英語(yǔ)詞性與句子成分課件

1、取得英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法成功的基石詞性與句子成分復(fù)習(xí)：詞性根據(jù)詞的特點(diǎn)我們把詞劃分為名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、冠詞等。 詞類(lèi)作 用例 詞1. （n.）名 詞表示人或事物的名稱(chēng)。I bought a book .She is a student.2. (pron.）代詞代替名詞、數(shù)詞等。This is my friend. He likes that book becauseit is very useful to him. Parts of Speach3. （adj.）形容詞表示人或事物的特征或性狀。He is small but he is clever. The red pen i

2、s useful for the teacher. He painted the wall white yesterday.4. (num.）數(shù)詞表示數(shù)目或順序。There are ten apples on the table and I will take the first one.5. （v.）動(dòng) 詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。We are working hard at English.I want to become an engineer.6. （adv.）副 詞表示動(dòng)作的特征或性狀特征。I like English very much.The teacher treats us kindl

3、y .The train goes fast. He seldom comes to see us. 7. (prep.）介 詞表示名詞、代詞和其他詞之間的關(guān)系。He usually stay at home on Sundays.8. （conj.）連詞連接詞與詞或句與句的作用。He and I are in the same class and we are good friends. Two or three of us can dance well but I cant .9. (interj.）感嘆詞表示強(qiáng)烈的感情Oh ! How beautiful the scene is! Wh

4、at a good idea! Goodness !10. （art.）冠詞用來(lái)限制名詞的意義I have a pet dog . The dog is very lovely. He is an old man but very strong.1.名詞 表示人和事物的名稱(chēng)。學(xué)校 寒假 圣誕節(jié) 城市 貓咪 書(shū)本 李白 友誼 school winter vacation Christmas city cat book Li Bai friendship專(zhuān)有名詞 eg:Women in Love,James,the Alps普通名詞注意：可數(shù)名詞（cn.）不可數(shù)名詞（un.）eg:advice,

5、baggage, furniture, homework, information, knowledge, luggage, money, news, progress（名詞的數(shù)與格）refuseschool/visit/writeart America /musicpaint/build/write/learn/feelact/dicide/solvepure/real/majorrefusalscholar/visitor/writerartistAmerican/musicianpainting/building/writing etc.action/decision/solutionp

6、urity/reality/majoritytreat/move/judge/punish/argue/developkind/tired/darkdeep/long/strong/true/wide/warm/growtreatment/movement/judgment/punishment/argument/developmentkindness/tiredness/darknessdepth/length/strength/width/truth/warmth/growth2.代詞:代替名詞等 eg:he his this himself what when something etc

7、.人稱(chēng)代詞, 物主代詞, 指示代詞, 反身代詞, 疑問(wèn)代詞, 關(guān)系代詞, 不定代詞 etc.3.形容詞：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和特征的詞eg:beautiful flowers something important(good better best)value/move/rely/comfort/reasonnature/nation/traditionabsence/difference/distance/importanceinterest/disappoint/carevaluable/movable/reliable/comfortable/reasonablenatural/na

8、tional/traditionalabsent/different/distant/importantinteresting/interested/disappointing/disappointed/caringchild/fool/selfact/create/impressbeauty/care/helpvary/danger/couragehome/breath/harmchildish/foolish/selfishactive/creative/impressivebeautiful/careful/helpfulvarious/dangerous/courageoushomel

9、ess/breathless/harmless4.數(shù)詞：表示數(shù)目多少(基數(shù)詞)或順序多少的詞(序數(shù)詞) eg:two ,second(twice, one-third etc.) 5.動(dòng)詞:表示動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài)eg:run,work,sleep按功能：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（eg: sleep remain have can）按形態(tài):原形、第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞etc.(時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài))(eg:do does did done doing) 時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)

10、will dowould dodo / does didis / am / are doingwas / were doinghas / have donehad donehas / have been doinghad been doing will have done 時(shí)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)will be donewould be doneis/am/are donewas/were doneis/am/are being donewas/were being donehas/ha

11、ve been donehad been donewill have been done6.副詞:在句子中表示行為或狀態(tài)特征的詞，修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其他副詞或全句，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、方式等概念。eg: always outside properly very howI like English very much注意：adj adv（一般直接加,“元e”去e加,“輔y”改i加,“l(fā)e”結(jié)尾e改y） 1).直接+lycareless,quiet,different,beautiful,careful,recent2). 以le 結(jié)尾的形容詞去e + y terrible terribly p

