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1、長難句翻譯中考長難句翻譯中學(xué)英語長難句子的翻譯一、英語漢語的不同1、英語習(xí)慣于用長的句子表達(dá)比較復(fù)雜的概念,而漢語則不同,常常使用若干短句,作層次分明的敘述。Althoughthesestoresarentveryattractive,andtheyusuallydonothaveindividualdressingrooms,notonlyarethepriceslow,butyoucanoftenfindthesamefamousbrandsthatyoufindinhigh-priceddepartmentstores.天目山林深人少,古樹掩映,清泉石上流,霧生半山腰,如仙境一般。英語句

2、子的結(jié)構(gòu):“葡萄藤型”結(jié)構(gòu)(grapevinestructure),意為在短短的主干上派生出長長的枝蔓和豐碩的果實(shí);漢語句子因?yàn)楹苌侬B床架屋,節(jié)外生枝,而是一個(gè)短句接一個(gè)短句地往下延伸,因此被稱為“竹竿型”結(jié)構(gòu)(bamboostructure)。因此,在進(jìn)行英譯漢時(shí),要特別注意英語和漢語之間的差異,將英語的長句分解,翻譯成漢語的短句。2、英譯漢的翻譯方法和技巧是建立在英漢兩種語言的對(duì)比之上的。這兩種語言在詞匯和句法方面的一些表達(dá)手段上各有其特點(diǎn)。語序調(diào)整主要指詞序、句序兩方面的調(diào)整。首先我們談?wù)勗~序的調(diào)整。英漢語句中的主要成分主語、謂語、賓語或表語的詞序基本上是一致的,但各種定語的位置和各種狀

3、語的次序在英、漢語言中則有同有異。漢語說“他正在臥室里睡覺”,而在英語中卻說Heissleepinginthebedroom.(他睡覺在臥室。);英語漢語都說“他出生于北京”,HewasborninBeijing。一)定語位置的調(diào)整單詞作定語英語中,單詞作定語時(shí),通常放在它所修飾的名詞前,漢語中也大體如此。有時(shí)英語中有后置的,譯成漢語時(shí)一般都前置。somethingimportant(后置)重要的事情(前置)如果英語中名詞前的定語過多,譯文中則不宜完全前置,因?yàn)闈h語不習(xí)慣在名詞前用過多的定語。alittle,yellow,raggedbeggar(前置)一個(gè)要飯的,身材矮小,面黃肌瘦,衣衫襤褸

4、。(后置)短語作定語英語中,修飾名詞的短語一般放在名詞之后,而漢語則反之,但間或也有放在后面的,視漢語習(xí)慣而定。theirplantocrosstheriver(后置)他們渡江的企圖(前置)Onedayanearthquakerockedthemountain,causingoneoftheeggstorolldownthemountaintoachickenfarm,locatedinthevalleybelow.二)狀語位置的調(diào)整單詞作狀語2英語中單詞作狀語修飾形容詞或其他狀語時(shí),通常放在它所修飾的形容詞或狀語的前面,這一點(diǎn)與漢語相同。Hewasveryactiveinclass.(前置)

5、他在班上很活躍。(前置)英語中單詞作狀語修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí),一般放在動(dòng)詞之后,而在漢語里則放在動(dòng)詞之前。Modernscienceandtechnologyaredevelopingrapidly(后置)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)正在迅速發(fā)展。(前置)英語中表示程度的狀語在修飾狀語時(shí)可前置也可后置,而在漢語中一般都前置。Heisrunningfastenough.(后置)他跑得夠快的了。(前置)短語作狀語英語中短語狀語可放在被修飾的動(dòng)詞之前或之后,譯成漢語時(shí)則大多數(shù)放在被修飾的動(dòng)詞之前,但也有放在后面的。Seeingthis,someofusbecameveryworried(前置)看到這種情況,我們有些人心里很著

6、急。(前置)Ajeepfullspedfast,drenchingmeinspray.(后置)一輛坐滿人的吉普車急駛而過,濺了我一身水。(后置)英語中地點(diǎn)狀語一般在時(shí)間狀語之前,而漢語中時(shí)間狀語則往往放在地點(diǎn)狀語之前。HewasborninBeijingonMay20,1970.(地點(diǎn)在前)他是1970年5月20日在北京出生的。(時(shí)間在前)英語中時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語的排列一般是從小到大,而漢語中則是從大到小。三)其次我們談?wù)劸湫虻恼{(diào)整這里,句序是指復(fù)合句中主句和從句的時(shí)間和邏輯關(guān)系敘述的順序。(1)時(shí)間順序的調(diào)整英語復(fù)合句中,表示時(shí)間的從句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,漢語中則通常先敘述

