園藝學(xué)原理植物構(gòu)造課件

1、1園藝學(xué)原理Chapter 2 - 植物構(gòu)造 PLANT STRUCTURE2各胞器中文名及其功能3The CellThe basic unit of a plantOrganelles 胞器 & structuresCell wall Plasma membrane 原生質(zhì)膜Protoplast 原生質(zhì)：含cytoplasm 細(xì)胞質(zhì)Plasmodesmata 胞間連絲運(yùn)送方式：symplast 共質(zhì)體 vs. apoplast 非原質(zhì)體Vacuole 液胞: tonoplast 液胞膜Nucleus 核: nucleolus 核仁, DNA & RNAEndoplasmic reticulu

2、m 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)Ribosomes 核糖體4The CellOrganelles 胞器 & structuresPlastids 色素體: chloroplasts 葉綠體 leucoplasts 無色體 chromoplasts 有色體Mitochondria 粒腺體Dictyosomes (Golgi bodies) 高爾基體Middle lamella 中膠層567Tissue & Cell Types（組織與細(xì)胞類型）Meristems 分生組織（Fig. 3-4)Apical meristems 頂端分生組織Intercalary meristems 節(jié)間分生組織Vascular camb

3、ium 形成層(Fig. 3-5, 3-6)Epidermis 表皮Guard cells 保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞, stomata 氣孔Trichomes 絨毛Cuticle 角質(zhì)層Bark (periderm周皮) (Fig. 3-7, 3-8, 3-9)Cork cambium 木栓形成層(Fig. 3-5)Cork cellsSuberin 木質(zhì)素8Fig. 4.4 Pathways for water uptake by the root9莖頂構(gòu)造葉原體腋芽10節(jié)間分生組織between 2 non-meristematic regions near leaf bases 11Tissue & C

4、ell Types（組織與細(xì)胞類型）Meristems 分生組織（Fig. 3-4)Apical meristems 頂端分生組織Intercalary meristems 節(jié)間分生組織Vascular cambium 形成層(Fig. 3-5, 3-6)Epidermis 表皮Guard cells 保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞, stomata 氣孔Trichomes 絨毛Cuticle 角質(zhì)層Bark (periderm周皮) (Fig. 3-7, 3-8, 3-9)Cork cambium 木栓形成層(Fig. 3-5)Cork cellsSuberin 木質(zhì)素12131415Tissue & Cell

5、Types（組織與細(xì)胞類型）Meristems 分生組織（Fig. 3-4)Apical meristems 頂端分生組織Intercalary meristems 節(jié)間分生組織Vascular cambium 形成層(Fig. 3-5, 3-6)Epidermis 表皮Guard cells 保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞, stomata 氣孔Trichomes 絨毛Cuticle 角質(zhì)層Bark (periderm周皮) (Fig. 3-7, 3-8, 3-9)Cork cambium 木栓形成層(Fig. 3-5)Cork cellsSuberin 木質(zhì)素1617181920Tissue & Cell Ty

6、pes （cont.)Phloem 韌皮部(Fig. 3-10)Sieve elements 篩管Parenchyma cellsCompanion cells 伴細(xì)胞Fibers 纖維Xylems 木質(zhì)部(Fig. 3-11) (Fig. 4-7)Parenchyma 薄壁細(xì)胞Living & specializedFunctions: storage, healing 愈合, adventitious organogenesis 器官不定發(fā)生, secretion 分泌, & excretion 排出Important horticulturally212223Fig. 4.7 Trach

7、eary elements and their interconnections (Part 1)24Fig. 4.7 Tracheary elements and their interconnections (Part 2)25Tissue & Cell Types （cont.)Collenchyma 厚角細(xì)胞Living but w/ unevenly thickened cell wallsSclerenchyma 厚壁細(xì)胞 (Fig. 3-12)DeadFormsFibersSclereids, stone cells 石細(xì)胞2627Organs- RootsRootsRole o

8、f plenty of root hairs 根毛 (fig. 3-15, 3-17)Vary in root systemFibrous multi-branched 須根 Dominant tap root 主根ModificationsFleshy 肉質(zhì)的 tap roots (fig. 3-18)Fleshy tap roots w/ fleshy hypocotyl 下胚軸 (fig. 3-19)Adventitious roots 不定根 (fig. 3-20)282930313233Fig. 4.4 Pathways for water uptake by the root343

