高分子材料塑料講解課件

1、高分子材料塑料篇唐凱榮Kardos TangMacro-molecular MaterialsPlastic塑料是以樹脂為主要成分，適當加入各類添加劑，可用塑化、燒結(jié)或溶液等方法成型，并能在常溫下保持成型形狀的一類高分子材料。美觀、質(zhì)輕、電絕緣、耐化學腐蝕、容易成型加工成各種形狀和多種性能高分子材料。應用分類：通用塑料 和 工程塑料。受熱變化分類：熱固性塑料 和 熱塑性塑料。 樹脂塑料橡膠纖維Plastic is a kind of material that use resin as main compound，and some additive，use plasticizing、heat

2、or dissove some ways to produce，and can maintain its shape in room temperature.A kind of polymer that Beautiful、light、insulated、chemical resistent, and easy to produce to many different shape and function.Application sort: General use plastic and Engineering plastic.Heating transformation sort：therm

3、oset and thermoplastic. resinPlasticrubberfibre熱塑性PVCPE聚乙烯PS聚苯乙烯PP聚丙烯聚氯乙烯polyethylenePolyvinyl chloridepolypropylenepolystyreneABS通用熱塑性樹脂General used thermoplastic resinthermoplastic優(yōu)點缺點 優(yōu)良的耐水性、電性能。 抗沖擊強度好、 具有良好的化學穩(wěn)定性。常溫下耐酸、堿等。聚乙烯 PE低密度聚乙烯 LDPE高密度聚乙烯 HDPE線型低密度聚乙烯 LLDPE 表面能低，易于清潔。 力學性能一般，拉伸強度較低，抗蠕變性不

4、好。 耐熱性不好。 透氣性較大，不適于保鮮包裝，但適合防潮包裝。 PE分子中含有少量雙鍵和醚基，導致其耐候性不好。EVA應用范圍：薄膜類制品是PE的最主要用途。LDPE樹脂用于膜類制品可占50%以上。HDPE膜制品占10%以上。PE因加工型好還廣泛用于注塑制品。還可用于漁網(wǎng)、纜繩、及民用紗窗等。聚乙烯是由乙烯單體經(jīng)自由基聚合而成的聚合物。MeritDefect Good water resistent and electric insulation. Good impact resistent. Good chemical stability, chemical resistent.polye

5、thylene PELow density PE (LDPE)High density PE (HDPE)Linear low density PE (LLDPE) Low surface energy,easy to clean. Ordinary mechanical stress，low tensile stress，bad lay resistent。 Bad heat resistent. Bad airtight performance，not suitable for seal package，but suitable for water proof package. Bad a

6、ging resistent.EVAApplication：Main used for film products.Over 50% LDPE used for film products.HDPE film products about 10%.Because of PEs good machining ,it also be used on inject Also like fish net、cable and net window.PE is a kind of polymer react by ethylene monomer.優(yōu)點缺點聚丙烯 PP低溫脆性大。 耐老化性不好。 電絕緣性

7、和耐化學腐蝕性優(yōu)良。 力學性能和耐熱性在通用熱塑性塑料中最高 耐疲勞性好，人稱百折膠。 表面能低，易于清潔。 耐磨性能一般。應用范圍：PP樹脂在注塑制品中可占一半左右。PP膜可占PP用量的10%左右。中空制品透明性和力學性能好用做洗滌劑、化妝品、藥品的包裝，與阻隔材料復合的復合瓶用于食品和化學試劑包裝。聚丙烯是由丙烯單體經(jīng)自由基聚合而成的聚合物。MeritDefectpolypropyleneLow temperature fragile. Bad aging resistent. Good insulation and chemical resistent. Physical stress

8、and heat resistent are the best among all plastic. Excellent fratigue resistent. low surface energy , easy to clean. Ordinary abrasion resistent.Application：Half of PP products are used for inject products, about 10% PP are used for film products。Also many PP are used for package of medicine、deterge

9、nt、cosmetic and so on.PP a kind of polymer reacted by propylene monomer.(PP)聚氯乙烯 （ PVC）優(yōu)點 PVC的熱穩(wěn)定性較差。 產(chǎn)量大、成本低。 優(yōu)良的阻燃性能，耐腐蝕性。優(yōu)良的機械強度及電絕緣性。 加工性能優(yōu)異。 加工性能不好。 化境不友好，含有多種對人體有害成分。polyvinyl chloride 硬質(zhì)PVC可用于生產(chǎn)各類管材，型材、板材、片材、瓶類、注塑制品等。 軟質(zhì)PVC可用于生產(chǎn)薄膜、電纜、鞋類、人造革、軟透明管等缺點由氯乙烯單體經(jīng)自由基聚合而得的聚合物。 耐沖擊性能不好。 耐老化及耐寒性差。Merit B