7、先發(fā)生的事,后敘述后發(fā)生的事。IwentoutforawalkafterIhadmydinner.(從句在主句之后)我吃了晚飯后出去散步。(從句在主句之前)英語復(fù)合句中有時(shí)包含兩個(gè)以上的時(shí)間從句,各個(gè)時(shí)間從句的次序比較靈活,漢語則一般按事情發(fā)生的先后安排其位置。HehadflownyesterdayfromBeijingwherehespenthisvocationafterfinishingthemeetinghehadtakenpartinTianjin.他本來在天津開會(huì),會(huì)議一結(jié)束,他就去北京度假了,昨天才坐飛機(jī)回來。(2)英漢語復(fù)合句中的邏輯順序的調(diào)整表示因果關(guān)系的英語復(fù)合句中,因果順

8、序靈活,在漢語中多數(shù)情況是原因在前,結(jié)果在后。Hehadtostayinbedbecausehewasill.(后置)因?yàn)樗×耍缓么粼诖采?。(前置?表示條件(假設(shè))與結(jié)果關(guān)系的英語復(fù)合句中,條件(假設(shè))與結(jié)果的順序也不固定,在漢語中則是條件在前,結(jié)果在后。Istillhopeyouwillcomebackfarrangementscouldbemade.(后置)如果安排得好,我還是希望你來。(前置)表示目的與行動(dòng)關(guān)系的英語復(fù)合句中,目的與行動(dòng)的順序比較固定,多數(shù)是行動(dòng)在前,目的在后,漢語也如此,但有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào),也可把目的放在行動(dòng)之前。Bettertakeyourumbrellainca

9、seitrains.(后置)最好帶上傘以防下雨。(前置)二、對(duì)長句的認(rèn)識(shí)英語多長句,這是因?yàn)橛⒄Z可以有后置定語。擴(kuò)展的后置定語可以是帶從句或長修飾語的復(fù)雜句。英語長句的特點(diǎn)是什么?一般說來,英語長句有如下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):1)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,邏輯層次多;2)常須根據(jù)上下文作詞義的引申;3)常須根據(jù)上下文對(duì)指代詞的指代關(guān)系做出判定;4)并列成分多;5)修飾語多,非凡是后置定語很長;6)習(xí)慣搭配和成語經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。三、如何構(gòu)成長句英語長句一般指的是各種復(fù)雜句,復(fù)雜句里可能有多個(gè)從句,從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、嵌套,也可能并列,平行。所以翻譯長句,實(shí)際上我們的重點(diǎn)主要放在對(duì)各種從句的翻譯上。從功能來說,英語有三大

10、復(fù)合句,即:名詞性從句,包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句;形容詞性從句,即我們平常所說的定語從句;狀語從句。造成長句的原因有三方面:修飾語過多;(2)并列成分多;語言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多。四、英語中長句的處理手段英文長句皆由充當(dāng)定語、狀語、介詞(短語)、不定式、分詞短語或由關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的各種從句所形成。這些成分所處的位置通常就是應(yīng)該作拆分處理的位置??梢圆鸱值木渥油ǔв袕木洹⑤^多短語或較多并列成分。有時(shí),意義比較復(fù)雜的形容詞或副詞也可能被譯為短句,甚至于分拆成獨(dú)立的句子。這些從句、短語或并列結(jié)構(gòu)等成分分拆出來后,單獨(dú)譯成句子,對(duì)句子主干部分進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。有些句子僅僅剝離其修飾成分

11、還不夠,還需要將句子結(jié)構(gòu)打亂,重新組合。有時(shí)需要在譯文句子當(dāng)中添加表示邏輯關(guān)系的詞。長難句拆分原則:把主句和從句拆分出來,把主干部分和修飾部分拆分出來。5個(gè)拆分信號(hào):標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào):或顯或隱隔離主干一兩個(gè)逗號(hào)形成插入語、破折號(hào)解釋說明、分號(hào)兩句并列。連詞:并列句的并列連詞and,or,but,yet,for;從句的從屬連詞which,that,when,if等。4介詞:引導(dǎo)介詞短語,充當(dāng)修飾語。不定式符號(hào)to:引導(dǎo)不定式做主語、賓語、表語、狀語、定語和補(bǔ)語。分詞:過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞充當(dāng)修飾語。五步拆分步驟:隔離插入成分,尋找特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)尋找連詞,確定句子種并列句,主從句;尋找句中的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)確定整句

