英語(yǔ)國(guó)家文化4章：澳大利亞課件

1、Chapter IVAustralia 澳 大 利 亞Learning Goals（學(xué)習(xí)目的）To learn something general about the climate, history, population, belief, politics, economy, education and culture of Australia. 【學(xué)習(xí)了解一些有關(guān)澳大利亞天氣、歷史、人口、宗教 信仰、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、教育和文化等方面的基本常識(shí)?！縎ome questions to ask: 1. What do you know about Australia? 2. What is Aus

2、tralia famous for? 3. What is the season in Australia now? Why is it different from China? Part A Exploring Australia 探訪澳大利亞Text AA Brief Introduction Of Australia澳大利亞 概況簡(jiǎn)介T(mén)he official name of the country: The Commonwealth of Australia 【正式國(guó)名為：澳大利亞聯(lián)邦】 Cf. The British Commonwealth (of Nations) (英聯(lián)邦)Lo

3、cation of the country in the world: it is in the southern hemisphere (南半球) between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean. 【在世界上的位置：位于印度洋和南太平洋之間的南半球】Size of the country: 7.69 million sq. km., ranking 6 in the world after Russia, Canada, China, USA, and Brazil. 【面積：769萬(wàn)平方公里，列俄、加、中、美、巴之后，排第6位】He

4、ad of the country: the present head of Australia is the British Queen Elizabeth II. 【國(guó)家元首：英國(guó)女王伊麗莎白二世】Administrative divisions of the country (行政區(qū)劃): 6 states and 2 territories (6個(gè)州和兩個(gè)領(lǐng)地): (1) New South Wales (新南威爾士州) (Capital: Sydney首 府：悉尼; population: 6.9 million人口：690萬(wàn)) (2) Queensland (昆士蘭州) (Capi

5、tal: Brisbane首府：布里 斯班; population: 4.25 million人口：425萬(wàn)) (3) South Australia (南澳大利亞州) (Capital: Adelaide首 府：阿德萊德; population: 1.6 million人口：160萬(wàn)) (4) Victoria (維多利亞州) (Capital: Melbourne首府：墨 爾本; population: 5.1 million人口：510萬(wàn)) (5) Western Australia (西澳大利亞州) (Capital: Perth首 府：佩斯; population: 2.2 mill

6、ion 人口：220萬(wàn)) (6) Tasmania (塔斯曼尼亞州) (Capital: Hobart首府：荷 巴特; population: 0.5 million人口：50萬(wàn)) (7) Northern Territory (北領(lǐng)地) (Capital: Darwin首府： 達(dá)爾文; population: 0.23 million人口：23萬(wàn)) (8) Australian National Territory (首都領(lǐng)地) (Population: 0.33 million人口：33萬(wàn))Population of the country: 22 million (the 2009 ce

7、nsus) 【全國(guó)人口：2200萬(wàn)】National Day of Australia: January 26 (On January 26, 1788, the first group of exiles (流放者) from the UK reached the Sydney Bay, which marked the beginning of the British colonization of Australia. And that day was later made the national day of Australia.) 【澳大利亞國(guó)慶節(jié)：1月26日 (注：1788年1月

8、26日，第一批從英 國(guó)來(lái)的流放者抵達(dá)悉尼灣這標(biāo)志著英國(guó)對(duì)澳大利亞殖民的開(kāi) 始，而這一天后來(lái)被定為了澳大利亞國(guó)慶節(jié)。)】A Sketch Map Of Australia澳大利亞略圖 A Map of Australia澳大利亞地圖 A Map of Australia澳 大 利 亞 簡(jiǎn)圖The National Flag of Australia澳 大 利 亞 國(guó) 旗The National Emblem of Australia澳 大 利 亞 國(guó) 徽澳大利亞5澳元樣幣澳大利亞1澳元硬幣澳大利亞氣候略圖澳大利亞人口分布略圖 Kangaroo 袋鼠emu (鴯鹋)鴯鹋群 小 知 識(shí) 鴯鹋 (rm