9、5363738胡蘿卜蕪菁蕪菁甘藍(lán)蘿卜3940StemsBudsTypesLeaf buds 葉芽(Fig. 3-20)Flower buds 花芽Mixed buds 混合芽PositionTerminal 頂生：apical dominance 頂芽優(yōu)勢Lateral (Axillary) 側(cè)生(葉腋)StateActiveDormant 休眠的414243葉芽花芽444546StemsBuds （續(xù)）Arrangement (phyllotaxy 葉序）Alternate 互生Opposite 對生Whorled 輪生47Stems (cont.)FunctionsSupport to i

10、ntercept 截取 lightConduit 流通 of water, minerals & photosynthates 光合產(chǎn)物Storage (fig. 3-22)ModificationsTuber 塊莖 (fig. 3-23): potato, “eyes” 芽眼Corm 球莖(fig. 3-24): gladiolus 唐昌蒲Cormels 小球莖484950采收羅旺子，喬木型，危險(xiǎn)且效率低51荔枝樹，樹枝比例高，果實(shí)產(chǎn)量會(huì)高嗎？52矮性砧木蘋果樹53矮性砧木蘋果樹，產(chǎn)量高，法國54觀賞植物莖的藝術(shù)運(yùn)用55Stems (cont.)Modification (cont.)Bul

11、b 鱗莖：scales 鱗片Tunicate bulb 有皮鱗莖 (fig. 3-25): onion, tulipScaly bulb 無皮鱗莖(fig. 3-26): lilyRhizome 根狀莖(fig. 3-27a): irisStolon 走莖& runner纖走莖 (fig. 3-27b, & 3-27c): strawberry & spider plants吊蘭Crown 根冠或樹冠: strawberry (fig. 3-28a) vs. tall trees (fig. 3-28b)56575859606162636465Stems (cont.)Modification

12、 (cont.)Bulb 鱗莖：scales 鱗片Tunicate bulb 有皮鱗莖 (fig. 3-25): onion, tulipScaly bulb 無皮鱗莖(fig. 3-26): lilyRhizome 根狀莖(fig. 3-27a): irisStolon 走莖& runner纖走莖 (fig. 3-27b, & 3-27c): strawberry & spider plants吊蘭Crown 根冠或樹冠: strawberry (fig. 3-28a) vs. tall trees (fig. 3-28b)6667Stems (cont.)Modification (con

13、t.)Bulb 鱗莖：scales 鱗片Tunicate bulb 有皮鱗莖 (fig. 3-25): onion, tulipScaly bulb 無皮鱗莖(fig. 3-26): lilyRhizome 根狀莖(fig. 3-27a): irisStolon 走莖& runner纖走莖 (fig. 3-27b, & 3-27c): strawberry & spider plants吊蘭Crown 根冠或樹冠: strawberry (fig. 3-28a) vs. tall trees (fig. 3-28b)686970Stems (cont.)Modification (cont.)

14、Spur 短果枝 (fig. 3-29)Sucker 吸芽：from roots (Fig. 3-27f) Watersprout 徒長枝: often from latent buds 潛伏芽(Fig. 3-27e)Tendrils 卷須(fig. 3-29)Thorns, spines or prickles 荊棘 ( fig. 3-30)Cladophylls (cladodes) 葉狀莖： asparagus, cactus71727374Thorns, 荊棘 ( fig. 3-30)7576777879LeavesComponentsPetiole 葉柄:stipules 托葉 (F

15、ig. 3-31)Blade or lamina 葉身Arrangement (fig. 3-32)Alternate 互生Opposite 對生Whorled 輪生Simple to compound 復(fù) leaves (fig. 3-33)80818283長在pH較高土壤，柑橘葉片疑似缺鐵征狀8485香蕉裂葉。葉裂了，對香蕉有何影響？8687LeavesAnatomy (fig. 3-37)Epidermis 表皮Cutin 角質(zhì), cuticle 角質(zhì)層Stomata 氣孔, guard cells 保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞Mesophyll 葉肉細(xì)胞(Fig. 2-34)Palisade 柵狀Spon