12、框架標(biāo)出主句主干部分及從屬連詞;確定從句框架標(biāo)出從句主謂部分;*分別翻譯主從句分別進(jìn)行翻譯;*詞句推敲中文語言進(jìn)行表述。注:*部分為翻譯要求步驟。Weallknowthatitisdifficulttolearneverythingintheclassroom,forexample,thewaysEnglishpeoplearelivingandworkingtodaycanbelearntbyreading.Oneofthecommonproblemswithmakingexcusesisthatpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,gettheideathatitsok

13、aynottobetotallyhonestallthetime.Youhavenoticedandyet,notbeingblind,perhapsyouwonthowthesunshinesintothetowerthroughthewindowshereandthere,sothatonecanfeelthecoolstepssuddenlybecomequitewarm,eveninwinter.The20students,aged10to19fromShanghai,GuangzhouandNanjing,begantalkingtoClaytonC.Anderson,a48-yea

14、r-oldAmericanastronautat18:50p.m.atNanjingNo.3MiddleSchoolwhentheISSwaspassingoverNanjing.五、翻譯方法在英語長句的翻譯過程中,一般采取下列的方法:順譯法。即順著英文原有的順序翻譯,條件是英語句子的內(nèi)容與敘述方式同漢語習(xí)慣基本一致。女口:Thirtyyearsago,hetellsFriedman,訐youhadtochoosebetweenbeingbornagiftedpersoninShanghaiandacommonpersoninPoughkeepsie(AcityinsoutheastNewYo

15、rk),youwouldhavechosenPoughkeepsiebecauseyourchancesoflivingasuccessfullifeweremuchgreaterthere.Althoughthiskindoflonelinesscancausephysicalproblems,suchasheadachesandsleeplessness,itusuallydoesnotlastformorethanayear.逆譯法。即不再遵照英文原有的順序,甚至完全逆著原有順序翻譯,如果英文的表達(dá)次序和漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同甚至相反的話。Theworlditselfisbecomingmu

16、chsmallerbyusingmodemtrafficandmoderncommunicationmeans(通訊設(shè)備).5“Atpresenttheylargelyremainintheperiodofresearchstudies,”notesDrGregFeero,specialadvisortothedirectorofgenomicmedicineattheUSNationalHumanGenomeResearchInstitute.(3)分譯法。如果句子中的從句(或修飾語)與主句的關(guān)系不是很密切,可以將它們與主句分割開來,使譯文變成好幾個(gè)短句。這與英漢兩種語言表達(dá)較復(fù)雜的意思的習(xí)

17、慣是一致的:前者偏向于使用含有許多重層次的主從復(fù)合句或并列復(fù)合句,而后者往往崇苛言簡意賅”。女口:Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogramswhicharebothinstructiveandentertaining.(4)綜合法。上面講述了英語長句的順譯法、逆譯法和分譯法,事實(shí)上,在翻譯一個(gè)英語長句時(shí),并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法,

18、而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用,這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下,英語長句如果單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便,這就需要我們仔細(xì)分析,或按照時(shí)間的先后,或按照邏輯順序,順逆結(jié)合,主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理,以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實(shí)的漢語句子。女口:peoplewereafraidtoleavetheirhouses,foralthoughthepolicehadbeenorderedtostandbyincaseofemergency,theywerejustasconfusedandhelplessasanybodyelse.Ithinkitwouldbeamis

19、taketousethesetoolstocontrolorlietopeople,butweneedtorealizethesignalswearegivingsowecanshowpeoplethattheyreallydomattertous.Teachingthemsmallactsofkindness,suchaslettingsomeoneelsegothroughadoorfirstastheyholditopen,mayseemunimportant,butitcangoalongwaytowardhelpingstudentsrealizehowtobepoliteandth