9、io)，又名澳洲鴕鳥(niǎo)（按分類它確實(shí)屬于鴕鳥(niǎo)的一種），它能堂而皇之地走上澳大利亞國(guó)徽，得益于它是澳大利亞最大的鳥(niǎo)，腿長(zhǎng)善于奔跑，時(shí)速可達(dá)70公里，是澳大利亞的象征性動(dòng)物之一。鴯鹋與非洲鴕鳥(niǎo)最主要區(qū)別是澳洲鴯鹋有三趾，而非洲鴕鳥(niǎo)為兩趾，另外，鴯鹋的體型較非洲鴕鳥(niǎo)要矮小些 (只有約1.5米高) (注：“鴯鹋”是英語(yǔ) emu 一詞的音譯，而 emu 一詞源于澳洲土著居民的發(fā)音。)Koala考拉熊“看我們擺的造型可愛(ài)吧？”The Sydney Opera House 悉尼歌劇院The Sydney Bay & the Sydney Bridge悉尼海灣 和 悉尼大橋A glimpse of Sydney

10、 悉尼一瞥艾耶斯巨石 (AYERS ROCK) 位于澳大利亞南澳州的沙漠之中，是世界上最大的單體/整體巨石。艾爾斯巨石高348米，呈橢圓形，東高寬而西低狹，長(zhǎng)3.6公里，寬2公里，基圍周長(zhǎng)約9公里。 澳州土著人認(rèn)為這塊巨石是他們神圣祖先的圣地，是一塊圣石。Ayers Rock艾耶斯巨石 Climate (氣候) What difference does its location (in southern hemisphere) bring in season against countries in northern hemisphere? 【與北半球國(guó)家相比，南半球的澳大利亞在季節(jié)上有何不同

11、？】 The striking (顯著的/明顯的) difference it brings is its oppo-site seasons against countries in northern hemisphere. 【明顯差別是季節(jié)上與北半球的國(guó)家正好相反?！?It has a climate that widely varies (變化) among the different regions in Australia. Generally speaking, it is arid (干旱的) and semiarid; temperate (溫和的) in south and

12、east; and tropical (炎熱的/熱帶的) in north. The pattern of rainfall is also distinct (不同的) some places have abundant rain at one time of the year & almost none at other times. (pp59-60) The wet season in Australia lasts about 6 months in spring and summer, between November & April. It is hotter than the

13、dry season, with temperature between 30 & 50 degrees Celsius/centigrade (攝氏). This is because of the high humi-dity (濕氣; 濕度) during the wet, which is caused by large amounts of water in the air. During the wet season, there is a lot of rain, which frequently causes flooding. The dry season lasts als

14、o about 6 months in autumn & winter, usually between May and October. Temperatures are lower and the skies are generally clearer during the dry season. The average temperature is around 20 degrees centigrade. (pp59-60) 【澳大利亞不同地區(qū)的氣候差別很大。 總體是干旱和半干旱性氣 候。 其南部和東部氣候溫和，北部氣候炎熱。 其下雨的方式也 很特別有些地區(qū)一年中某些時(shí)候雨量充沛，但在

15、其他時(shí)候則 滴雨不下。 澳大利亞的雨季為春季至夏季，即11月至4月，持續(xù)6個(gè)月。雨季比旱季熱，氣溫通常在攝氏3050度之間。這是因?yàn)橛昙酒陂g濕度大， 導(dǎo)致空氣中含有大量的水分所致。 雨季期間雨量充沛，常常導(dǎo)致洪災(zāi)。 旱季為秋季和冬季，即5月至10月，也持續(xù)6個(gè)月。 在旱季期間，氣溫要低些，天空通常變得更晴朗，平均氣溫為攝氏20度左右。】 Belief (宗教信仰) According to the 2006 Australian census, 63.9% (12.69 million) of the Australian population is self-declared (自稱) as

16、 Christians. So Christianity is the religion of the majority in Australia. (p61) 【根椐2006年澳大利亞的人口普查，63.9%(或約1269萬(wàn))的澳大利亞人自稱是基督教徒。所以，基督教是澳大利亞絕大多數(shù)人的宗教信仰?！?Brief History (澳大利亞簡(jiǎn)史) The written history of Australia began when Dutch explorers (荷蘭探險(xiǎn)者) first sighted the landmass (大陸；地塊) in the 17th century. Th

