European-Civilization-1歐洲文化入門

1、Introduction to European Civilization 歐洲文化入門Zhan Junfeng 詹俊峰 (博士, 副教授)School of Foreign Language and Culture SCNU華南師范大學外國語言文化學院Todays Topics 今日主題Part One: Course Arrangement 課程安排Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 歐洲文明的起源Part One: Course Arrangement 課程安排1. Learning objectives (學習目標 why & what)

2、2. Study materials (學習資源 textbook + online resources)3. Learning method (學習方法 how)4. The evaluation system (評估體系)1. Learning objectives (學習目的)Why do we learn European civilization?The importance of cultural studies for language learning文化研究對于語言學習的重要性The great influence of Europe on the world in mode

3、rn times 歐洲從近現(xiàn)代以來對世界的影響 The importance of cultural studies for language learning (文化研究對于語言學習的重要性)According to social linguistics, the (trans)formation of a language is determined by its social and cultural context. (e.g. the influence of historical population migration on language development.) 社會語言

4、學認為，語言的形成和演變均受到社會文化背景的影響The usage of a language is also culturally defined and shaped. 語言的使用也受文化影響For English majors, mechanical language learning without taking the cultural context into consideration is not O.K.機械的學習英語，不考慮文化語境，不行！The great influence of Europe on the world in modern times (歐洲從近現(xiàn)代以來

5、對世界的影響)Before 15th century, Europe was less prosperous or influential than Asia.十五世紀之前，歐洲在繁榮程度和對世界發(fā)展的影響力方面均不及亞洲Since the late 15th century, Europeans started expanding to four corners of the world 十五世紀末開始（現(xiàn)代初期），歐洲人的船隊開始出現(xiàn)在世界各地Great Discovery / Exploration【地理大發(fā)現(xiàn)，探索時代，或大航海時代】.European overseas expansi

6、on led to the rise of colonial empires. 歐洲通過海外擴張而成為殖民帝國。Map of colonial empires at the end of World War II, 1945 Post WWII (1945-)The decline 衰敗 of Europe and the rise of the US.The link between American culture and European civilization. Europeanization + Americanization = Westernization = moderniz

7、ation?The European integration歐洲一體化 since 1950s. 1993, the European Union was officially established. 歐盟正式成立.2012, 27 Member States成員國, world largest economy世界上最大的經(jīng)濟體.1. Learning objectives (學習目的)What will we learn in this course?3 periods of European civilization, i.e. Antiquity, Middle Ages & Earl

8、y Modernity 古代，中世紀和近代初期The foci of 3 periods 三個時期的學習重點:Antiquity 上古時期:Origin of European civilization 歐洲文明起源Greek civilization 古希臘文明成就Roman civilization 古羅馬文明成就Rise of Christianity 基督教的興起Middle Ages 中世紀，重點介紹中期文明成就The early, central and late Middle Ages 中世紀的早、中、晚期Early Modernity 近代初期，主要說明文藝復興運動和宗教改革運

9、動如何改變歐洲Renaissance 文藝復興Reformation 宗教改革2. Study materials (學習資源)textbook 教材A Brief History of European Civilization: From Antiquity to Early Modernity 歐洲文明簡史 從上古時代到現(xiàn)代初期Editors: 宋曉堃、尚勸余、張華鴻、詹俊峰、梅園2. Study materials (學習資源) online resources網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源華師在線課堂 http:/“資料共享”欄目下：“課程大綱”，“參考資料”，“復習資料”等“課件瀏覽”欄目：（待更新）3

10、. Learning method (學習方法)Textbook為主，online resources 為輔How to use online resources: 演示 - 課件瀏覽 - 在線作業(yè) - 在線練習（或 在線自測） - 課程答疑4. The evaluation system (評估體系)10% online study time在線自學時間（相當于出勤率），電腦統(tǒng)計20% online homework 在線作業(yè)，系統(tǒng)自動批改給分70% final exam 期末考試, taken from online homework 在線作業(yè) and online exercise 在線

