in 2005;By 2005, RE utilization reached 116M toe (incl. large hydro), accounting for 7.5% of total consumption, equal to 380Mt CO2 emission reductions.Efforts of China to M

18、itigate Climate Change15 4. Develop low carbon energy and renewable energy, improve energy structure：By 2005, hydropower installed capacity reached 117GW, accounting for 23% of the total;Household biogas over 17 M, annual biogas production 6.5bm3;Biomass power generation capacity 2GW;Grid connected

19、wind power capacity 1.26GW;PV capacity 70MW, solar heater collector 85Mm2;Renewable CDM projects account for 90% of the total approved CDM projects.Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate Change16 5. Carry out forestation and increase forest coverageForestation 54Mh, storage 1.5bm3, ranking No. 1 in th

20、e world;Forest coverage from 13.92% in early 1990s to 18.21% in 2005;Estimated net sink 3 billion CO2 between 1980 and 2005.Efforts of China to Mitigate Climate Change171. Principles:Addressing climate change within the framework of sustainable development;Equal importance of mitigation and adaptati

21、on;Integration of climate policy into other relevant policies;Reliance on technological progress and innovation;Common but differentiated responsibilities; Active participation and broad cooperation.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in China18 2. General objective:Considerable GHG e

22、mission reduction;Enhancement of adaptation capacity;New progress on scientific research on climate change;Considerable improvement of public awareness;Further institution development.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in China19 3. Main targets of sustainable development in China fo

23、r the 11th Five-Year Plan periodEnergy intensity drop by around 20%;Total population: 1.36 billion;Total cultivated land: 120Mh;Total main pollutants emission drop by 10%;Forest coverage: 20%.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in China204. Promote 10 key energy conservation projectsR

24、enovation of coal-fired industrial boilers;District CHP;Waste heat and pressure utilization;Oil conservation and switching;Motor system conservation;Energy system optimizationBuilding energy conservation;Green-lighting;Energy conservation in government agencies;Energy saving monitoring and technical

25、 service. Estimated energy saving: 170Mtoe, equal to 550 Mt CO2 reduction.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in China215. Develop hydropower together with ecological protectionHydropower is a key measure towards a low carbon energy structure;Together with environmental protection and

26、 migration, develop and use hydropower resources in a rational manner;Accelerate the development of hydropower and small hydro based on local conditions.Estimated CO2 reduction 560Mt by the end of 2010.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in China226. Promote nuclear powerNuclear energ

27、y is a key element in national energy strategy;Guideline: self-sufficient, international cooperation, technology introduction, domestic built;Common technology route and adoption of advanced technologies;Achievement of domestic development and production of large scale unit.Estimated GHG emission re

28、duction: 60Mt CO2 by 2010.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in China237. Optimize thermal power developmentDevelop 600+MW supercritical (ultra-supercritical) units;Start the IGCC power station project;Develop natural gas power generation;Acceleration of the elimination of small coal

29、-fired power generators; Strengthen power grid construction.Estimated GHG emission reduction: 110 Mt CO2 by 2010.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in China248. Vigorously promote coal-bed methane utilizationCoal-bed methane investigation, development and utilization should be adopte

30、d as important instruments to expedite the structural optimization of coal industry, reduce coal mining accidents, improve resources utilization efficiency and prevent environmental pollution. Exempt or partly exempt coal bed methane projects from utilization fees for prospecting and mining rights;

31、Adopt preferential tax policies for coal bed methane projects;Encourage coal bed methane CDM projects. Estimated GHG emission reductions: 210 Mt CO2 by 2010.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in China259. Promote the development of bio-energyVigorously promote biomass energy developm

32、ent and utilization with key focus on biomass power generation, marsh gas, biomass briquette and biomass liquid fuel;Formulate economic policies and measures in favor of bio-ethanol and other biomass fuels.Estimated GHG emission reduction: 30 Mt CO2 by 2010.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mi

33、tigation in China2610. Actively support the development and utilization of wind, solar, geothermal and tidal energy Together with the development and construction of large scale wind power plants, to:Actively develop photovoltaic and solar heating utilization;Actively promote the development and uti

34、lization of geothermal and tidal energy.Estimated GHG emission reductions: 70 Mt CO2 by 2010.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in China2711. Attach importance to the control of GHG emissions from agriculture sectorThrough the promotion of semi-dry rice cultivation technology, scient

35、ific irrigation, research and development of technologies, to:Breed fine ruminant varieties;Improve management practices for intensive livestock operations;Further promote straw treatment technology;Enhance/refine the technologies for household-type biogas digesters; andControl the growth rate of me

36、thane emissions.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in China2812. Strengthen carbon sinksThrough the continuous implementation of policies and measures and the Priority Programs of Ecological Conservation such as the conservation of natural forest resources, converting cultivated land

37、 back to forest or grassland, etc. to achieve a forest coverage rate of 20% and an increase in carbon sink by about 50 Mt CO2 compared with that in 2005 by the end of 2010.Policies and Measures on Climate Change Mitigation in China291. Effective implementation of Article 4.7 of the UNFCCC is key to

38、improve the developing countries capacity to mitigate climate changeArticle 4.7 stipulates that “The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitme

39、nts under the Convention related to financial resources and transfer of technology and will take fully into account that economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties.”Chinas Needs for International Cooperation on Cl

40、imate Change302. Concrete and effective international cooperation is a must to realize the aforementioned objectives and tasks:The main objectives of Chinas 11th five-year plan presented under the framework of sustainable development are very ambitious and arduous;To realize these objectives, not only Chinas own efforts, but also the support from international society on finance and advanced technologies are required. Chinas Needs for International Cooperation on Climate Change313. Major needs for mitigation te