10、ig output、low cost. excellent fire resistent,and chemical resistent.Excellent insulation and mechanical performance Good machining performance.polyvinyl chloride Hard PVC can be used for board、sheet、hose、bottle and inject products and so on. Soft PVC can be used for film、cable、shoes、transparent hose

11、 and so on.Defect（ PVC）PVC is a kind of polymer react by vinyl monomer. Heat stability is bad. Machining property is not good. Not environmentally friendly . Impact resistent is bad. Aging and low temperature resistance are not good. Glass statehigh-elastic state TgTf聚苯乙烯 PS優(yōu)點 低溫易開裂。 優(yōu)良的透光性。 優(yōu)良的絕緣、絕

12、熱性能。熔融時熱穩(wěn)定性好和流動性好，易成型加工。Polystyrene 沖擊強度低，易出現(xiàn)應力開裂。耐熱性能差，不耐沸水。聚苯乙烯泡沫可膨脹60倍，發(fā)泡性能優(yōu)異。EPS主要用途為防震包裝材料、隔熱保溫材料、隔音材料、漂浮材料、絕緣材料等。 PS兼有透明性和良好的絕緣性，可用于電視機、錄音機等電器配件。也可用于一般光學儀器、燈罩及包裝容器等。缺點聚苯乙烯是指有苯乙烯單體經(jīng)自由基縮聚反應合成的聚合物 Merit Easy to break at low temperature. Excellent transparent. Good insulation and heat proof perfor

13、mance.Good heat stability and fluid when its melted，easy to machining.Polystyrene Low impact resistent,easy to craze.Bad heat resistent.EPS can swell about 60 times big,excellent foaming performance.Application:Most of EPS used for package material、preserve heat material、sound absord material、float

14、material、insulated material and so on. PS has both transparent and insulated character ，can be used for wiring parts、optic parts、lights cover and so on.Defect(PS)PS is a kind of polymer react by styrene monomer.丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物 （ABS）優(yōu)點 耐候性較差。 優(yōu)良的力學性能，沖擊性能極好。 優(yōu)良的耐磨性，尺寸穩(wěn)定性好。耐低溫性優(yōu)異，熱穩(wěn)定性好。Acrylonitrile Bu

15、tadiene Styrene 優(yōu)良的耐腐蝕性。缺點較好的電絕緣性。加工性能優(yōu)良。流動性比PE、PA及PS差，比PVC和PC好。 ABS的吸水率較高。較優(yōu)異的隔音性。聚苯乙烯是指有苯乙烯單體經(jīng)自由基縮聚反應合成的聚合物 ABS樹脂的最大應用領(lǐng)域是汽車、電子電器和建材。汽車領(lǐng)域的使用包括汽車儀表板、車身外板、內(nèi)裝飾板、方向盤、隔音板、門鎖、保險杠、通風管等很多部件。在電器方面則廣泛應用于電冰箱、電視機、洗衣機、空調(diào)器、計算機、復印機等電子電器中。建材方面，ABS管材、ABS衛(wèi)生潔具、ABS裝飾板廣泛應用于建材工業(yè)。此外ABS還廣泛的應用于包裝、家具、體育和娛樂用品、機械和儀表工業(yè)中。Merit

16、Bad aging performance. Excellent mechanical stress and impact resistent. Excellent abrasion resistent and demension stability.Excellent low temperature performance and heat resistent.Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Good erode resistent.DefectGood electicity insulationGood machining performance.High

17、water absorb rateGood sound insulation.ABS is a kind of polymer react by acrylonitrile、butadiene and styrene monomer.Application:The most aspects of using ABS resin are Auto、wiring and building material.Including car meter pad、outside pad、steering wheel、sound insulate pad、door lock、bumper、vent pipe

18、and so on.Electrical device:such as fridge、Television、air-condition、computer and so on. Building material:ABS hose、ABS bath room materials、ABS decorate pad and so on. ABS also widely used in sports equipment、package、furniture and so on.（ABS）力學強度耐沖擊性耐高溫耐低溫耐磨性電性能耐腐蝕阻燃性較差一般良好優(yōu)異氣密性耐老化PEPPPVCPSABSExcelle

19、ntGoodOrdinaryBadMechanical stressImpact resistentAbrasion resistentinsulationChemical resistentHigh temperatureLow temperatureFire resistentAirtightAging resistent熱塑性工程塑料工程塑料PA（polyamide ）(polyethylene glycol terephthalate)(polycarbonate ) 聚酰胺 聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 聚碳酸酯PETPCEngineering resin means those have

20、both excellent physical and thermal performance, and can be used under huge stress and extremely chemical surrounding. Which can be in place of some metal to be structure materials.Engineering plasticThermoplastic engineering resin聚酰胺聚酰胺為大分子鏈上含有酰胺基團重復結(jié)構(gòu)單元的一類聚合物，主要由二元胺和二元酸縮聚或由氨基酸內(nèi)酰胺自聚合而成。3.良好的柔性和沖擊性。

