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1、1.明喻SIMILE.定義英語(yǔ)的明喻是英語(yǔ)中最常用、最簡(jiǎn)便的修辭格之一,在文學(xué)作品中尤其如此。它根據(jù)人們的聯(lián)想,利用不同事物之間的相似點(diǎn),借助比喻詞(如like,as等)起連接作用,清楚地說(shuō)明甲事物在某方面像乙事物RhetoricInPractice(英文實(shí)用修辭學(xué))一書(shū)這樣來(lái)解釋明喻:“Asimileisanexpressed1ikeness.Thesimplestandmostdirectwayofconnotinganideawithsomethingelseisbymeansofusingsimiles.SimileistheneutersingularoftheLatinadject

2、ivesimilis,meaninglike.”Simile(明喻)運(yùn)用廣泛,可借以狀物、寫(xiě)景、抒情、喻理,使表達(dá)生動(dòng)形象,明白易懂,新鮮有趣。關(guān)于英語(yǔ)Simile,有兩點(diǎn)須加以說(shuō)明:一、Simile(明喻)通常由三部分構(gòu)成,即本體(tenor或subject)喻體(vehicle或reference)和比喻詞(comparativeword或indicatorofresemblance)o可圖示如下:Marriageislikeabeleagueredfortress:thosewhoarewithoutwanttogetin,III(tenor)(comparativeword)(vehi

3、cle)andthosewithinwanttogetout.(P.M.Quitard)二、本體與喻體一般為兩個(gè)不同事物(如屬同類(lèi)也應(yīng)具不同性質(zhì)或特征),比喻方可成立。例如:Peterisastallashisfather.PeterisastallasaMaypole.稍加分析可以看出,例不算明喻,只是一個(gè)比較句,因?yàn)镻eler及其father同屬人類(lèi):而例才是比喻句,因?yàn)镻eter與Maypole分屬人與物。.引導(dǎo)明喻的比喻詞(comparativewords)(1)介詞as,like*of等。AsBeautyisassummerfruits,whichareeasytocorruptan

4、dcannotlast-*(Bacon:OfStudies)美者猶如夏日蔬果,易腐難存Overheadthehollowstretchofwhitishcloudshuttingouttheskywasasatentwhichhadthewholeearthasitsflooro(ThomasHardy)頭頂上方,奪據(jù)了天際上無(wú)盡空蕩的白云,宛如高懸的帳篷一般,把整個(gè)荒原做了它的地面。Outofthesleevescamestrongbonywristsandhandsgnarledknottedandhardaspeachbranches.(JohnSteinbeck)從袖子里伸出一雙瘦骨嶙

5、峋的大手,像桃樹(shù)枝一樣,瘤節(jié)盤(pán)錯(cuò),堅(jiān)硬粗壯。Iwanderedlonelyasacloud.(W.Wordsworth:TheDaffodils)我像一朵浮云獨(dú)自漫游。Theyareaslikeastwopeas.他們兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)得i模一樣。Hisyoungdaughterlooksasredasarose.他的小女兒面龐紅得象朵玫瑰花。Ipassedandrepassedthehouse,andstoppedandlistenedatthedoor;allwasdarkandsilentasthegrave.(B.Shaw)我在那房子前面走了幾趟,并在門(mén)口停下來(lái)聽(tīng)了聽(tīng);一片漆黑,沉寂得像座墳?zāi)埂

6、ovegoestowardslove,asschoolboysfromtheirbooks;butlovefromlove,towardsschoolwithheavylooks.(WilliamShakespeare)赴情人的約會(huì),像學(xué)童拋開(kāi)書(shū)一樣;和情人分別,像學(xué)童板著臉上學(xué)堂。英語(yǔ)里有不少含有明喻的成語(yǔ),其結(jié)構(gòu)為as+形容詞+as+名詞。例如:asfirmasarock堅(jiān)如磐石aslightasafeather輕如鴻毛ascloseasanoyster守口如瓶asmuteasafish噤若寒蟬asstrongashorse強(qiáng)壯如牛ascoolasacucumber泰然自若assobera

7、sajudge十分清醒a(bǔ)ssureasagun千真萬(wàn)確LikeParisisamorguewithoutyou;beforeIknewyou,itwasParis,and1thoughtitheavens;butnowitisavastdesertofdesolationandloneliness.Itislikethefaceofaclock,bereftofitshands.(SarahBernhardttoVictorianSardou)沒(méi)有你,巴黎成了一座陳尸所;我認(rèn)識(shí)你之前,巴黎就是巴黎。我把它看成天堂;然而現(xiàn)在它變成了一片荒涼而寂寞的沙漠。它像一個(gè)沒(méi)有時(shí)針、分針和秒針的鐘面。All