11、練習- blank fill-in填空題- multiple choice單選題- True or false判斷正誤題- translation翻譯題Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 歐洲文化的起源1. Introduction1.1 What is civilization / culture?1.2 What is Europe?2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civil

12、ization2.3. The Hebrew Culture 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European CulturePart Two: Origin of European Civilization 歐洲文化的起源1. Introduction1.1 What is civilization / culture?1.2 What is Europe?2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East2.1. The Mesopotamian

13、 Civilization2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization2.3. The Hebrew Culture 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Cultureculture 文化Etymology（詞源學）: “cultura” (Latin), to build on, to cultivate培育, to foster撫育. 易經(jīng)：觀乎天文，以查時變；觀乎人文，以化成天下。 （文化=以文化人，觀察人類文明的進展，就能用人文

14、精神來教化天下）As a sociological concept（社會學概念）: culture vs. nature, manmade vs. given.“Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.” (Edward Taylor, 1871, Primitive Culture)civilization 文明“Civis” (

15、Latin): townsman or city dweller 市民, a complex society with high degree of urbanization 高度都市化的復雜社會.Civilization文明: an advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society,人類社會知識、文化和物質(zhì)發(fā)展的高級階段，marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of writing, and

16、 the appearance of complex political and social institutions. 標志為藝術(shù)和科學上的發(fā)展、文字的廣泛使用和復雜的政治及社會機構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)4 ancient civilizationsThe Mesopotamian美索不達米亞文明/兩河文明: valleys of Tigris 底格里斯河 and Euphrates幼發(fā)拉底河. Ancient Egyptian: the Nile 尼羅河.Chinese: the Yellow River (Yangtze長江)Ancient Indian: the Indus 印度河.Part Two

17、: Origin of European Civilization 歐洲文化的起源1. Introduction1.1 What is civilization / culture?1.2 What is Europe?2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization2.3. The Hebrew Culture 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizatio

18、ns on the Western / European CultureEurope in the world map North: the Arctic Ocean北冰洋; West: the Atlantic Ocean大西洋; South: the Mediterranean地中海; south-east: the Black Sea黑海; East: Caspian Sea里海.EuropeWorlds 6th largest continent.A peninsula 半島 of the Eurasian continent歐亞大陸.Area: 10,400,000 sq km, 2

19、% of Earth surface.Population: 738,523,843 , 3rd most populated continent, 11% of world population.我們本課程談到的歐洲其實是一直有不同側(cè)重：古代史時重心為地中海地區(qū)（希臘，意大利等）；中世紀以后轉(zhuǎn)至西歐（英國、荷蘭、法國等）。Origin of EuropeTraditionally, ancient Greek was regarded as the cradle of European civilization.Questions: What was the origin of ancien

20、t Greek civilization?Was ancient Greek culture created in Europe and by Europeans only? Or was the development a result of cultural exchanges and interactions between people in ancient Greece and their neighbors outside of Europe? Origin of Europe, the mythological accountGreek mythology神話. The Rape

21、 of Europa 歐羅巴的擄掠.Origin of Europe, The academic account Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afro-Asiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, 1986, 2006Ancient Greco-Romans borrowed and learnt a lot from the peoples in the ancient Near East people, eg. the Egyptians. Rejection of Euro-centrism 摒棄歐洲中心主義. N

22、ear EastA historical region.Land area modern Middle East. No longer applied after 4th Cent. B.C. Greek expansion under Alexander the Great.Armenia亞美尼亞, Cyprus塞浦路斯, Iran伊朗, Iraq伊拉克, Israel以色列, Jordan約旦, Lebanon黎巴嫩, Palestine巴勒斯坦地區(qū), Syria敘利亞, and a major part of Egypt (ancient Egypt).Ancient near east

23、 gave birth to the earliest human civilizations.Ancient Near Eastern civilizations had greatly influenced the development of ancient Greek civilization. Civilizations in the ancient Near East.The Mesopotamian civilization 美索不達米亞文明/ 兩河文明The ancient Egyptian civilization 古埃及文明The Hebrew culture 希伯來文化P