21、2.聚酰胺高熔點，熱穩(wěn)定性好，熱變形溫度可達200度。4.優(yōu)異的力學性能，拉伸強度和沖擊強度都較高，但沖擊強度不如PC和POM，耐疲勞性好。5.優(yōu)異的耐化學穩(wěn)定性，尤其是耐油性突出。1.耐磨擦性和耐磨損性優(yōu)良。優(yōu)點缺點1.吸水性比較高。2.抗蠕變性較差。3.電絕緣性能不佳。4.耐光性不好。PA（polyamide ）由于尼龍具有很多的特性，因此，在汽車、電器設(shè)備、機械部構(gòu)：、交通器材、紡織、造紙機械等方面得到廣泛應用。 PA is a kind of polymer which have acylamino on its molecular chain，acylamino are reacte

22、d by diamine and binary acid.3.Good flexible and impact resistent.2.PA has very high Tf,excellent heat performance,soft temperature can reach 200.4.Excellent physical stress，both tensile and tear stress are very high，but impact resistent not as good as PC and POM，good aging resistent.5.Excellent ero

23、de resistent,especially oil resistent.1.Good abrasion resistent .MeritDefect1.High water-absord rate.2.Bad creep deformation resistent.3.Bad electricity insulation.4.Bad UV stability.PA（polyamide ）Because of some excellent character of PA，It has been widely used in Auto、wiring 、machine、traffic、costu

24、me industry.加工易產(chǎn)生氣泡及銀絲。聚碳酸酯PC（polycarbonate）聚碳酸酯是指大分子鏈由碳酸酯型重復結(jié)構(gòu)單元組成的一類聚合物。優(yōu)點缺點1.優(yōu)異的沖擊性和透明性。2.優(yōu)良的力學性能和電絕緣性。3.使用溫度范圍廣-1301304.尺寸穩(wěn)定性高，耐蠕變性高。是塑料材料中集剛、硬、韌于一體的典型代表品種。2.制品易產(chǎn)生殘余內(nèi)應力。3.對缺口敏感性大、耐疲勞性低、摩擦性及耐磨性不好。1.吸濕性大。照明材料：建筑采光板、汽車窗玻璃、光學儀器等。包裝材料：純凈水周轉(zhuǎn)箱，太空杯，奶瓶等。機械零件：增強PC可用于齒輪、齒條、蝸輪、凸輪、及殼體等。加工易產(chǎn)生氣泡及銀絲。PC（polycarb

25、onate）PC is a kind of polymer that consisted by carbonate groups on its molecular chain.MeritDefect1.Excellent transparent color and impact resistent.2.Very good physical stress and insulation. 3.Wide operate temperature-130130.4.High demension stability，high creep-resistant.A very typical plastic w

26、hich has both hardness,flexible and rigidity.2.Easy to have residual stress in material.3.Sensitive to gap、low aging resistent and bad abrasion resistent.1.High water-absord rate.Lighting materials：structural plane skylight 、Car window、Optical instrument and so on.Package material：purewater containe

27、r ，space cup，milk bottle and so on.Machine parts：Enhance PC can be used on gear、turbine、crust and so on.電性能優(yōu)良。PET聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯為聚對苯二甲酸和乙二醇直接酯化法制得，又稱滌綸。優(yōu)點缺點1.純PET耐磨耗、低摩擦、吸水性小、尺寸穩(wěn)定性高。3.可用玻璃纖維進行改性，改性后PET力學性能和耐熱性能大幅提高，可用于工程塑料。2.拉伸強度很高，是HDPE膜的9倍，是PC和PA膜的3倍。1.耐熱性不高，熱變形溫度僅為85.2.純PET的力學強度不高、結(jié)晶速率慢。3.成型加工困難，模塑溫度高

28、，生產(chǎn)周期長，沖擊性能差。 非工程塑料級主要用于纖維、飲料瓶、薄膜、片材、耐烘烤食品容器等。 工程塑料級主要應用為電子電器方面有：電氣插座、電子連接器、葉片、皮帶輪、泵零件、另外還有輪椅車體及輪子、燈罩外殼、照明器外殼、排水管接頭、拉鏈、鐘表零件等。 聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯電性能優(yōu)良。PET（polyethylene terephthalate ）PET is a kind of polymer that reacted by ethylene and terephthalate，we also called it terylene。MeritDefect1.Pure PET has good

29、abrasion resistent、low friction、small water-absord rate 、high dimension stability。3.PET can use glass fibre to modify，modified PET have excellent physical stress and heat resistent，can be used as engineering Plastic.2.Very high tensile stress，9 times stranger than HDPE，3 times stranger than PC。1.Low