8、thatIhadtoshow,asamanofletters,werethesefewtalesandessays,whichhadblossomedoutlikeflowersinthecalmsummerofmyheartandmind.(Hawthoren:TheOldManse)作為一個(gè)作家,我所能貢獻(xiàn)出來(lái)的只有這么幾篇故事和散文,它們像我心頭溫和的夏天燦爛開(kāi)放的花朵。Heworkslikeahorse/beaver/Trojan/black.他辛辛苦苦地干活。Theyspentmoneylikewater.他們揮金如土。Hetalkslikeabook.他老是文紿當(dāng)?shù)卣f(shuō)話。Heeat

9、slikeahorse.他吃得很多。Hesmokeslikeachimney.他抽煙很厲害。Livingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutacompass.(JohnRuskin)生活沒(méi)有目標(biāo)猶如航行沒(méi)有指南針。Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisenfromhimtocrow.(GeorgeEliot)他這人就像一只驕傲的公雞,以為太陽(yáng)升起是為了它的啼叫。Recordsfelllikeripeapplesonawindyday.(E.B.White)被打破的記錄有如刮風(fēng)天成熟的蘋(píng)果紛紛墜落。Thestaffmemberfold

10、edlikeanaccordian.這個(gè)工作人員就像合攏起來(lái)的手風(fēng)琴似地一不吭聲了。MyheartislikeasingingbirdWhosenestisonawateredshoot;Myheartislikeanapple-treeWhoseboughsarebentwiththick-setfruit;MyheartislikearainbowshellThatpaddlesinahalcyonsea;MyheartisgladderthanalltheseBecausemyloveiscometome.(Rossetti)我的心像只善歌的小鳥(niǎo),小巢建在輕拂水面的嫩枝上:我的心像棵蘋(píng)果

11、樹(shù),沉甸的果實(shí)把樹(shù)梢壓彎;我的心像天邊彩虹,它輕拂著平靜的海面;我的心比這些更喜悅,由于我愛(ài)人將來(lái)我身邊。OfHehasaheartofstone.他有一副鐵石心腸。Hehastheheartofalion,buthedoeseverythinginadown-to-earthway.他有獅子般的勇氣,他辦事十分認(rèn)真。Heissometimesbad-temperedbutreallyhesgotaheartofgold.有時(shí)候他似乎脾,(不好,但他的心眼可好了。(2)連詞as(猶如),what(猶如),asif,asthough,than,and,theway等。Hisheartshiver

12、edasashipshiversatthemountainouscrashofthewaters.他的心顫動(dòng),好像一艘船在海浪搏擊中震蕩一樣。Airistomanaswateristofish.人離不開(kāi)空氣,猶如魚(yú)離不開(kāi)水。Menfeardeath,aschildrenfeartogointhedark:andasthatnaturalfearinchildrenisincreasedwithtales,soistheother.(FrancisBacon)猶如兒童恐懼黑暗,人對(duì)于死亡的恐懼,也由于聽(tīng)信太多的鬼怪傳說(shuō)而增大。Readingistothemindwhatexerciseistot

13、hebody.(SirRichardSteel)讀書(shū)對(duì)于思想,好比運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)于身體一樣重要。Parksaretothecitywhatlungsaretothebody.公園對(duì)于都市正如肺對(duì)于人的身體一樣重:要。Judiciouspraiseistochildrenwhatthesunistoflowers.(Bovee)明智的表?yè)P(yáng)對(duì)于孩子的作用,就像陽(yáng)光對(duì)于花朵的作用。Ifeltasifthegroundwereslippingbeneathmyfeet.我感到好像大地在腳下滑動(dòng)。Acrowdofpeoplewerearoundhim,touchinghisbody,feelinghislegs

14、,andbiddingforhimasifhehadbeenahorse.一大堆人固在他身邊,摸著他的身體和大腿,出價(jià)買(mǎi)他,好像他是一匹馬似的。ThefirsttimeIreadanexcellentbook,itistomejustasifIhadgainedanewfriend.我頭一回讀到一本好書(shū),對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)我好像交了一位新朋友。Theystooduponableakanddesertmoor,whosemonstrousmassesofstonewerecastaboutasthoughitweretheburialplaceofgiants.他們站在荒無(wú)人煙的曠野上,那里滿(mǎn)地都是碩大無(wú)

15、朋的巖石,宛如巨人的墓地。HewasabeautifulhorsethatlookedasthoughhehadcomeoutofapaintingbyVelasques.(E.Hemingway:ForWhomtheBellTolls)這匹馬真雄俊,看起來(lái)仿佛是從一幅維拉斯奎茨的油畫(huà)里跑出來(lái)的一樣。Ourvillageisnolessbeautifulthanthispicture.我們鄉(xiāng)村同這幅圖畫(huà)一樣美。Astudentcannomoreobtainknowledgewithoutstudyingthanafarmercangetharvestwithoutplowing.學(xué)生不學(xué)習(xí)獲不