20、ankothers.2從句的譯法英語中主從復(fù)合句十分常見,但漢語中卻沒有這樣頻繁使用從句句式的習(xí)慣。因此,在翻譯時(shí)需要將各種從句進(jìn)行處理,使之符合漢語習(xí)慣。1)名詞性從句名詞性從句包括:主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句等等。通常名詞性從句可被譯成名詞詞組,有時(shí)原文語序不需變化。主語從句Whathesaidwasrecordedinthisbook.譯文:他的話被記錄在這本書里。主語從句譯為名詞詞組,原句語序不變。Fromsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabiesandothercreatureslearntodothingsbecause

21、certainactsleadtorewards譯文:嬰兒和其他動(dòng)物由于某些做法有回報(bào)才學(xué)著做事情,這種觀點(diǎn)在過去一段時(shí)間里一直為人們所廣泛接受。主語從句提前,符合漢語習(xí)慣。賓語從句賓語從句譯為漢語時(shí),通常不需要改變語序。6Manypeoplebelievethatmanisnotsolvingtheseproblemsofpollutionquicklyenoughandthathisselfishpursuitofpossessionstakehimpastthepointofnoreturnbeforehefullyappreciatesthedamage.譯文:許多人認(rèn)為,人類沒有盡快

22、的解決這些污染問題而只顧謀求私利,以至于錯(cuò)過了悔改的機(jī)會(huì),以后才充分認(rèn)識(shí)到這種損害。原文中有兩個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,從句由and連接,翻譯時(shí)根據(jù)其邏輯關(guān)系,添加“而”。表語從句表語從句翻譯時(shí)通常也不用改變?cè)恼Z序。Whathecaresishowmuchprofithecangetfromtheproject.譯文:他關(guān)心的是他從該項(xiàng)目中能獲得多少利潤。句中表語從句仍按原文順序,主語從句譯為名詞詞組。同位語從句同位語從句的翻譯主要按照該從句與主句的邏輯關(guān)系來確定,在漢語中譯為賓語、定語或補(bǔ)語等,通常不改變?cè)漤樞颉hebeliefthatfailureisthemotherofsucc

23、esshaskepthimgoonexperimenting.譯文:失敗是成功之母的信念使他繼續(xù)進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。同位語從句說明主語內(nèi)容,譯做定語從句。TheyjumpedtotheconclusionthatallourflightsoutofChinahadbeenmadefromBeijing.譯文:他們匆忙作出了結(jié)論:我們從中國飛出的飛機(jī)都是從北京起飛。同位語從句前用冒號(hào),原句順序不變。Therewereindicationsthattheenemyhadretreated.譯文:有種種跡象表明敵軍已經(jīng)撤退。根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系同位語從句譯為賓語從句,原句順序不變。定語從句的譯法定語從句分為限定性定語

24、從句和非限定性定語從句。由于二者在翻譯時(shí)無大差異,所以討論時(shí)不加嚴(yán)格區(qū)分。定語從句的譯法一般有三種:譯成含“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)的定語,放在先行詞之前。由于定語從句的作用相當(dāng)于定語,所以這種譯法是最普遍的。不過,條件是定語不可過長。采用“分譯法”,將較長的定語從句獨(dú)立出去,并將先行詞重復(fù)一次。譯成狀語從句。女口:Walkingtogether,myfatherandIusedtohavealotofconversationsthroughwhichIlearnedlessonsfromhisexperiences.Doctorsandotherscientistswhostudythehumanmind

25、andtrytoexplainwhypeoplebehaveinthewaythattheydo,calledpsychologists,arestartingtobelieveit.Hecalledhimself“thefirstclowninspace”whoenter-tainedthecrewoftheISSandhostedashowfromspace.狀語從句的譯法由于在句中用來表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、目的、讓步、比較等等,這類從句往往用在主句后面,而漢語的習(xí)慣則要求將狀語的內(nèi)容先于主句表達(dá),即要用逆譯法。結(jié)果狀語從句例外。7BecauseIwantstudentstofullyst

26、udythematerialanddiscusswitheachotherintheclassroom,Ihavearulenocomputers,iPads,phones,etc.Whenstudentsweretoldmyrule,someofthemwerenothappy.Heoftendrewpicturesonthefloorwithchalkandwhenhismothersawwhathehaddone,shewouldquicklycleanthemwithamop.8六、實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練1)從真題中選取有代表性的長難句,每篇文章找出23個(gè)。2)將這些長難句收集到一起,打印或者抄下下

