人教版新高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)名詞和冠詞

1、語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)提升語(yǔ)法專題一名詞和冠詞 英 語(yǔ)2022高中總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)GAO ZHONG ZONG FU XI YOU HUA SHE JI內(nèi)容索引核心考點(diǎn)分層突破 專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練鞏固提升核心考點(diǎn)分層突破高考鏈接1.(2020全國(guó), 語(yǔ)篇填空)The far side of the moon is of particular(interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(環(huán)形山), more so than to familiar near side. 2.(2020全國(guó), 語(yǔ)篇填空)Chinese New Year is

2、 a (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring. interest “be+of+抽象名詞” 為固定搭配。 celebration 根據(jù)前面的不定冠詞a可知, 此處應(yīng)用名詞形式。 3.(2020全國(guó), 語(yǔ)篇填空)The plum trees are first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化). 4.(2020全國(guó), 語(yǔ)篇填空)Filled with (curious), the artist packed his bags and

3、left. the 設(shè)空處修飾后面的序數(shù)詞first, 所以用定冠詞, 特指 “第一個(gè)”。 curiosity with為介詞, 后面需要跟名詞做賓語(yǔ), filled with curiosity表示 “充滿好奇”。5.(2020山東, 語(yǔ)篇填空)Historical (accurate) is important but so is entertainment. accuracy 前面的Historical為形容詞, 后面應(yīng)使用名詞做主語(yǔ)。 6.(2020浙江, 語(yǔ)篇填空)Later, they learned to work with the (season), planting at t

4、he right time and, in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields. seasons 句意: 后來(lái), 他們學(xué)會(huì)了隨著季節(jié)勞動(dòng), 在恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)間和干燥的地方播種, 利用每年的洪水灌溉他們的田地。因?yàn)橐荒暧兴膫€(gè)不同的季節(jié), 故用season的復(fù)數(shù)形式。7.(2020浙江,語(yǔ)篇填空)Then,with rise of science, changes began. the 此處rise前用定冠詞表示特指 “隨著科學(xué)的興起”。 8.(2019全國(guó), 語(yǔ)篇填空)In recent years so

5、me Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a (believe) that populations are increasing. belief 該空前有冠詞a, 應(yīng)填名詞, 故填belief。 9.(2019全國(guó), 語(yǔ)篇填空)Of nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is increas

6、ing, and nine lack enough data. the 該空后為名詞短語(yǔ), 根據(jù)語(yǔ)境及空格前的Of可知存在限定范圍, 故填the。10.(2019全國(guó), 語(yǔ)篇填空)When we got a call saying she was short-listed, we thought it was joke. a joke是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞, 根據(jù)句意可知此處是泛指, 故填a。 11.(2019全國(guó), 語(yǔ)篇填空)When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an int

7、eresting (compete) to watch, together with the story behind it. 12.(2018全國(guó),語(yǔ)篇填空)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all_(cause). competition 根據(jù)前面的an interes

8、ting可知, 所填的詞是名詞形式, 故填competition。 causes cause是可數(shù)名詞, 根據(jù)前面的修飾語(yǔ)all可知, 該名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。13.(2018全國(guó),語(yǔ)篇填空)This switch has decreased (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. 14.(2018全國(guó),語(yǔ)篇填空)Unexpectedly, Im face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming

9、at top of her lungs. pollution decrease “減少”, 是及物動(dòng)詞, 后接名詞做賓語(yǔ), 故填pollution。 the at the top of 為固定搭配。 考點(diǎn)歸納考點(diǎn)一 名詞的數(shù) 一、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)1.規(guī)則變化注意以-o結(jié)尾的下列名詞要加-es, 它們是: 英雄愛(ài)吃土豆和西紅柿, 即heroes, potatoes, tomatoes。 但下列以-o結(jié)尾的名詞既可以加-es, 也可以加-s, 它們是: mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos(volcanoes)火山。 以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的下列名詞需要把f或fe變成v,

10、 再加-es。 它們是: 為了自己活命, 小偷和他的妻子手里拿著刀子和樹(shù)葉站在架子上, 把狼劈成兩半, 即selves, lives, thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves。 但有的以-f結(jié)尾的名詞既可以變f為v再加-es, 也可以直接加-s。handkerchiefs (handkerchieves)手帕。 名詞前有man或woman修飾, 變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí), 做定語(yǔ)的man或woman和后面的名詞都要變成復(fù)數(shù)。woman doctorwomen doctors2.不規(guī)則變化(1)常見(jiàn)單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞Chinese中國(guó)人; m