16、到知識(shí),猶如農(nóng)民不耕作就不能得到收獲一樣。Awhaleisnotafishanymorethanahorseis.鯨不是魚(yú),正如馬也不是魚(yú)一樣。Loveandcoughcannotbehid.愛(ài)情像咳嗽一樣是掩蓋不了的。Aworldandastoneletgocannotberecalled.說(shuō)出的話猶如拋出的石,是收不回的。Truthandoilareeverabove.真理跟油一樣,總要升到上面來(lái)。Awomansmindandaglassareeverindanger.女人易毀,玻璃易碎。Ishouldsmellitthewayacatsmellsamouse.我可以像貓嗅老鼠那樣聞出它的

17、氣味來(lái)。Thebestworkisdonethewayantsdothings一bytiny,tirelessandregularadditions.最好的作品是像螞蟻干活那樣完成的一通過(guò)點(diǎn)滴、不懈、經(jīng)常不斷的增補(bǔ)而成。(3)動(dòng)詞seem,resemble(名詞resemblance),treat/honour/regard/consider/respectascomparetolikento,pass(月生過(guò)),remindofybesimilarto9等。Lookatthemoon.Howstrangethemoonseems:Sheislikeawomanrisingfromatomb.

18、Sheislikeadeadwoman.(OWilde)瞧一瞧那輪明月。她看起來(lái)多奇怪:像從墓中起身的婦女,像死婦叫樣慘白。Sosheshowssheseemsthebuddingrose.Yetsweeterfarthanisearthlyflower-,(R.Greene:Pandosto)當(dāng)她出現(xiàn),看來(lái)猶似含苞的玫瑰,但卻遠(yuǎn)比塵世的花兒馥郁Herfaceresembledasilvermoon.Herfaceboretheresemblanceofamoon.她的臉長(zhǎng)得像一輪銀月。Hetreatshischildastheappleintheeye.他把他的孩子當(dāng)成掌上明珠。Samuel

19、Johnsonregardedadictionaryasawatch.塞繆爾約翰遜把詞典看成鐘表。Shakespearecomparedtheworldtoastage.(Wood)莎士比亞把世界比作舞臺(tái)。Youcanlikenyoureyetoacamera.(Neal)你可以把你的眼睛比作照相機(jī)。ThusfairSamelaPassfairVenusinherbravesthue(R.Greene:Samela)因而美麗的,莎米娜勝過(guò)衣著最華麗的維納斯Hisnosewasparticularlywhiteandhislargenostrils,correspondinglydark,rem

20、indedmeofanoboewhentheydilated.他鼻子特別白,而他那對(duì)發(fā)黑的大鼻孔在張大時(shí)使我想起雙簧管。Hisstrengthissimilartoahorse.他強(qiáng)壯如牛。(4)詞組may/mightaswell(as)(做就好像做),nomore/lessthan/notanymorethan(如同一樣),sospeak/asitwere(可以說(shuō),可以比喻地說(shuō))。Heneverlistens一youmightaswelltalktoabrick(astalktohim).他根本不聽(tīng)一同他講話就好像同一堵墻講話一樣。Hewokethembothupgettingtobed,b

21、utwhentheytriedtowakehimupafterwardstheymightaswellhavetriedtowakethedead.他去睡覺(jué)的時(shí)候把他們兩個(gè)都弄醒了,但是后來(lái)他們想喚醒他時(shí),簡(jiǎn)直就像喚死人樣。Youmightaswellexceptarivertoflowbackwardashopetomoveme.你不能動(dòng)搖我的決心,正如你不能使河水倒流一樣。Ourvillageisnolessbeautifulthanthispicture.我們的鄉(xiāng)村同這幅圖畫(huà)一樣美。Astudentcannomoreobtainknowledgewithoutstudyingthanaf

22、armercangetharvestwithoutplowing.學(xué)生不學(xué)習(xí)獲不到知識(shí),猶如農(nóng)民不耕作就不能得到收獲一樣。Awhaleisnotafishanymorethanahorseis.鯨不是魚(yú),正如馬也不是魚(yú)一樣。Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutasoul.沒(méi)有愛(ài)的家庭無(wú)異于一個(gè)沒(méi)有靈魂的軀體。Thegreatnessofapeopleisnomoredeterminedbytheirnumberthanthegreatnessofamanisdeterminedbyhisheight.(V.Hugo)一個(gè)民族的偉大并不取決于人口的多少

23、,正如一個(gè)人的偉大不能取決于他的身高一樣。Heis,asitwere,awalkingdictionary.可以說(shuō),他是一本活詞典.Thetrafficmanagerhasinthehollowofhishand,sotospeak,thetrafficofthewholesystem.在某種程度上,運(yùn)輸經(jīng)理把整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)輸情況,全掌握在自己手心里。2.隱喻METAPHOR1定義關(guān)于隱喻,WebstersNewWorldDictionary說(shuō)“afigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilya

