《語用學(xué)Pragmatics》課件 第十二周

1、Chapter 5 Cooperation and implicatureScalar implicature Conventional implicatures Scalar implicature ( Horn Scale): By choosing a word which expresses on value from a scale of values.The Hornian systemHorn(1984.1989.2004) suggested a bipartite model. It can be replaced with two fundamental and antit

2、hetical principle:theQuantity principleand the Relation-principleHorns Q-and R-principlesA.The Q-principle Make your contribution sufficient Say as much as you can(given the R-principle)B. The R-principle Make your contribution necessary Say no more than you must(given the Q-principle)Horn 的會(huì)話含義兩原則(

3、A) 數(shù)量原則 (Q-principle) 要使你的話語充分能說多少就盡量說多少（以關(guān)系原則為條件）（B）關(guān)系原則 (R-principle)要使你的話語只是必要的不說多于所要求說的話（以數(shù)量原則為條件）(a)關(guān)系原則傾向于常規(guī)理解（stereotypical interpretations）U 的含義一般來說就是在U 的多種可能的意義中具有常規(guī)關(guān)系的意義F.(b) 數(shù)量原則推論傾向與非常規(guī)理解M 的含義為多種可能意義中具有非常規(guī)關(guān)系的意義G.In saying “p”concevsationally implicates “at most p”For to for a Q- or Horn-

4、scale:1.A(S) entails A(W) for some arbitrary sentence frame A:2.S and W are equally lexicalized, of the same word class, and from the same register 3.S and W are “about” the same semantic relation, or from the same semantic field.常規(guī)關(guān)系可以是語言內(nèi)的,也可以是語言外的語言內(nèi)： （1）他每到一處，都有小蜜跟著。 （2）He has had a few drinks t

5、oo many. 語言外： （1） A: Whats the time? B: The postman has already come. (2) 舉頭望明月，低頭思故鄉(xiāng)。Marked and unmarked1.A:Larry stopped the car. B:Larry caused the car stopped.2.A:我想去 聽語用學(xué)講座。 B:我不是不想去聽語用學(xué)講座。 In saying “p”concevsationally implicates “at most p”For to for a Q- or Horn-scale:1.A(S) entails A(W) for

6、 some arbitrary sentence frame A:2.S and W are equally lexicalized, of the same word class, and from the same register 3.S and W are “about” the same semantic relation, or from the same semantic field.ScaleA A(e1)-A(e2), A(e2)-A(e3), A(en)-A(en-1), A(en-1) A(en),Disjunction Mary is a vegetarian and

7、an environmentalist +Mary is perhaps a vegetarian, or perhaps not a vegetarian: perhaps an environmentalist, or perhaps not an environmentalist.Conditional If John wants to access the internet from home, then he perhaps should buy a dial-up modem.Modal Its necessary that Buddhism is the worlds oldes

8、t living religion +Its possible that Buddhism is the worlds oldest living religion.Verbal doublet Mary believes that Nigel has visited Kafkas house on Golden lane in Prague +Mary knows that Nigel may have visited Kafkas house on Golden Lane in Prague. all of the teachers have been abroad. +Most of t

9、he teachers have been abroad. + Many of the teachers have been abroad. + Some of the teachers have been abroad. All of the teachers have been abroad.Q-scalar:Y +Q-scalar X Conventional implicatures CIS are by Grice which is a non-truth-conditional inferences and is not deductive in any general, natu

10、ral way form the saying of what is said, but arises solely because of the convetional features attached to particular lexical items and linguistic constructions.CIS are not based on the cooperative principle or the maxims. CIS dont have to occur in conversation, and they dont depend on special conte

11、xts for their interpretation.(1) p but q + p in contrast to qe.g. a. Mary suggested black, but I chose white. b. Our sales have gone up but theirs have gone down. p & q (+ p is in contrast to q)(2) even p + contrary to expectatione.g. a. Even John came to the party. b. He even helped tidy up afterwa

12、rds. c. Even his wife didnt think that John would win the by-election.(3) yet + the present situation is expected to be differente.g. a. Dennis isnt here yet. (=NOT p) b. NOT p is true. (+ p expected to be true later)(4) p andq + p“in addition” or “plus”qe.g. a. Yesterday, Mary was happy and ready to work. (p & q, + p plus q) b. She put on her clothes and left the house. (p & q, + q after p) Conventional implicatures AssingmentWrite all the possible implicatures of the following sentence in terms of Horn Scale.1.All the teachers in my school have bee