11、eans方式; works工廠; sheep綿羊; deer鹿; series系列; fish魚(yú); fruit水果等。 其中 fish, fruit表示種類(lèi)時(shí), 可加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾, 即fishes, fruits。 (2)自身有特殊變化的名詞child孩子childrenman男人menfoot腳; 英尺feettooth牙teethmedium傳播媒介mediamouse老鼠micephenomenon現(xiàn)象phenomena3.有些名詞通常只用復(fù)數(shù)形式。glasses眼鏡, clothes衣服, goods貨物, trousers褲子, belongings所有物, wages工資, riche

12、s財(cái)富, surroundings環(huán)境, ashes灰塵, compasses圓規(guī), cattle牛, congratulations祝賀等。 另外, 有些固定搭配中的名詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。have words with sb 同某人吵架, in high spirits 情緒高昂, give ones regards to sb 向某人問(wèn)候, in rags衣衫襤褸, have good manners 有禮貌等。 二、不可數(shù)名詞1.不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)之分, 它包括抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞。fun, advice, weather, progress, information, brea

13、d, butter, baggage, clothing, equipment, furniture, homework, juice, luggage, luck, music, milk, meat, production, permission, rice, soup, wealth, health, English, America 等。 I look forward to your valuable advice. 我期待著您的寶貴建議。 2.有些名詞既可以用作可數(shù)名詞, 也可以用作不可數(shù)名詞, 但意義不同。 work工作(不可數(shù)), 作品; 著作(可數(shù)); glass 玻璃(不可數(shù)

14、), 杯子(可數(shù)); room 空間(不可數(shù)), 房間(可數(shù)); experience 經(jīng)驗(yàn)(不可數(shù)), 經(jīng)歷(可數(shù)); paper 紙(不可數(shù)), 報(bào)紙, 文件, 試卷(可數(shù))。 考點(diǎn)二 名詞所有格 名詞所有格表示所有關(guān)系, 它分-s所有格和of所有格兩種形式。 1.-s所有格(1)多用來(lái)表示有生命的東西。 Many students eyesight is getting poorer and poorer. 很多學(xué)生的視力變得越來(lái)越差了。 (2)用and連接的并列名詞的所有格要分兩種情況, 即表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí), 要分別在每個(gè)名詞后加-s或; 表示共同的所有關(guān)系時(shí), 只在最后一個(gè)名詞后

15、加-s或。 Toms and Jims rooms湯姆和吉姆(各自)的房間Tom and Jims room湯姆和吉姆(共同)的房間(3)表示店鋪、辦公室或某人的家時(shí), 名詞所有格后被修飾的名詞一般省略。 at the barbers在理發(fā)店at the teachers在老師辦公室2.of所有格表示無(wú)生命的事物的名詞通常用of所有格表示所有關(guān)系; 名詞短語(yǔ)或有定語(yǔ)修飾的有生命的名詞也常用of 所有格。 From the top of the hill, you can get a birds view of the city. 從山頂上, 你可以鳥(niǎo)瞰整座城市。 3.雙重所有格指名詞所有格或名

16、詞性物主代詞同of構(gòu)成的所有格, 即 “of+名詞所有格”。 a play of Shakespeares莎士比亞的一部戲劇a friend of my wifes我妻子的一個(gè)朋友考點(diǎn)三 常見(jiàn)名詞后綴1.動(dòng)詞變名詞的后綴2.形容詞變名詞的后綴 考點(diǎn)四 不定冠詞a/an 不定冠詞表示泛指, 一般修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。 a用于以輔音音素開(kāi)頭的單詞前; an用于以元音音素開(kāi)頭的單詞前。a pen 一支鋼筆an old man 一位老人一、不定冠詞的基本用法1.用在首次提到的人或物的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前面, 泛指某一個(gè)人或某一個(gè)事物。A car is waiting for you at the gate. 有

17、輛車(chē)在門(mén)口等你。2.表示“一”, 相當(dāng)于one。Ill return in a day or two. 我將在一兩天后回來(lái)。3.表示“每”, 相當(dāng)于per, 常用于表示時(shí)間、重量、長(zhǎng)度等單位前。We have three meals a day. 我們每天吃三頓飯。4.表示“同一性”, 常構(gòu)成“of+a/an+名詞”形式, 相當(dāng)于the same。The children are of an age. 這些孩子們同歲。5.表示類(lèi)指, 意為“某類(lèi)”。He wants to be a doctor. 他想成為一名醫(yī)生。6.后面接人名可以表示“一個(gè)叫的人”, 或是其作品。A Mr Smith is