24、ndprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother-e這個(gè)解釋十分筒明,意思是說(shuō),隱喻是一種隱含著比喻的修辭格,它的通常和基本的用法是,表述某一事物的詞或者詞組被用來(lái)比喻另外的種事物。由于它的比喻是隱藏著的,那么它的主體與喻體的關(guān)系就顯得十分的緊密。關(guān)于這一點(diǎn),辭海說(shuō)得好:隱喻是“比喻的一種。本體和喻體的關(guān)系,比之明喻更為緊切。明喻在形式上只是相類(lèi)的關(guān)系,隱喻在形式上卻是相合的關(guān)系。本體和喻體兩個(gè)成分之間一般要用是、也等比喻詞。如:兒童是祖國(guó)的花朵?!被诖?人們常稱(chēng)隱喻為“濃縮的明喻”(acompressedorcondensedsimile)o看來(lái),隱喻

25、與明喻的關(guān)系確實(shí)十分緊密,就是說(shuō)定義也常常把它們一起提起。譬如ADictionaryOfLiteraryTerms就說(shuō),隱喻是Afigureofspeechinwhichonethingisdescribedintermsofanother.Thebasicfigureinpoetry.Acomparisonisusuallyimplicit;whereasinsimileitisexplicit.”再次指出,隱喻的比喻是隱含著的,而明喻的比喻是明顯的。綜上所述,我們就可以得出這樣一個(gè)概念,隱喻(metaphor)是相對(duì)于明喻(simile)而旨的,運(yùn)用隱喻這一修辭方法的人,般在句中不明確告訴

26、讀者A像B或B像A,而是簡(jiǎn)捷地說(shuō)A是B或B就是A。2比較:隱喻與明喻戈恩教授在他著的RhetoricinPractice一書(shū)中用對(duì)比手法將明喻與隱喻作了比較:例:SimilesMetaphorsLifeislikeanisthmusbetweentwoeternities.I.Lifeisanisthmusbetweentwoeternities.生活像永恒的生死兩端之間的峽道。生活是永恒的生死兩端之間的峽道。Happinessislikesunshine:itismadeupof2.Thesunshineoflifeismadeupofverylittleverylittlebeams.be

27、ams.幸福像陽(yáng)光,它由非常細(xì)小的光束構(gòu)成。生活的陽(yáng)光由非常細(xì)小的光束構(gòu)成。Habitmaybelikenedtoacable;everyday3.Habitisacable;everydayweweaveaweweaveathread,andsoonwecannotbreakthread,andsoonwecannotbreakit.it.習(xí)慣像纜索,每天我們編上一條線,習(xí)慣是纜索,每天我們編上一條線,不久我們便扯不斷了。不久我們便扯不斷了。3隱喻的表達(dá)形式(1)名詞型(nounmetaphors)Alltheworldsastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelypl

28、ayers.(WilliamShakespeare)整個(gè)世界是座舞臺(tái),男男女女,演員而已。Educationisthefillingofapail,butthelightingofafine.(WilliamB.Yeats)教育不是注滿(mǎn)一桶水,而是點(diǎn)燃一把火。Moneyisabottomlesssea,inwhichhonour,conscience,andtruthmaybedrowned.(Kozlay)金錢(qián)是無(wú)底的海洋,榮譽(yù)、良心和真理都可以淹沒(méi)在其中。Holdfasttodreams,Forifdreamsdie,Lifeisabrokemwingedbird.Thatcannotfl

29、y.(LangstonHughes)緊緊抓住夢(mèng)想吧,如果夢(mèng)想死亡,生命就像折翼的鳥(niǎo)兒,再也不能飛翔。Shewasaladyborn,ajewelthoughprobablyshecoulddonomorethanjustreadandwrite.雖然她文化不高,她生來(lái)就是披金掛銀的太太。HewentwestbyastagecoachandsuccumbedtotheepidemicofgoldandsilverfeverinNavadasWashoeregion.他乘車(chē)西行,到了內(nèi)華達(dá)州的瓦舒地區(qū),卷入丁淘金熱。Timeismoney.時(shí)間是金錢(qián)。Beauty,strength,youth,a

30、reflowersbutfadingseen;Duty,faith,loveareroots,andevergreen.(GeorgePeele)美貌、體力、青春,就像花朵,終將衰盡;義務(wù)、信念、愛(ài)情,就像樹(shù)根,萬(wàn)古長(zhǎng)青。Marriageisabookofwhichthefirstchapteriswritteninpoetryandremainingchaptersinprose.(BeverleyNichols)婚姻,是一本第一章以詩(shī)寫(xiě)成,其余各章則以散文寫(xiě)就的書(shū)。Asilverplate(=Themoon)isrisingupinthesky.一個(gè)銀盤(pán)在天邊升起。Thehumantide

31、wasrollingwestward.(Dickens)人流向西涌去。Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyam,goodandilltogether.(Shakespeare)我們的生活是吉兇交織而成的網(wǎng)。Heisawalkingdictionary/encyclopedia.他是一本活詞典(百科全書(shū)).Lifeisajourney.人生是一次旅行。Heisabagofwind.他只說(shuō)不干。Heisanoldwoman.他是個(gè)婆婆媽媽的人。Experienceisthemotherofwisdom.經(jīng)驗(yàn)是智慧之母。Heisanall-purposebasket.他是一個(gè)多面