17、e Holland explorer Willem Jansz (威廉詹茨 ) was the first man to discover Australia in 1606. He sailed along the southern coast of New Guinea (新幾尼亞) and then he turned south and sighted Cape York Peninsula (約克角半島) on Australias northern coast. Jansz named the land New Holland & explored the Gulf of Carp

18、entaria (卡奔塔利亞灣) on the Capes western shore. The first recorded European sighting of the South Australian coast was in 1627 by the Dutch explorer Francois Thissen. (p60) 【澳大利亞有文字記載的歷史，是從十七世紀(jì)初荷蘭探險(xiǎn)者第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)這塊大陸開(kāi)始的。1606年，荷蘭探險(xiǎn)家威廉詹茨第一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)了澳大利亞。他先駕船沿著新幾尼亞群島南部海岸航行，然后調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)船頭向南航行，發(fā)現(xiàn)了澳大利亞北部沿岸的約克角半島。詹茨將這塊新發(fā)現(xiàn)的土地命名為“新荷

19、蘭”，并探查了約克角西海岸的卡奔塔利亞灣。1627年，荷蘭人弗朗西斯西森成為第一個(gè)有文字記載探查澳大利亞南部沿海的歐洲人?！亢商m探險(xiǎn)家 威廉詹茨英文版澳大利亞地圖 The history of Australia from 17881850 covers the early colonies period of Australias history, from the 1st British settlement and penal colony at Port Jackson (in Sydney) in 1788 to the establishment of other colonies

20、 and the spread of settlers. The history of Australia from 18501900 con-tinues Australias colonial history, the discovery of gold in 1851 which led to increased economic and political inde-pendence from Britain, and a great debate about federation. The history of Australia from 19011945 begins with

21、the federation of colonies to create the Commonwealth of Aus-tralia. The history of Australia since 1945 has seen a move away from Britain in political, social and cultural terms to engagement with the United States and Asia. 【1788-1850年是澳大利亞的早期殖民階段經(jīng)歷了從1788年1月26日英國(guó)流放到澳大利亞的第一批犯人抵達(dá)悉尼灣杰克遜港，并在此建立了第一個(gè)定居點(diǎn)

22、和刑法殖民地，到隨后這里的居民向澳洲其他地區(qū)擴(kuò)散的過(guò)程；1851-1900年繼續(xù)著殖民進(jìn)程，其間于1851年在新南威爾斯州發(fā)現(xiàn)了金礦，致使澳在經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治上獨(dú)立于英國(guó)的意識(shí)日益增強(qiáng),并就聯(lián)邦制展開(kāi)了大討論; 1901年1月1日澳各殖民地聯(lián)合起來(lái)成立了“澳大利亞聯(lián)邦”。1945年之后，澳大利亞在政治、社會(huì)和文化關(guān)系上日漸疏遠(yuǎn)英國(guó)，轉(zhuǎn)而親近美國(guó)與亞洲國(guó)家?！?(注：經(jīng)過(guò)努力，澳大利亞于1931年成為英聯(lián)邦內(nèi)的獨(dú) 立國(guó)家；1986年，英議會(huì)通過(guò)“與澳大利亞關(guān)系法”， 澳從此獲得完全的立法權(quán)和司法終審權(quán)。) Politics: The political system of Australia is w

23、ithin the framework of parliamentary democracy. It is a federation and a constitutional monarchy. In the states and territories in Australia, elections are held at least once every 4 years. (p61) 【政治體制：澳大利亞是個(gè)君主立憲制國(guó)家，實(shí)行的是 議會(huì)民主制。在各州和各領(lǐng)地，最少每四年要舉行一次 選舉?！?Economy: The economy of Australia is a prosperous

24、, free market economy dominated by its service sector (some 70% of its GDP). The service sector accounts for 80% of the countrys econo-mic activity. It includes banking, insurance and finance; the media and entertainment industry; consulting, tourism and retail; services provided by government inclu