16、gy 海綿FunctionPhotosynthesis 光合作用Transpiration 蒸散作用(evaporation蒸發(fā)作用)8889Cross section through a lily leaf showing the tissues involved in photosyn-thesis, transpiration, and translocation.9091929394LeavesShapes & modificationsNeedles: conifer (fig. 3-39)Cylindrical 圓桶狀: onionFood storage: cabbage (fi

17、g. 3-40) & brussels sprouts 抱子甘藍(lán)Fleshy petioles 葉柄: celeryBracts 苞片:enclose the immature inflorescence花序: artichoke 朝鮮薊 (fig. 3-41)Bracts subtend a flower: poinsettia 圣誕紅( Fig. 3-41)9596原生葉菜類（亞蔬中心收集）97莧屬原生葉菜類（亞蔬中心收集）9899100101102103甘藍(lán) cabbage (fig. 3-40) 104105芹菜：葉柄106由葉片組成香蕉的假莖(pseudostem)107香蕉花序苞片

18、108朝鮮薊之苞片可食，圣誕紅之紅色苞片供觀賞109朝鮮薊，北京產(chǎn)110觀葉植物，不耐強(qiáng)光，稍遮陰111蝴蝶蘭肉質(zhì)葉，需強(qiáng)光還是弱光？112Phase Change & JuvenilityPhase change 相變化: from juvenility 幼年性 to adulthood 成年Morphological characteristics (Fig. 3-42)Leaf shapeRooting adventitiously 不定地Thorns 刺113Duration of juvenile period (Table 3-1)(p. 49)114花飾品，祭拜用，泰國115花飾

19、品，祭拜用，泰國116Flowers“Typical flower” (fig. 3-43)Sepals, petals, stamens, & pistilsCollectively,Sepals calyx 花萼Petals corolla 花冠Sepals + petals tepals 被瓣(Fig. 3-44)Calyx + corolla perianth 花被 hypanthium 冠萼筒：perianth 相互融合Stamens 雄蕊Anther 花藥: pollen-bearingFilament 花絲Ontogeny 發(fā)生of the flower (Fig. 3-45)1

20、17118119扁桃(almond)花芽形成與花器分化，請注意分化位置及先后120121122FlowersPistil 雌蕊Simple pistil: single carpel 心皮Compound pistil: more than one carpel (fig. 3-46)Composed ofStigma 柱頭Style 花柱Ovary 子房Placentation 胎座：placement of ovules in the locules 腔室(fig. 3-47)Radial 放射狀A(yù)xile中軸Parietal 側(cè)膜123楊桃，又稱star fruit，由5心皮組成1241

21、25由3心皮組成126絲瓜的花及嫩果127胎座種類128FlowersComplete vs. incomplete 不完全 flowerPerfect vs. imperfect flower 單性花Perfect flower = hermaphroditic flower 兩性花Staminate 雄花Pistillate 雌花Monoecious 雌雄同株而異花dioecious 雌雄異株Andromonoecious 雄與兩性同株gynoecious 雌株 129FlowersPosition of ovary（Fig. 3-48)Hypogynous: superior ovary

22、 子房上位 Perigynous 子房周位的Epigynous: inferior ovary 子房下位Arrangement of flowersSolitary 單一的Inflorescence 花序(Fig. 3-49, 3-50, 3-51, 3-52) Pattern of flower openingDeterminate: cyme 傘形花序Indeterminate: panicles 圓錐花序, racemes 總狀花序, spike 穗狀, corymb 傘房, umbel 傘狀130131常見的花序種類132芒果的聚撒狀圓錐花序(panicle of cyme)133每個(gè)

23、著生眾多小花的花序才結(jié)一至二果，你覺得浪費(fèi)嗎？134135136青花菜：泰國產(chǎn)137138139140Fruits（果實(shí)）Fruit is a ripened ovary & any associated partsA fruit normally is formed following fertilization 受精 of ovules 胚珠 & contains seeds resulting from such fertilizationFruits that form w/o fertilization are called parthenocarpic 單為結(jié)果的 (fig. 3-