32、手。Wehadbeensingingallnightinthetavern.NextmorningIhadafroginthethroat.我們?cè)诰起^里唱了一整夜的歌,第二天早晨我的嗓子就嘶啞了。Helivesinapalaceofahouse.他住在宮殿般的房子里,Theboatdisappearedinamountainofawave.船在一般如山高的大浪中消失了。Shewasanangelofawife.她是天仙般的妻子。Fvegotthedevilofatoothache.我牙痛不堪。(2)動(dòng)詞型(verbmetaphors)Theboywolfeddownthefoodthemome

33、nthegrabbedit.那男孩兒一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去。ThecasesnowballedintooneofthemostfamoustrialsinU.S.history.這個(gè)案子像滾雪球似地,最終成了美國(guó)歷史上最著名的審判之一。Hecouldnotgetridofhissticknow.Hisshrieksoundedfaintly,dulledbythebillowingsnow.他現(xiàn)在仍然丟不下拐仗,他的尖叫聲聽(tīng)起來(lái)模糊,枚紛紛揚(yáng)揚(yáng)的大雪壓低了。Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobecheweda

34、nddigesled.有些書(shū)是要品嘗的,有的是要吞吃的,還有少數(shù)要細(xì)嚼慢咽,進(jìn)行消化。Theboyisshootingupfast.這個(gè)小孩長(zhǎng)得特快。Foreightmonthsheflirtedwiththecolossalwealthavailabletotheluckyandthepersistent,andwasrebuffed.(NoelGrove)蘊(yùn)藏的巨大財(cái)富,只有那些幸運(yùn)者和孜孜不倦的追求者才能得到。而他八個(gè)月來(lái)蜻蜒點(diǎn)水,一無(wú)所獲,被拒之門(mén)外。Hethatcannotforgiveothersbreaksthebridgeoverwhichhemustpasshimselffo

35、reverymanhasneedtobeforgiven.(Fuller)不能原諒別人的人,等于毀掉了他自己必須經(jīng)過(guò)的橋,因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都有需要?jiǎng)e人原諒的時(shí)候。Alldaylong,whilstthewomenwereprayingtenmilesaway,thelinesofthedauntlessEnglishinfantrywerereceivingandrepellingthefuriouschargesoftheFrenchhorsemen.GunswhichwereheardatBrusselswereploughinguptheirranks,andcomradesfalling,a

36、ndtheresolutesurvivorsclosingin.(W.H.Thackeray:VanityFair)整整一天,當(dāng)婦女們?cè)?0英里以外祈禱的時(shí)候,英勇的英國(guó)步兵隊(duì)伍一直在經(jīng)受并且擊退法國(guó)騎兵的猛烈進(jìn)攻。在布魯塞爾都能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)的炮擊,犁田般地打得英軍隊(duì)伍人仰馬翻;弟兄們倒F了,活著的又堅(jiān)強(qiáng)地集結(jié)起來(lái)。Wavesthunderedagainsttherocks.水浪猛烈地拍打著巖岸。Thecorridorwasfloodedwithboysandgirls.走廊里擠滿(mǎn)了男女小孩。Shemelteddissolvedintotears.她感動(dòng)得流下眼淚。Dontmonkeywiththen

37、ewradio.不要亂動(dòng)新收音機(jī)。Misfortunedoggedhimateveryturn.災(zāi)難老是折磨著他。Thelongfacedhijackerbarkedhisorders.那個(gè)長(zhǎng)臉的劫機(jī)者狂吠般地發(fā)號(hào)施令。Ihavebeenwrestlingwiththisproblemfbrhalfahhour.我鉆研這個(gè)問(wèn)題已經(jīng)半小時(shí)了。Everythingwasbathedinthegoldensunlight.萬(wàn)物沐浴在金色的陽(yáng)光下。Thetrainsteamedintothestation.火車(chē)吐著氣開(kāi)進(jìn)了車(chē)站。Hetailedherintothecave.他尾隨著她走進(jìn)洞穴。Hene

38、edledhiswaythroughthecrowd.他穿過(guò)人群。(3)形容詞型(adjectivemetaphors)Itisathornyproblem/issue/subject.這是個(gè)棘手的問(wèn)題(題目)。Thegirlisadeadshot.這位姑娘是神槍手!Helovesarosycheek.他喜歡玫瑰色面頰。Afterthefailureofhislastnovelhisreputationstandsonslipperygrounds.自從他的上部小說(shuō)失敗之后,他的名譽(yù)一落千丈。Hisspeechtouchedoffastormyprotest.他的演講引起了強(qiáng)烈的抗議。Were