25、de education, health & welfare; and other personal & business services. Australia is a major agricultural producer and exporter. It exports mainly wool, lamb, and beef. Mining in Australia is a significant primary industry and contributor to the economy of Australia. Many different ores & minerals a

26、re mined throughout the country. (pp61-2) 【經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況：澳大利亞實(shí)行的是自由繁榮的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，其中最重要的領(lǐng)域是服務(wù)業(yè) (約占其GDP的70%)。 服務(wù)業(yè)占到其經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)總量的80%。它包括銀行、保險(xiǎn)、金融；傳媒和娛樂(lè)業(yè)、咨詢、旅游和零售業(yè)。政府提供的服務(wù)包括 教育、健康和福利行業(yè)以及其他類個(gè)人和業(yè)務(wù)服務(wù)等。 澳大利亞還是世界上一個(gè)主要的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)國(guó)和出口國(guó)主要出口 羊毛、羊肉和牛肉等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。 采礦業(yè)是澳大利亞最重要的第一產(chǎn)業(yè)對(duì)澳大利亞經(jīng)濟(jì)的貢獻(xiàn)巨大。該國(guó)出產(chǎn)多種不同的礦石，其中絕大部分供出口。】Text BSome Cultural Tips In C

27、ommunication 澳大利亞文化拾趣 As over one-fifth of Australians were born to immigrant parents, Australia is somewhat a country of melting pot. People in Australia are generally very open-minded and accept people from different cultures to visit their country. 【由于五分之一以上的澳大利亞人出身在移民家庭，這使得澳大利亞在一定程度上成為一個(gè)民族的大熔爐。澳

28、大利亞人思想非常開(kāi)放，能接受來(lái)自不同文化的人到澳洲旅游觀光?！?The following are some important cultural tips to keep in mind (以下是一些值得記住的文化知識(shí)): Barbecuesa big part in Australian culture 【燒烤野餐澳大利亞文化的重要組成部分】 Barbecue is a very popular social gathering. If invited to a barbecue in Australia, as a typical practice, people will bring

29、their own beer or wine for their own consumption, or at very informal barbecues, people may even be asked to bring their own meat for the grill. (pp63-4) 【燒烤野餐在澳大利亞是一種非常流行的聚會(huì)形式。在澳洲如應(yīng) 邀參加燒烤野餐，典型的做法是自帶酒水并自飲；去參加極為 隨便的燒烤野餐聚會(huì)，參加者還可能被要求自己帶肉自己烤?！?1. What to wear (如何穿著) (p64) In the western society, includi

30、ng in Australia, it is the general practice to wear formally for formal occasions and casually for casual occasions. Yet in tropical areas such in Brisbane, etc., men will wear shirts, ties, and a pair of Bermuda shorts. (p64) 【在西方社會(huì)(包括澳大利亞)，慣常的做法是正式場(chǎng)合著正裝， 非正式場(chǎng)合著便裝。但在澳大利亞的布里斯班等熱帶地區(qū)，男 人在正式場(chǎng)合上身穿襯衣打領(lǐng)帶，

31、而下身則可穿百慕大短褲 一種長(zhǎng)度在膝蓋以上的外穿平角短褲中國(guó)的七分褲相似?！?2. Food/Drinks (餐飲) Ask a student or two to put the 1st and 3rd paragraphs into Chinese on p64, and to indicate what the 2nd paragraph means with pens or pencils. 【請(qǐng)將第64頁(yè)第1、3段話譯成漢 語(yǔ)，再請(qǐng)同學(xué)按第2段話的描述用筆/鉛筆擺出圖形?！?p64) 3. Tipping (小費(fèi)) In Australia, it is not expected o

32、r necessary to leave tips unless you really enjoy the service, for a gratuity (賞錢(qián)) is usu. included in your bill. 【在澳洲，除非你認(rèn)為服務(wù)非常好 時(shí)可付些小費(fèi)，否則用餐后無(wú)須付小費(fèi)，因?yàn)槟愕馁~單中已包 括了賞錢(qián)?！?(p64) 4. Greetings (問(wèn)候) The most frequently used greeting in Australia is perhaps “Gday” or “Gday mate”. 【在澳洲，最常用的問(wèn)候語(yǔ)可能 是“你好”或“你好伙計(jì)”?！?