12、ossible possibly comfortable comfortably gentle gently simple simply reasonable reasonably probable probably3).以e 結(jié)尾的wise wisely nice nicely polite politely fortunate fortunately close closely immediateimmediately注意：true truly dull dully whole wholly full fully 4).以“y”結(jié)尾的,讀音為 / i /,變“y”為“i+ly” eg:ha

13、ppy-happily; heavy-heavily; angry-angrily; busy-busily 讀音為 / ai /， 直接加lyeg：dry-dryly; sly-slyly; shy-shyly5).以ic結(jié)尾的+ally energetic energetically scientific scientifically public publicly （例外）7.介詞：詞與詞、詞與句之間的關(guān)系eg:beside，along，across, throughin front of 8.連詞:連接詞與詞，短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)，句與句eg:and, but, or, nor, so, as

14、well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, (and) thenwhen ,where, because9.感嘆詞Wow!Eh.etc.10.冠詞eg: the a an / But Jane knew from past experience that her (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father. (2009) We should consider the (important) of this matter seriously.choiceimportance

15、 被形容詞修飾,用名詞被冠詞修飾，用名詞We felt a great sense of (achieve) when we finally entered the key universities.achievement 作介詞of的賓語(yǔ)，用名詞 This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their （nature） course. (2008) Mary felt (please), because there were many empty seats in the room .naturalpleased用形容詞修飾名詞作表語(yǔ)

16、用形容詞，表人感到怎樣，用-ed形式 Having sports makes us (health) and strong.healthy 作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)用形容詞 We drank together and talked （merry） till far into the night. (2007) His teacher took a deep drink, smiled (warm), and thanked his student very much for the sweet water. (2010)merrilywarmly 修飾動(dòng)詞 talked 用副詞 修飾動(dòng)詞 smiled 用副詞

17、He must be (mental) disabled. (2011) (luck) , the hero died in a car accident two years ago.mentallyUnluckily 修飾形容詞disabled 用副詞 修飾后面整個(gè)句子 用副詞The water was simply the container for an act ofkindness and love. Nothing could be_ (sweet).” (2010) But he felt very happy since the crop did “grow”_ （high）。(

18、2008)sweeterhigher 否定加比較級(jí)等最高級(jí)，按句意：沒(méi)有什么比這更甜的了。修飾動(dòng)詞 grow 還是用副詞，按句意：的確長(zhǎng)得更高了。 After the earthquake many people become_(home).It is (legal) to break into other peoples houses and steal things.homelessillegal 系動(dòng)詞后用形容詞，按句意：地震后很多人變得無(wú)家可歸。 系動(dòng)詞后用形容詞，按句意：闖進(jìn)別人家偷東西是違法的。組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫句子成分。英語(yǔ)句子成分主要有主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)

19、等。句子成分一、主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)（subject）：句子說(shuō)明的人或事物。主語(yǔ)一般位于_ 。1.Lucy likes her new bike. 2.We work hard.3.To learn a foreign language is not easy.4.Playing football after school is great fun.句首1. We love China.2. We have finished reading this book.3. He can speak English.4. She seems tired.二、謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ):說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么或怎么樣。通常由_ 充當(dāng).動(dòng)詞情

20、態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ),必須和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ).They can speak English well.They are playing over there.1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞：be(am is are was were)He is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞:keep, remain, stay etc.He always kept silent at meeting. 他開(kāi)會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。 系動(dòng)詞3）看起來(lái)像:seem, appear, look etc.He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad.4）感官系動(dòng)詞：feel

21、, smell, sound, tasteThis flower smells very sweet. 5）變化系動(dòng)詞：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come etc.He became mad after that. 6）終止系動(dòng)詞:prove, turn outThe rumor proved false. 這謠言證實(shí)有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。三、賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)：動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么。一般放在_或_后面.1.We study English. 2.Our teacher said th

22、at he would go there.3.He is looking at the dog.雙賓語(yǔ)：指人的是間接賓語(yǔ)，指物的是直接賓語(yǔ)。 He gave me two books.及物動(dòng)詞介詞表語(yǔ)：跟在系動(dòng)詞后面的詞語(yǔ)或從句,用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份,特征,狀態(tài).The trees turn green. The flower is beautiful .四、表語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)：用來(lái)修飾_. This is a red car. The building is their teaching building. The woman doctor is my wife. I have something to

23、 tell you. The man in front of the gate is Mr. Li. Every student has an English book.五、定語(yǔ)名詞狀語(yǔ)：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、因果、條件、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。 六、狀語(yǔ)John often came to chat with me( ) As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday. ( )She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. ( )My father worked i