39、garditasaburningshametohavelaggedbehind.我們把落后看成是奇恥大辱。Hehasagoldenopportunity.他有著極好的機(jī)會(huì)。ShehasaDhotographicmemoryfordetail.她對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)有照相機(jī)般的記憶力。IvegotoneofmySaharathirstsontonight.(0.Henry:TheClarionCall)今天晚上我又發(fā)作了一次撒哈拉大沙漠式的口渴。Hehasthemicrowavesmilethatwarmsanotherpersonwithoutheat.(Time,October29,1979)他有一種微波

40、微笑,能不加熱而使別人溫暖。Bythishourthevolcanicfiresofhisnaturehadburntdown,andhavingdrunknogreatquantityasyethewasinclinedtoacquiesce.(ThomasHardy)到這時(shí)候,他天性中那種暴烈的火焰已經(jīng)燃燒殆盡,酒還喝得不多,他就打算加以默認(rèn)了。其他形容詞作喻體的有:thegoldenage黃金時(shí)代stormyapplause雷鳴般的掌聲ironwill鋼鐵般的意志asilvertongue流利的口才abitingnorthwind刺骨的北風(fēng)等。注:某些復(fù)合形容詞也含有喻體,例如:dog-

41、tired(=verytired);pitch-dark/black(=verydark/black);coal-black(=veryblack);snow-white(=verywhite)等。(4)副詞型(adverbialmetaphors)Heflatlyrefusedus.他堅(jiān)決拒絕我們。Theylivedfromhandlomoulh.他們收入僅夠糊口。Hewasalmostal(heendofhislelher(牽繩)whenhestumbledonthesolutionofhisdifficulty.他在山窮水盡之際找到了解決困難的辦法。Peoplewholivedinthe

42、glasshouseshouldnotthrowstones.處于脆弱地位的人不應(yīng)攻擊他人;正人先正已。Shewasbornwithasilverspooninhermouth.她生于富貴人家。Timepassedatanailspace.時(shí)間過(guò)得很慢。Theyescapedbyahairsbreath.他們死里逃生。(5)諺語(yǔ)型(proverbsservingasmetaphors)Tomanycooksspoilthebroth.人多壞事。Donotputthecartbeforethehorse.勿將本末倒置。Donotwashyourdirtylineninpublic.家丑不可外揚(yáng)。

43、Givehimaninchandhewillmakeamile.得寸進(jìn)尺。Lookbeforeyouleap.三思而后行。Striketheironwhileitishot.趁熱打鐵。Youcannotmakeanomeletwithoutbreakingeggs.做事不可畏首畏尾。Tomorrowisanother(anew)day.垂振旗鼓,東山再起。Alittlepotissoonhot.小人易怒,小鍋易沸。Fishsticksatthehead.上梁不正下梁歪。Anewbroomsweepsclean.新官上任三把火。Abirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush/

44、wood.雙鳥(niǎo)在林,不如一鳥(niǎo)在手。Everydoghasits/hisday.人人皆有得意時(shí)。Stillwatersrundeep.水靜流深,人靜心深。上述諺語(yǔ)都以隱喻的手法,生動(dòng)形象地表達(dá)了一些社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和真理,語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)明,喻義深刻,值得學(xué)習(xí)、借鑒和運(yùn)用。3.借代METONYMY.定義關(guān)于英語(yǔ)的metonymy,WebstersNewInternationalDictionary是這樣解釋的:“Afigureofspeechthatconsistsinusingthenameofonethingfbrthatofsomethingelsewithwhichitisassociated.”這段話大

45、意是說(shuō),metonymy是這樣的一個(gè)辭格,即用一事物的名稱(chēng)來(lái)代替另一事物,當(dāng)然這一事物與另一事物是有關(guān)聯(lián)的。韋氏大辭典這樣的解釋?zhuān)cmetonymy的希臘語(yǔ)原義achangeofname”在主要意義上是致的。關(guān)于“用一事物的名稱(chēng)取代另一事物”這一層意思,漢語(yǔ)的辭海在定義借代時(shí)闡述得更為清楚:“修辭學(xué)上辭格之一,甲事物同乙事物不相類(lèi)似,但有不可分離的關(guān)系,利用這種關(guān)系以乙事物的名稱(chēng)來(lái)代替甲事物的,叫借代。如熟讀王叔和,不如臨癥多(儒林外史第三十一回)借王叔和代王叔和編著的醫(yī)書(shū).特點(diǎn)綜合上述英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)兩部辭典的兩則定義以及metonymy的希臘語(yǔ)原義,筆者認(rèn)為,借代(metonymy)具有這樣幾個(gè)

46、特點(diǎn):1)甲事物與乙事物不相類(lèi)似。2)甲事物與乙事物有不可分離的關(guān)系。3)以乙事物的名稱(chēng)來(lái)代替甲事物。例:ThePeacefulShepherdIfheavenweretodoagain,AndonthepasturebarsIleanedtolinethefiguresinBetweenthedoffedstars.Ishouldbetemptedtoforget,Ifear,theCrownofRule,TheScalesofTrade,theCrossofFaith,Ashardlyworthrenewal.Forthesehavegovernedinourlives,Andseehow