33、(p64)A Barbecue in Australia 澳洲燒烤聚會(huì) Barbecues in Australia 澳洲燒烤 A Barbecue Party in the Countryside 在 鄉(xiāng) 村 舉 行 的 烤 肉 聚 會(huì) Bermuda shorts firstly worn by both men and women in Bermuda began to be popular all over the world since from the 1980s.百慕大短褲 (類似我國(guó)的七分褲) 最早由百慕大群島的男女始穿 (故因此得名)。上世紀(jì)80年代起風(fēng)靡全世界。 The B

34、ermuda shorts can be worn like this. 百 慕 大 短 褲 還 可 以 這 么 穿。 Part B Broadening My Horizon 開(kāi) 闊 視 野 Studying in Australia (pp66-8) For our limit of time and being irrelevant to most of you, we just skip over this section. Those who plan to go and study in Australia can make a careful study of it after

35、class. 【由于時(shí)間有限 以及 其內(nèi)容與多數(shù)同學(xué)無(wú)直接關(guān)系，故略去這一節(jié)。那些計(jì)劃去澳洲留學(xué)的同學(xué)可在課后認(rèn)真研讀此節(jié)?！緽MH A Symbols of Australia澳大利亞的象征 BMH B 1. The Sydney Opera House悉尼歌劇院The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue (同時(shí)能舉辦多種活動(dòng)的) performing arts centre on Benelong Point (便利朗角) in Sydney, Australia. It was designed and largely built by Danish

36、architect John Utzon (約翰伍重), who, in 2003, received the Pritzker Prize (普利茲克建筑獎(jiǎng)), architectures highest honor. The citation (獲獎(jiǎng)詞) stated: “There is no doubt that the Sydney Opera House is his masterpiece. It is one of the great iconic (標(biāo)志性的) buildings of the 20th century, an image of great beauty th

37、at has become known throughout the worlda symbol for not only a city, but a whole country and continent.” (p69)The Sydney Opera House was made a UNESCO (聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織) World Heritage Site on 28 June 2007.It is one of the 20th centurys most distinctive buildings and one of the most famous performing arts

38、centers in the world.【悉尼歌劇院是一座位于澳大利亞悉尼市便利朗角的同時(shí)能舉辦多種活動(dòng)的演藝中心。它是由丹麥建筑師約翰伍重設(shè)計(jì)和主要建造的，并于2003年獲得世界建筑界的最高獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)“普利茲克建筑獎(jiǎng)”。其獲獎(jiǎng)詞說(shuō)：“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)悉尼歌劇院是他的代表作。它是20世紀(jì)偉大的標(biāo)志性建筑物之一，其美輪美奐的形象已為世界所知它不僅是一座城市的象征，還是整個(gè)國(guó)家和其所在大洲的象征?！毕つ岣鑴≡阂延?007年6月28日被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織確定為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。悉尼歌劇院是20世紀(jì)世界上最具特色的建筑物之一，也是世界上最著名的演藝中心之一?！?. The Great Barrier Reef大 堡 礁

39、The Great Barrier Reef is the worlds largest coral (珊瑚) reef composed of over 2 900 individual reefs & 900 islands stretching for over an area of about 0.34 million square kilometers. The Reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland in northeast Australia.The Great Barrier Reef can

40、be seen from outer space and is the worlds biggest single structure made by living organisms. It is labeled one of the 7 natural wonders of the world. The Great Barrier Reef faces 3 significant threats: climate change, pollution and declining water quality, and human activity in the Reef areas. (pp7