24、n this school ten years ago.( )Though he is young, he knows a lot.( )He came running.( )程度，目的地點(diǎn)，伴隨地點(diǎn)，時(shí)間讓步方式原因補(bǔ)語(yǔ)是用于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的身份或特征。七、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)Everyone calls him Jack. （賓補(bǔ)）He is called Jack.（主補(bǔ)）同位語(yǔ)是位于名詞或代詞后面的個(gè)別名詞或名詞詞組，對(duì)前者進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明The Great Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreig

25、n friends.八、同位語(yǔ)一、主語(yǔ) 主語(yǔ)可以用下面這些東西表示：1. The sun rises in the east. （ ） 2. He likes dancing. （ ）3. Two will be enough.( ) 4. Seeing is believing. （ ） 6. To see is to believe. （ ） 7. When to hold the meeting has not been decided yet. ( )8. What he needs is a book. （ ）9. It is very clear that the elephant

26、 is round and tall like a tree. （ ）名詞代詞數(shù)詞動(dòng)名詞不定式疑問(wèn)詞+不定式從句It作形式主語(yǔ)，that從句是真正的主語(yǔ)當(dāng)不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句在某個(gè)句子中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)前后平衡，避免頭重腳輕，因此常用it作形式主語(yǔ)置于句首，而將真正的主語(yǔ)放在句尾。此時(shí)it只起先行引導(dǎo)作用，本身無(wú)詞義。什么情況下用it作形式主語(yǔ)？ 你能劃出下列句子的真正的主語(yǔ)嗎?你懂得翻譯下列句子嗎？1) It is wrong to tell a lie. ( ) 2) It is no use arguing about it. ( ) 3) It is uncertain who

27、 will come. ( ) 說(shuō)謊是錯(cuò)誤的。爭(zhēng)吵是沒(méi)用的。誰(shuí)要來(lái)還不確定。二、賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)可以用下面這些東西表示：1.She lived a happy life.( )2.I love you.( )3.We need two.( )4.Do you mind my opening the door?( )5.He began to learn English a year ago.( )6.He did not know what to say.( )7.Did you write down what she said? ( )8. She felt it her duty to take

28、 good care of them.( )名詞代詞數(shù)詞動(dòng)名詞不定式疑問(wèn)詞+不定式從句It作形式賓語(yǔ)，不定式是真正的賓語(yǔ)二、表語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ)可以用下面這些東西表示： He is a teacher. ( ) My idea is this.( ) She was the first to arrive.( ) I feel much better today./I must be off now. ( ) He is out of danger.( ) The news was exciting./They were excited at the news.( ) What surprised me

29、 most was that he spoke Chinese so well.( )名詞代詞數(shù)詞從句形容詞/副詞介詞短語(yǔ)分詞三、定語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ)可以用下面這些東西表示：Its a red car.( )They live in the room above.( )My brother is a teacher.( )We belong to the third world.( )Lucys father is a poor worker.( )Mother made a birthday cake for me.( )The man under the tree is my teacher.( )

30、The swimming boy is my brother./The boy swimming in the river is my brother. ( )形容詞副詞代詞數(shù)詞名詞所有格名詞介詞短語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞三、定語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ)可以用下面這些東西表示：I liked the food cooked by my mother./Retired people have a good time at home.( )There are two things to be discussed today.（ ）Will you tell us about your teaching plan?（ ）This

31、is the very book that I need. （ ）過(guò)去分詞不定式動(dòng)名詞從句四、狀語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ)可以用下面這些東西表示：He is often late for class.( )We saw that picture at the cinema.( )He sat there smoking.( )They returned tired and hungry. （ ）They did everything they could to save the boys life. （ ）Although he is young, he knows a lot. ( )The box is s

32、o heavy that I cant lift it. ( )副詞，程度介詞短語(yǔ)，地點(diǎn)分詞，伴隨不定式，目的形容詞，狀態(tài)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句四、狀語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ)可以用下面這些東西表示：While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. （ ）He was angry because we were late( ）If it rains tomorrow, we wont go out.( ) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句原因狀語(yǔ)從句條件狀語(yǔ)從句五、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：I consider Jim a good friend.( )I always find her happy.( )People praised him as a hero.( )I had the TV fixed.( )I saw him entering the building.( )What made you think so?( )Do you want me to go?( )形容詞名詞介詞短語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞省略掉to的不定式不定式英語(yǔ)句子的種類(lèi)簡(jiǎn)單句 (simple sentence)并列句 (compound sentence)復(fù)合句 (complex sentence)簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型英語(yǔ)五種基本句型