47、menhavewarred.TheCross,theCrown,theScalesmayallAswellhavebeentheSword.(RobertFrost)和平的牧師假如老天準(zhǔn)備把天下重新安排,我就斜靠著牧場(chǎng)酒吧的柜臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)新的人間的圖案,星光點(diǎn)點(diǎn)在我頭上放射光彩。我可能會(huì)欣然忘掉,君王的律條,生意場(chǎng)上的天平秤與十字架的虔誠(chéng),這些幾乎都值得重新推敲。這些東西駕馭著我們的生活,而且看著人們?nèi)绾螢樗鼈儬?zhēng)奪。十字架,王冠,天平秤統(tǒng)統(tǒng)是刀劍。這首詩(shī)中,Cross,Crown,Scales就是借代。是借用典型的實(shí)物來(lái)代替特定的概念。在詩(shī)中,cross是卜字架,crown是皇冠,scales是天平

48、,這些東西與它們分別所代替的教會(huì),王權(quán)與商業(yè)貿(mào)易都是不相類(lèi)似的東西,但cross(十字架)與教會(huì),crown(皇冠)與王權(quán),scales(天平秤)與商業(yè)貿(mào)易又都各自有著不可分離的關(guān)系,而借代辭格正是利用它們之間的這種緊密的關(guān)系而用cross代替教會(huì),crown代替王權(quán),scales代替商業(yè)貿(mào)易。英語(yǔ)Metonymy為一種常用修辭格,其主要作用是使表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)練、具體、生動(dòng)、有趣。根據(jù)本體與代體之間的關(guān)系,Metonymy的運(yùn)用大致可分十類(lèi)。.借代類(lèi)型(1)以事物的特征代替事物、人本身。Theblueeyeswalkedintotheoffice.籃眼睛走進(jìn)了辦公室。ShestudiedinBlueG

49、rassforfouryears.她在藍(lán)草學(xué)習(xí)了四年。BlueGrass指美國(guó)肯塔基州的Lexington(萊克星頓)。Shesaidcoldly,askedhowmuch.Thepiggyeyesblinked.t4Tenthousanddollars.M她冷冰冰地回敬說(shuō):“我問(wèn)的是要多少!”豬眼睛眨眨眼說(shuō):“一萬(wàn)美元?!盩hepiggyeyes指themanwithpig-1汰eeyes.Athousandmustachescanlivetogether,butnotfourbreasts.(AProverb)千條漢廣能共處,兩個(gè)婆娘難相容。HaveIinconqueststretchdm

50、yarmssofarTobeafraidtotellgraybeardsthetruth?(WilliamShakespeare:JuliusCaesar)難道我南征北戰(zhàn),攻下了這許多地方,卻不敢對(duì)一班白須老頭子們講真話嗎?Soapystoodstillwithhishandsinhispocketsandsmiledatthesightofbrassbuttons.(0,Henry:ThePoliceandtheAnthem)蘇比不聲不響地站著,兩手插在口袋里,一見(jiàn)到警察就露出微笑。*銅紐扣是美國(guó)警察制服的一個(gè)特征,此處借以代指警察。Nocross,nocrown.(Aproverb)沒(méi)有苦

51、就沒(méi)有甜。另外,一些禁忌語(yǔ)既屬于委婉語(yǔ)范疇,也屬于借代范畸,例如:美英對(duì)廁所一詞創(chuàng)造了不少代用詞:Women,men,retiringroom,washroom,ladies,gents,publiccomfortstation等。對(duì)女廁所的名稱(chēng)更多:powderroom,restroom,dressingroom,cloakroom,lavatory等。(2)以工具代替動(dòng)作或行為者Hispenwouldprovemightierthanhispickax.他的筆將證明比他的鎬頭力量大。pen指寫(xiě)作能力、文才,pickax指淘金的體力。馬克吐慍年輕時(shí)在內(nèi)華達(dá)淘過(guò)金,但失敗了,后來(lái)開(kāi)始寫(xiě)作,成功

52、了。這兩個(gè)詞生動(dòng)形象地寫(xiě)出了他的不同經(jīng)歷。Hewasraisedtothebench.他被任命為法官。這里,bench指代法官。Hispenswaysoverhalfofthecivilizedworld.他的作品影響著半個(gè)文明世界。AsitisclearfromtheCitysGuide-Book,Chesterstillhasmanysurvivalsofitspast,bothintheformofpicturesquetraditionandequallypicturesquebricksandstones.(大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第一冊(cè))從城市指南可以清楚看出,徹斯特仍然有許多遺跡,表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)美的傳

53、統(tǒng)和美麗如畫(huà)的磚石建筑。“Well,Mr.Weller,saysthegenllemn,youreaverygoodwhip,andcandowhatyoulikewithyourhouses,weknow.(CharlesDickens)“是呀,韋勒先生,”那位紳士說(shuō),“你是出色的鞭桿子,能夠任意指揮你的馬,我們是知道的Butinspiteofhimself,hebecamedeeplyinterestedinthisPolishgirlwiththeintensegrayeyesanddelicatefeatures,whowasaskeenontesttubesashimself.他不由