24、55)Pericarp 果皮: ripened ovary wallExocarp 外果皮Mesocarp 中果皮Endocarp 內(nèi)果皮(fig. 3-56)141各類型甜椒與辣椒，需受精，韓國產(chǎn)142單為結(jié)果的香蕉，泰國產(chǎn)143單為結(jié)果的番石榴，結(jié)果率低。馬來西亞144園籬式釀酒用葡萄，漿果類，中國山東145寬皮柑，柑果類，泰國146147臍橙，柑果類，種子少，風(fēng)味佳，澳洲148桃子，核果類，意大利149150FruitsMultiple fruits 多花果: pineapple (fig. 3-57a), fig, mulberry 桑椹Aggregate fruits 聚合果: st

25、rawberry, raspberry樹莓, blackberry (fig. 3-57b)Simple fruits (fig. 3-57, 3-58)Fleshy fruits 肉質(zhì)果Berry 漿果Pepo 瓜果: Cucurbitaceae 葫蘆科Hesperidium 柑果:orangeDrupe 核果: Prunus 桃李屬Pome 仁果: apple, pear 151各類瓜果，法國152菠蘿，多花果153154草莓，聚合果155156富士蘋果，仁果類，中國山東157梨，仁果類，中國云南158梨，中國云南159經(jīng)產(chǎn)期調(diào)節(jié)的蓮霧，由夏果變冬果，著色良好160果實(shí)種類161覆盆子(r

26、aspberry)，聚合果162獼猴桃，原稱Chinese gooseberry現(xiàn)已改稱kiwifruit，新西蘭163Apomixis: The production of seed without fertilization. Citrus is the only common fruit tree that is capable of apomixis. A citrus seed may grow to produce several seedlings. One is produced by normal embryo and the others originate entirel

27、y from part of the seed which has not been involved in fertilization. Parthenocarpy: Producing fruit without pollination and/or fertilization, e.g. seedless grapes, navel oranges, and many persimmons. 164Types of freshy fruitPome: or pipefruit in New Zealand, e.g. apples and pears. A pomefruit is fr

28、om an inferior ovary with the hypanthium, or receptacle tissue swollen and juicy. The part one eats is the hypanthium/receptacle, the mature ovary is just the core.165Types of freshy fruitPome: or pipefruit in New Zealand, e.g. apples and pears. A pomefruit is from an inferior ovary with the hypanth

29、ium, or receptacle tissue swollen and juicy. The part one eats is the hypanthium/receptacle, the mature ovary is just the core.166Types of freshy fruitPome: or pipefruit in New Zealand, e.g. apples and pears. A pomefruit is from an inferior ovary with the hypanthium, or receptacle tissue swollen and

30、 juicy. The part one eats is the hypanthium/receptacle, the mature ovary is just the core.167Types of freshy fruitBerry: A berry characterized by having a fleshy endocarp, as well as mesocarp, and may have more than one seed, e.g. grapes 168Types of freshy fruitBerry: A berry characterized by having

31、 a fleshy endocarp, as well as mesocarp, and may have more than one seed, e.g. grapes ExocarpMesocarpEndocarpSeedTypes of freshy fruitDrupe: A drupe is from a simple pistil, and one seed within a stony endocarp, e.g. peaches, cherries, plums. The flesh part is the mesocarp. ExocarpMesocarpEndocarp16

32、9170Types of freshy fruitAggregate fruit: An aggregate fruit is composed of mature ovaries from separate pistils of ONE flower. It can be an aggregate of achenes or drupelets.Strawberry fruits are aggregates of achenes on fleshy receptacle, i.e. fruits made up of several small fruits, each with one

33、seed called an achene. The flesh of the strawberry is actually an enlarged hypanthium/receptacle171Types of freshy fruitAggregate fruit: An aggregate fruit composed of mature ovaries from separate pistils of ONE flower. Can be an aggregate of achenes, e.g. strawberries; or drupeletsStrawberry fruits are aggregates of achenes on fleshy receptacle, i.e. fruits made up of several small fruits, each with one seed called an achene. The flesh of the strawberry is actually an enlarged hypanthium/receptacle, non-reproductive material 172Types of freshy fruitAcces