18、asking to see you. 一個(gè)叫史密斯的人要求見(jiàn)你。7.與抽象名詞連用, 可以表示“一場(chǎng), 一次, 一件”。a success一件成功的事/一個(gè)成功的人; a pity一件遺憾的事; an honour一個(gè)引以為榮的人/一件引以為榮的事。8.與物質(zhì)名詞連用, 表示“一種, 一陣, 一份”。What a heavy rain! 好一陣大雨!9.序數(shù)詞前使用冠詞的情況“the+序數(shù)詞”表示排序; “a/an+序數(shù)詞”不表示排序, 而表示“又一; 再一”。Mr Li has decided to buy a second car. 李先生已經(jīng)決定買(mǎi)一輛二手車(chē)。I have failed

19、twice, but Ill try a third time. 我已經(jīng)失敗兩次了, 但是我將再試一次。10.比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)前冠詞的選擇“a/an+比較級(jí)”表示“(眾多人或事物中)比更的一個(gè)”, 屬于泛指; “the+比較級(jí)”表示“兩者中較的一個(gè)”。“the+最高級(jí)”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最的一個(gè)”; “a most+形容詞”表示“一個(gè)很/非?！? 此時(shí)后面沒(méi)有比較范圍, most只表示“很, 非常”。Tom is the older of the two boys. 湯姆是兩個(gè)男孩中較大的一個(gè)。The first unit is a most difficult part but

20、not the most difficult. 第一單元是非常難的一部分, 但不是最難的(部分)。二、常用不定冠詞的固定搭配all of a sudden突然 as a matter of fact事實(shí)上once a week每周一次at a loss不知所措; 困惑be on a visit參觀; 拜訪be/go on a diet節(jié)食give sb a lift讓某人搭便車(chē)have a gift for.在方面有天賦have a good time玩得開(kāi)心have a word with.與談話in a hurry匆忙地in a way從某種意義上說(shuō)make a living謀生take

21、a walk散步take an interest in.對(duì)感興趣take/have a rest休息一會(huì)兒考點(diǎn)五 定冠詞the一、定冠詞的基本用法1.特指上文提到過(guò)的特定的人或事物, 或雙方都明確的人或事物。I have a car. The car is red. 我有一輛車(chē)。這輛車(chē)是紅色的。Pass me the book, please. 請(qǐng)把那本書(shū)遞給我。2.表示某一類(lèi)人或物。The bike is a useful means of transportation. 自行車(chē)是一種有用的交通工具。3.用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前。the universe 宇宙, the moon 月亮,

22、 the Pacific Ocean 太平洋4.用于樂(lè)器前。play the violin 拉小提琴, play the piano 彈鋼琴5.表示“一家人”或“夫婦”。Could you tell me the way to the Greens, please? Sorry, we dont have a Green here in the village. 請(qǐng)問(wèn)你能告訴我去格林家的路嗎?對(duì)不起, 在這個(gè)村里沒(méi)有格林這個(gè)人。6.用于表示國(guó)家、黨派等以及江、河、湖、海、山川、群島等名詞前。the United States 美國(guó)7.用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前。The compass was

23、invented in China. 指南針是在中國(guó)發(fā)明的。8.在表示逢十的數(shù)詞之前, 指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代。in the 1990s(在20世紀(jì)90年代)9.用于表示度量單位的名詞前。I hired the car by the hour. (對(duì)比I hired the car by time.)我是按小時(shí)租車(chē)的。10.用于形容詞和-ing形式或-ed形式前表示一類(lèi)人。the old 老年人, the living 活著的人, the wounded 傷者11.用于方位名詞、身體部位名詞前。The sun rises in the east.太陽(yáng)從東方升起。clean the teeth 刷牙1

24、2.用于普通名詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的專有名詞前。the Great Wall 長(zhǎng)城, the West Lake 西湖13.與比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)連用。(1)the+比較級(jí), the+比較級(jí), 表示“越越”。The more, the better. 越多, 越好。(2)表示兩者中“較的一個(gè)”, 比較級(jí)前加the。Who is the taller of the two boys? 這兩個(gè)男孩中較高的那個(gè)是誰(shuí)呀?(3)三者或三者以上相比較, 表示最高程度時(shí), 用“the+最高級(jí)”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示。這種句式一般常有表示比較范圍的介詞短語(yǔ)。Mary is the tallest child in her family.