54、自主、深深地戀上了這位有著熱情的灰色眼睛和清秀面容,跟他一樣熱衷于化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的波蘭姑娘。*句中寫(xiě)居里如何愛(ài)上了居里夫人,因?yàn)樗麄冇泄餐氖聵I(yè),都喜歡testtubes.(testtubes=chemicalexperiments)(3)以特征代人或物Thereismuchoftheschoolboyinhim.他身上還有許多小學(xué)生的氣質(zhì)。Thewolfandthepigmingledtogetherinhisface.兇殘與貪婪交織在一起,浮現(xiàn)在他的臉上。Iwasupearlyanddownlate,setmyownhandtoeverything,tookdangersastheycame,a

55、ndforonceinmylifeplayedthemanthroughout.(RobertL.Stevenson:TheWrecker)我早起晚睡,親手處理一切事情,承擔(dān)一切危險(xiǎn)。在我畢生中,這一次才不愧為堂堂男子。theBritishlion英國(guó)人boiledlobster英國(guó)海軍步兵隊(duì)的兵theBear俄羅斯Theytickednothing,ofcourse,fortheirgigglingandshoutingscaredeveryspottedthingaway.他們什么也沒(méi)有抓著,那是當(dāng)然的,因?yàn)樗麄兊目┛┑男β暸c喊叫聲把所有的鰻魚(yú)都嚇跑了。上面的例子中,“獅代英國(guó),煮熟的龍蝦

56、”代英國(guó)士兵,因?yàn)橛?guó)士兵常穿紅衣,熊指俄羅斯,“有斑點(diǎn)的東西”指鰻魚(yú),因鰻魚(yú)渾身有斑點(diǎn),這些借代辭格都是借特征代人或物。(4)以事物活動(dòng)的場(chǎng)所代替事物或活動(dòng)者DowningStreel(唐寧街)一theBritishgovernmentorcabinetTheWhiteHouse(白宮)fthePresidentorExecutivebranchoftheUSgovernmentTheKremlin(克里姆林宮)thegovernmentoftheSovietUnionWallStreet(華爾街)fU.S.FinancialcirclesCapilolHill(國(guó)會(huì)山)-*thelegis

57、lativebranchoftheU.S.governmentHollywood(好萊塢)Americanfilm-makingindustryThePenlagon(五角大樓)ftheU.S.militaryestablishmentFleetStreet(艦隊(duì)街)ftheBritishpressFoggyBottom(霧谷)theU.S.StateDepartmentMadisonAvenue(麥迪遜大街)fAmericanadvertisingindustryWhitehall(白廳)ftheBritishgovernmentWestminster(威斯敏斯特)ftheBritishPa

58、rliamentorgovernment例如:BusinesslobbyistsonCapitalHillarekeepingclosetabsonwhatisknownastheFamilyandMedicalLeaveAct.(PaulHoffmon)國(guó)會(huì)議員門(mén)正在密切注意所謂的“家庭與病假法案”。CapitalHill是美國(guó)首都華盛頓(WashingtonDC)的美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)大廈,這里以建筑物代美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)。ABelioraBaillymaygaingreaterglorythantheBrahmins,buthellneverequaltheirentreeintoWhiteHouse.(Pa

59、ulHoffmon)不論是伯利或貝利都可能比布拉敏家族獲得更大的光榮,但是他永遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有條件進(jìn)入白宮。ScotlandYdrdwascalledinbytheXuerebfamilysoonafterthecoupledisappearedand120officerswith80vehicleswereputonthecaseunderthecommandofCommanderWilliamHucklesby,headoftheanti-terroristsquad.這對(duì)夫婦失蹤后不久,蘇格蘭場(chǎng)就接到了舒埃雷布家的報(bào)警。在刑警隊(duì)長(zhǎng)兼反恐怖行動(dòng)組組長(zhǎng)威廉哈克爾斯比的命令下,120名警官分乘80輛警車(chē)

60、投入了該案的偵破。ScotlandYard指?jìng)惗鼐鞆d刑偵部,原為英國(guó)倫敦“市警察廳”總部舊址名,后泛指?jìng)惗匦叹蛡删內(nèi)藛T,現(xiàn)總部的正式名稱(chēng)為NewScotlandYard,但人們?nèi)粤?xí)慣沿用舊稱(chēng)。(5)以某物的產(chǎn)地代替該物Hewasbehindthearras.他在掛毯后面。法國(guó)小鎮(zhèn)Arras以產(chǎn)掛毯聞名于世,后來(lái)人們逐漸用arras來(lái)指代掛毯。WouldyoucareforacupofLongjing?你喝杯龍井好吧?這里以產(chǎn)地代產(chǎn)品茶葉。Oknight,thoulackestacupofcanary,whendidIseeyousoputdown?(Shakespeare:TwelfthN

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