41、0-1)大堡礁是世界上最大的珊瑚礁盤(pán)，由 2900多個(gè)獨(dú)立礁盤(pán)和900余個(gè)島嶼組成，所占面積達(dá)34萬(wàn)多平方公里。大堡礁位于澳大利亞?wèn)|北部昆士蘭州沿海的珊瑚海中。大堡礁從外層太空可以看到，是世界上由微生物組成的最大單體結(jié)構(gòu)，被譽(yù)為世界7大自然景觀之一。大堡礁目前面臨三大威脅：氣候變化；污染和水質(zhì)下降；人類在大堡礁地區(qū)的活動(dòng)。Kangaroos & Koala Bears袋鼠與考拉熊BMH CKangaroo is one of the 3 most famous animals in Australia (the other 2 being emu and koala). It is also

42、one of the two animals on the national emblem of the country (the other one being emu). There are at least 69 different types of kangaroos, which are found naturally in the wild only in Australia & New Guinea.Kangaroos of all sizes (varying from 500 grams to 90 kgm. in weight) have one thing in comm

43、onpowerful back legs with long feet. They never walk but always hop (動(dòng)物的雙腿齊跳；人的單腿跳) on the two strong back legs. Why is kangaroo called “袋鼠” in Chinese? This is because it has a pouch (育兒袋) on the belly, which is used to carry its young. (For the details of how a baby kangaroo is brought up, please

44、read pp73-4 in the textbook.)“袋鼠”是澳大利亞最著名的三種動(dòng)物之一 （另外兩種 是“鴯鹋”和“考拉熊”），也是其國(guó)徽?qǐng)D案上的兩種 動(dòng)物之一（另一種是“鴯鹋”）。全世界最少有69種袋 鼠，但在野外，只有在澳大利亞和新幾內(nèi)亞能找到它們。 所有大小不同的袋鼠(重量從500克至90千克) 都有一個(gè) 共同的特點(diǎn)具有長(zhǎng)而強(qiáng)壯的后腿。它們從不走路， 行則用兩條強(qiáng)壯的后腿跳行。 為什么在漢語(yǔ)中把 kangaroo 叫做“袋鼠”呢？這是因?yàn)?袋鼠的腹部長(zhǎng)有育兒的育兒袋。（欲知袋鼠育兒的詳情，請(qǐng)閱讀課本的第73-74頁(yè)。）Koala, which is commonly known

45、as the Koala Bear, is in fact not related to bears at all. It is a marsupial (有袋動(dòng)物), which is found only eastern and south-eastern Australia. It falls into the same group of animals as kangaroo does & raises its young in pouch, too. Koalas high fiber (纖維), low nutrient diet gives them a slow metabol

46、ic (新陳代謝的) rate and they sleep around 19 hours a day. Koalas live in trees to be safe from predators (猛獸;食肉動(dòng)物), even sleeping there, with their backs firmly pressed into the forks of branches. They tend to sleep throughout the day, and start to move around after sunset, for around five hours or so,

47、feeding for three hours of those hours. They seldom drink water. Females are mature at three years old, while males at four years. Koalas can live as long as 17 years. They cannot be kept as a pet in Australia or anywhere else. (pp74-5)“考拉”亦被稱作“考拉熊”，實(shí)際上與“熊”毫 無(wú)關(guān)系。考拉是一種有袋動(dòng)物，僅生長(zhǎng)在澳大利亞的東 部和東南部，與袋鼠屬于同一類動(dòng)物，也用育兒袋育兒。 考拉的高纖維、低營(yíng)養(yǎng)食物使得其新陳代謝很慢。這樣 它們每天都要睡約19個(gè)小時(shí)的覺(jué)。為了躲避食肉猛獸，考 拉生活在樹(shù)上，連睡覺(jué)時(shí)也呆在樹(shù)上 牢牢地把背擠 入樹(shù)杈里。它們通常白天睡覺(jué)，太陽(yáng)落山后才出來(lái)四處 活動(dòng)在約5個(gè)小時(shí)的活動(dòng)時(shí)間里，它們有兩個(gè)小時(shí)都 在進(jìn)食?？祭苌俸人?。雌性考拉3歲發(fā)育成熟，而雄性 考拉要到4歲才成年。考拉的壽命可達(dá)到17歲。在澳洲或 世界上其他任何