24、art Two: Origin of European Civilization 歐洲文明的起源1. Introduction1.1 What is civilization / culture?1.2 What is Europe?2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization2.3. The Hebrew Culture3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civil

25、izations on the Western / European Culture2.1 The Mesopotamian CivilizationMesopotamia (meaning “the land between the two rivers”) 美索不達米亞，亦稱“兩河流域”: Tigris 底格里斯河 and Euphrates幼發(fā)拉底河Thanks to the two rivers, the climate in Mesopotamia is humid and fertile, providing plentiful water supply and rich soil

26、 for early agriculture. Hence “the Fertile Crescent” (New Moon) 富饒的新月地Mesopotamia civilization is not a single civilization.The Sumerians 蘇美爾人Akkadians 阿卡德人Babylonians巴比倫人(Amorites 亞摩利人 Chaldeans 迦勒底人)Assyrians亞述人Hebrews 希伯來人Phoenicians 腓尼基人Persians 波斯人Mesopotamian Civilization in General5300 2340 B

27、C: non-semite 閃語 speaking Sumarians 蘇美爾人2340 538 BC: Semite-speaking peoples, Akkadians阿卡德人, Amorites亞摩利人 (old Babylon古巴比倫), Assyrians亞述人, Chaldeans迦勒底人 (new Babylon新巴比倫) 53002340 BC: The Sumarians 蘇美爾人The Sumerians蘇美爾人: the only non-Semites (非閃族人) in the region at that time.Migration to the Mesopot

28、amia around 5300 BC.But from where?from the mountains in Iran?from the sea?from Afghanistan 阿富汗 mountains or the Indus valley印度河流域?Laid foundation of civilization in the whole regionIndependent city-states城邦, e.g. Eridu.In each city-state, the center is the temple (called Ziggurats 塔廟) of the protec

29、tor God/Goddess 守護神的塔廟作為城邦中心.Priest as king / ruler祭司作為統(tǒng)治者. Hierarchical society 等級森嚴的社會: king, council of noblemen, free person, slave. The Sumerian city-states were at war with each other and defeated by the Akkadians 阿卡德人 in 2340 BC.Semite peoples and empires1. Akkadian empire 阿卡德帝國 (2340 2100 BC

30、)2. Ancient Babylon period 古巴比倫時期 (2000 1595 BC) (Amorites 亞摩利人)1792 BC, Hammurabi 漢謨拉比 unifying Mesopotamia.3. Assyrian period 亞述時期 (700 BC)4. Neo-Babylon period 新巴比倫時期 (by Chaldeans迦勒底人, 600-562 BC)5. 538 BC, the Persian conquest 波斯入侵End of the Mesopotamian civilization.Mesopotamian civilization T

31、wo representatives:Sumerian culture蘇美爾文化: Eridu埃利都 the holy land of Endi, Nippur尼普爾 the reign of Enlil as the centers.Babylonian culture巴比倫文化: ancient city of Babylon巴比倫 (= Gods Gate) as the center.The Sumerian Religion: polytheism 多神崇拜Sky-god An & earth-goddess Ki, their son the air-god空氣之神 Enlil.M

32、any lesser gods, goddesses, and spirits.Gods with human form and immortality.Gods create the universeGods create human from clay粘土So the living purpose of human was to serve and please his creators.For human, both body and soul will perish after death.Epic of Gilgamesh 吉爾伽美什史詩，about a Sumerian king

33、in search of immortality.The Sumerian Architecture: Ziggurat 塔廟，金字形神塔 mud-brick joined by cement 用水泥粘接泥磚.Ziggurats 塔廟，金字形神塔 Akkadian, “to build on a raised land”, i.e. the Tell 臺勒，土丘 Arabic: hill, mountainPractical need實際需求: prevention from flood.Religious need宗教需求: nearer to gods.Center of every ci