25、 瑪麗是她家中最高的孩子。二、常用定冠詞的固定搭配at the moment此刻; 目前at the same time同時(shí)by the way順便說(shuō)一下on the spot當(dāng)場(chǎng)make the best/most of.充分利用in the distance在遠(yuǎn)處in the end最終in the habit of有的習(xí)慣the other day前幾天on the one hand., on the other hand.一方面, 另一方面to the point中肯, 切題考點(diǎn)六 零冠詞一、零冠詞的基本用法1.專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞表示一般概念時(shí), 其前不用冠詞。Beijing

26、 is the capital of China. 北京是中國(guó)的首都。Kindness is virtue. 善良是美德。Snow dissolves into water. 雪融化成水。2.表示季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)假日、棋類(lèi)、球類(lèi)、學(xué)科、一日三餐、語(yǔ)言、運(yùn)動(dòng)等的名詞前一般不加冠詞。Spring is the best season of the year. 春天是一年中最好的季節(jié)。I have been studying in this college since July, 2015.自從2015年7月我就在這所學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)。We have a seven-day holiday on Chi

27、nas National Day. 在中國(guó)的國(guó)慶節(jié)我們有七天的假日。Tom enjoys playing chess. 湯姆喜歡下棋。The boys like playing football after class. 這個(gè)男孩課后喜歡踢足球。They can choose other subjects like Art and Computer Science. 他們可以選擇其他科目, 比如藝術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)。Do you have breakfast at home or at school? 你在家還是在學(xué)校吃早飯?3.稱呼語(yǔ)、自己的家庭成員及表示頭銜、職務(wù)的名詞做表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)及同位語(yǔ)時(shí)

28、, 一般不加冠詞, 但用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)要用冠詞。Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering department to take the place of George. 薩姆被任命為工程部經(jīng)理,接替喬治的工作。Im captain of the class team at school. 我是學(xué)校班級(jí)隊(duì)的隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。The chairman declared the meeting open. 主席宣布會(huì)議開(kāi)幕。4.當(dāng)by與表示交通工具的名詞連用表示方式時(shí), 名詞前不用冠詞。Id rather travel by bus than airpl

29、ane. 我寧愿坐公共汽車(chē)也不愿坐飛機(jī)。二、常用零冠詞的固定搭配in fact事實(shí)上for example例如in danger在危險(xiǎn)中with pleasure高興地in time及時(shí)in fear恐懼地at work在上班at dinner在吃飯after school放學(xué)后at first起初at last最終by hand手工pay attention to注意set fire to放火take pride in以為豪take care of照顧take office就職take part in參加in town在城里keep.in mind牢記in trouble處在麻煩中on fo

30、ot步行l(wèi)eave word留言on time按時(shí)catch sight of看見(jiàn)do harm to對(duì)有害lose weight減肥專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練鞏固提升單句語(yǔ)法填空1.(2020北京房山高三銜接診斷二)This (donate) was to support local education and public welfare. 2.(2019北京, 語(yǔ)法填空)No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various (activity) on Earth Day. donation This 在句中做主語(yǔ),

31、 故填名詞形式donation。 activities activity是可數(shù)名詞, 根據(jù)前面的修飾語(yǔ)various可知, 此處要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。3.(2019遼寧葫蘆島協(xié)作校高三二模)Thats the surprising_ (conclude) of a new study based on a curious find in northeastern Jordan. conclusion 根據(jù)前面的the surprising可知, 所填的詞是名詞形式。conclusion “結(jié)論”。4.(2019安徽定遠(yuǎn)高三?？?He is going to visit university which

32、 is located in the west of the USA. a university 是以輔音音素開(kāi)頭的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞, 此處是泛指, 故填a。5.(2019河北邢臺(tái)高三?？?The study found that coffee (drink) appear to live longer, regardless of whether they consume regular coffee. 6.Driven by the (curious) in my heart, I came to China and took part in a cruise along part of th

33、e river last year. drinkers根據(jù)句意可知, 所填的詞是指人的名詞, 結(jié)合謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞appear判斷所填的詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。curiosity 根據(jù)前面的冠詞the可知, 此處應(yīng)填名詞形式。driven by the curiosity意為 “受好奇心驅(qū)使”。7.It is reported the housing prices in some big cities fall in different_(degree). 8.However, as for William and Kate, the (decide) to dress George in shorts is

34、 more likely down to the tradition than a class issue.degrees degree是可數(shù)名詞, 根據(jù)前面的different可知, 此處要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。decision 根據(jù)定冠詞the可知, 空處用名詞形式。 9.I eventually came to long staircase. a staircase作 “樓梯” 講時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞, 且其前無(wú)限定詞修飾, 故用不定冠詞a表示泛指。10.Like university students, the US high school students have the (free) to choose the courses that most interest them. freedom 由定冠詞the可知, 此處應(yīng)用名詞,