30、 heat resistent，soft temperature just 80.2.Pure PET has bad physical stress、low crystal speed.3.Difficult to machining，high operate temperature，long produce period，bad impact resistent. Non-engineering resin used for fibre、drink bottle、film、sheet、heat resistent food container. Engineering resin main

31、 used for electricity and electric equipment,such as:plug base、connecter、tape wheel、pump parts、and wheels,light cover、water tube connecter、zip、watch parts and so on. 聚氨酯不飽和聚酯聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯熱固性樹脂環(huán)氧樹脂環(huán)氧樹脂Epoxy Resin （EP）Unsaturated Polyester（UP）Polymethyl Methacrylate(PMMA)Polyurethane(PU)Thermoset resin環(huán)氧樹脂

32、及塑料 epoxy resin （EP）環(huán)氧樹脂是指大分子鏈上含有醚基而在兩端含有環(huán)氧基團的一類聚合物。2.注塑和壓制制品：主要用于汽車發(fā)動機部件，家電底座等。3.澆注制品：各種電子和電器元件的塑封，金屬零件的固定。用EP制成的玻璃鋼制品力學性能超過一半工程塑料。EP耐熱性能優(yōu)良、電性能優(yōu)良。1.環(huán)氧樹脂玻璃鋼制品：可用于大型殼體，如游船，汽車車身，氧氣瓶等。化學穩(wěn)定性好，可耐一般的酸和堿。具有良好的尺寸穩(wěn)定性。優(yōu)點Epoxy resin （EP）EP is a kind of polymer that have aether inside molecular chain and epoxy

33、groups on chain ends.2.Injecting and pressing products：Being used for car engine parts,wiring base and so on.3.Casting products：all kinds of electronic component seal glue.FRP modified EP have excellent physical performance , passed most engineering plastics.EP has good reat resistent, electicity in

34、sulation.1.”Glass steel” EP products：Being used for big crust，like boats，car，oxygen cylinder .Good chemical stability，good resistent to both acid and alkali.Have good dimension stability.Merit不飽和聚酯不飽和聚酯是指不飽和二元酸或飽和二元酸同飽和二元醇或不飽和二元醇縮聚而成的聚合物。缺點：耐化學腐蝕性一般，不耐氧化介質(zhì)的氧化，酸堿溶劑性也不好。1.汽車工業(yè)：保險杠、車燈架、水箱面罩等。2.電子、電器行業(yè)：

35、電器罩殼、微波爐、開關(guān)、塑封材料等。3.建筑制品：高位水箱、浴盆、洗面池等。unsaturated polyester（UP）1.純UP各種性能不理想，一般在其中加入填料或增強材料進行改性。2.UP具有良好的電絕緣性。3.填充玻璃纖維的UP力學性能十分優(yōu)秀，在某些方面接近金屬。優(yōu)點UP is a kind of resin that reated by unsaturated binary、 saturated binary acid,and unsaturated divalent alcohol 、saturated alcohol.Defect：Ordinary chemical res

36、istent，easy to get oxidized，also bad solvent resistent.1.Auto industry：bumper、light shelf、water tank crust and so on.2.Electron、wiring industry：wiring crust、micro-wave oven、switch、and so on.3.Construction industry：High level water tank、bathtub and so on.unsaturated polyester （UP）1.Pure up usually ha

37、s bad using performance，so we need to add enhance materials into UP.2.UP have very good insulation.3.Glass fibre modified UP has excellent physical performance，some aspects performance close to metal.Merit聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)1.常用于燈罩和玻璃，儀表窗，廣告櫥窗等。2.光學儀器如眼鏡、放大鏡、透鏡、光纖等。3.工藝美術(shù)品、各種紐扣、發(fā)夾

38、、筆桿等。優(yōu)點缺點1.沖擊強度一般，缺口敏感大、表面硬度一般，易于劃傷，耐磨性較低，抗銀紋能力差。2.易燃塑料，耐熱僅70。3.耐溶劑性一般，因為有酯基的存在。1.十分優(yōu)異的光學性能。2.質(zhì)輕而堅韌的材料，在常溫下具有優(yōu)良的拉伸強度、彎曲強度和壓縮強度。3.耐候性好，可長期在戶外使用。大分子鏈上含有甲基丙烯酸甲酯重復結(jié)構(gòu)單元的一類聚合物，俗稱“有機玻璃” 、“亞克力”。Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)1.Used for light cover、instrument window、advertising window.2.Optical products,like

39、glassed、magnifying glass、lens、fibre-optical and so on.3.Art works、button 、hairpin、penholder and so on.MeritDefect1.Ordinary impact resistent，sensitive to gap、ordinary surface hardness，easy to get scratch，low abrasion resistent.2.Flammable material,soft temperature just 70.3.Ordinary solvent resistent，because of the exist of ester group.1.Excellent optical performance。2.Light but high physical performance，have very good tensile、