34、ty-state: the zigguratsTell in northern Jordan, 2005The Great Ziggurat of Ur, Southern Iraq.Dur-Undash, 13th BCStructure of zigguratCalifornian Dept. of Gen. ServiceTower of Babel 巴別塔，通天塔Hanging Garden of BabylonThe Sumerian Language: pictogram 圖畫符號 cuneiform script 楔形文字The Sumerians created the old

35、est known human written language.A language isolate 孤立語言.Written on clay plate 黏土板.A cuneiform cultural circle 楔形文字的文化圈.“Latin of the ancient Orient” = a lingua franca 通用語言. The Babylonian Law:Hammurabis Code 漢謨拉比法典1792-1750 BC., Amorite 阿摩利人, Old Babylon 古巴比倫王國 3,500 lines, 282 articles. Theft偷竊, s

36、lavery奴隸制, property right財產(chǎn)權(quán), inheritance繼承, loan借貸, trade and commerce商貿(mào), marital and family affairs婚姻與家庭事務(wù).Principle of retaliation (同態(tài)復仇原則), “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.”Punishments vary according to the social status and gender.Babylon, 1932Reconstruction of Babylon1983, Saddam Husse

37、in started rebuilding the city on the ruins.1991, Saddam Hill project.2003, cable car line project over Babylon, aborted due to war取消.2006, UN plans to rebuild Babylon2009, reopened for tourism.Babylon, 2006Other achievements of the Mesopotamian civilization First sexagesimal system of keeping time

38、六十進制計時：1 h = 60 min, 1 min = 60 sec, 1 yr = 360 days, circumference 圓周= 360First wheel First locks and keys, first postal system, first use of iron, first magnifying glass放大鏡, first libraries, first plumbing and flush toilets, first guitars, first aqueduct導水渠, first paved roads, etc.Decline of the M

39、esopotamia civilizationRise and challenge of new civilisations: Greco-Roman, Persian.Excess agricultural exploitation過度農(nóng)業(yè)開發(fā): salinization 鹽堿化 of soil.Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 歐洲文化的起源1. Introduction1.1 What is civilization / culture?1.2 What is Europe?2. Civilizations in the Ancient

40、Near East2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization2.3. The Hebrew Culture 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture2.2 The Ancient Egyptian CivilizationThe Nile RiverGeographical factorsUpper and Lower Egypt 上埃及和下埃及.The N

41、ile 尼羅河 = lifeline生命線: the longest river in the world, rich soil, water, food, transportation.The fertile silt 富饒的沉積泥 after the annual flood less labor intensive agriculture cultural and technological advancements.3 seasons based on the cycles of the Nile: the Flooding Season (6-9, Akhet), Growing S

42、eason (10-2, Peret), and Harvesting Season (3-5, Shemu).Papyrus 紙莎草 alongside the Nile: material for paper, boats, mattresses床墊, mats墊子, rope, sandals拖鞋, and baskets Natural defenses: Sahara, Red Sea, Mediterranean papyrus紙莎草Brief History 5000 BC, emergence of the Egyptian culture in the northern Ni

43、le Valley.3150 BC, unification of the Lower and Upper Egypt by King Menes美尼斯法老, the beginning of the Pharaonic Period法老時代 of 31 dynasties朝代.332 BC, the conquest by Alexander the Great.ReligionPolytheism 多神論，as many as 2000 gods and goddesses.Each city with a temple for the protecting god (or goddess

44、) of that city.Gods as creators and rulers of the universe and man.With a human body and an animal head. (exceptions: Amon-Ra 太陽神，Osiris冥神)Belief in life after death, final judgment, and resurrection復活 lead to mummification制作木乃伊 and building pyramids 金字塔Mummification 制作木乃伊 The Great Pyramids at Giza

45、吉薩金字塔Pyramid of Khufu胡夫金字塔，世界七大奇跡Sphinx Pyramid at Giza 獅身人面像Social structurePharaoh 法老, the semi-god, as the political and spiritual leader.Pharaoh was hereditary 世襲的Millions of skilled workers and general labors.Underdeveloped legal system.Second to the Pharaoh were the priests 祭司 living in the te

46、mple.Ancient Egypt Language: hieroglyphic writing 象形文字The Egyptian language has the longest known history of any language使用時間最長的語言Hieroglyphic epigraph 象形文字銘文Science and technologyDecimal system 10進制.Mathematics: addition 加法, subtraction 減法Algebraic equation 代數(shù)方程Survey 土地測量: origin of geometry 幾何學。M

47、edical advancement. Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 歐洲文化的起源1. Introduction1.1 What is civilization / culture?1.2 What is Europe?2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization2.3. The Hebrew Culture 3. The Influences of Anci

48、ent Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture2.3 The Hebrew CultureHebrews: Semite speaking people in the Mesopotamian region. 美索不達米亞地區(qū)/兩河流域的一個講閃語的民族Of all the peoples (i.e. the Sumerians, Akkadians, Amorites, Phoenicians, Assyrians) that lived in the Mesopotamian region, the Hebr

49、ews are the only ones that survive today. 美索不達米亞地區(qū)生活過的古民族中，唯一堅持到今天的一個民族。Brief history Originally living in the Sumerian city of Ur 烏爾城 as nomads.游牧部落。2285 BC, the Hebrew leader Abraham led the Jews to migrate 遷徙from Mesopotamia to Palestine, and settle down in Canaan 迦南地, a place of their own, “the

50、Promised Land”應(yīng)許之地 by God.Years later, Abrahams grandson, Jacob was renamed “Israel”以色列 by God and his 12 sons became the chiefs 首領(lǐng) of 12 tribes.Because of famine, Israel and his family left Canaan for Egypt.因饑荒離開迦南，前往埃及.1300 1250 BC, Exodus出埃及 led by Mosses摩西. Received Ten Commandments十誡 from God a

51、nd returned to Canaan. Brief history 1200 BC, arrival at Canaan迦南地. Foundation of a united Kingdom of Israelite by Saul掃羅 (1020-1000 BC).The wise kings: David大衛(wèi) (1000-970 BC), Solomon所羅門 (970-930BC), centralization of power.930-922 BC, split into Judah猶大王國 (capital: Jerusalem耶路撒冷, 586 BC conquered b

52、y neo-Babylonians diasporas 流散人口) and Israel以色列王國 (capital: Samaria撒瑪利亞, 721 BC conquered by the Assyrians)53 BC, Palestine a Roman province.Successive 連續(xù)不斷的 foreign rulers. Judaism猶太教 2006, 14 million Judaists, 11th largest organized religion. Earliest monotheism最早的一神教.God is the creator and govern

53、or of the universe.Man created by God in his image.Heaven and hell; life after death; human soul, original sin.Hebrews (Jews) = Gods chosen people 上帝的選民through a covenant盟約. 600 rules and restrictions (Five Books of Moses摩西五書) Christianity and JudaismContinuation:Christianity developed around 1st ce

54、nt. Grew out of Judaism.Christian Holy Bible = Old Testament 舊約(The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) + New Testament新約 (Jesus and his teaching)Departure:For Christians: Jesus Christ = the son of man (Jewish) and son of God. For Judaists: Jesus the Son of God. One covenant or two covenant?Whos the chosen people

55、?Judeo-Christian traditionThe chosen people?Population (2007): total- 13.2 m, 5.4 m in Israel (40.9%), 5.3 m in the US (40.2%). Strong Jewish lobbyism游說.1901 2006, 110 Noble Prize winners are of Jewish origin, 17%.Contemporary history: Zionism 猶太復國主義Back to homeland.Late 19th century, rise of the Zionist Movement. 1897, the first Zionist Congress.1922, International League put Palestine巴勒斯坦 under the British trusteeship.英國托管1922, foundation of Jordan約旦 by the UK. Territory west to the Jordan River約旦河西岸 reserved for the Jews.Eruption of Arabic and Jewish conflicts.阿以沖突Con