27、來。3)反復(fù)閱讀,最好能夠達(dá)到熟能成誦的境界,注意在此過程中不進(jìn)行任何語法分析。在頭腦中把英語句子中各成分拆分,然后把這些概念組合成可以理解的漢語句子就可以了。4)將真題中的長難句都如此練習(xí)一番,長難句就基本攻破了,之后,我們將會(huì)進(jìn)入到一個(gè)閱讀的新境界!中考英語常見長難句子分析Theworlditselfisbecomingmuchsmallerbyusingmodemtrafficandmoderncommunicationmeans(通訊設(shè)備).Lifetodayismucheasierthanitwashundredsofyearsago,butithasbroughtnewproble

28、ms.Theystoppeoplefromburningcoal(煤)inhousesandfactoriesinthecity,andfromputtingdirtysmokeintotheair.Third,compareprices:thatis,youshouldexaminethepricesofbothdifferentbrands(品牌)anddifferentsizesofthesamebrand.Althoughthesestoresarentveryattractive,andtheyusuallydonothaveindividualdressingrooms,noton

29、lyarethepriceslow,butyoucanoftenfindthesamefamousbrandsthatyoufindinhigh-priceddepartmentstores.WiseshoppersreadmagazineadsandwatchTVcommercials(商業(yè)廣告),buttheydothiswithoneadvantage:knowledgeofthepsychologybehindtheads.Today,though,agrowingnumberofmentalhealthexpertsthinkthatangerisaseriousproblemtha

30、tneedsitsowntreatment.Anexample:Whilemostpeoplewouldgetupsetifadrivercutthemoff,someonewithdisorderedangermighttrytochasedownthecarandforceitofftheroad.Butpeoplewithangerproblemsoftenstayangryfordays,weeksorevenyears;theirfeelingsofangerdontdisappearovertime.9 長難句翻譯Theprogramssometimesincludelife-sk

31、illstrainingaswell:increasingsomeoneslevelofcompetence(競爭)whetheronthejoborasaparentorpartnerhelpsbringdownstressandcutangryfeelings.Notonlycanthewholefamilygetinvolved,buteveryonecanbenefitfromtheharvest.Takingpartinnatureclean-upsorvolunteeringtodopathmaintenance(維護(hù))teacheskidsthattheyhavetheabili

32、tytodosomethingpositivefortheenvironmentandcommunities.Whenparentsgetinvolved,theycansetagoodexamplefortheirchildrentofollow,whichwillhelpchildrenrealizetheirresponsibilitytoprotecttheenvironment.Justremember:beprepared,knowyoursubjectandyouraudience,saywhatyouhavetosayandbeyourselfsothatyourideaswi

33、llbringyouandyouraudiencetogether.TwentyChinesestudentstalkeddirectlytoanastronaut(spaceman)intheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)onradioinNanjing,capitalofeastChinasJiangsuProvinceonSunday,2007.The20students,aged10to19fromShanghai,GuangzhouandNanjing,begantalkingtoClaytonC.Anderson,a48-year-oldAmerica

34、nastronautat18:50p.m.atNanjingNo.3MiddleSchoolwhentheISSwaspassingoverNanjing.Keepthisspace,whichmaybeadeskorsimplyacornerofyourroom,freeofeverythingbutstudymaterials.Youhavenoticedandyet,notbeingblind,perhapsyouwonthowthesunshinesintothetowerthroughthewindowshereandthere,sothatonecanfeelthecoolstep

35、ssuddenlybecomequitewarm,eveninwinter.Then,inMarch,heenteredafree-throwcompetitionattheschool,andthetownsawjusthowbigateamplayerGueireallyibothonandoffthecourt球場).Sincethattime,agrowingnumberofprivatecompanieshavecomeonthemarketmostlythroughtheInternet,offeringtoscan(掃描)yourpersonalDNAandcompareitto

36、somediseasemarkersoftheblueprint,calledDTCgenetictests.ButoverthelastfiveyearsthemedicalworldhasbeendiscussingexcitedlyaboutwhethertheseDTCtestsarehelpfulorharmful,scientificallybelievableorcompletelyuseless.“Atpresenttheylargelyremainintheperiodofresearchstudies,”notesDrGregFeero,specialadvisortoth

37、edirectorofgenomicmedicineattheUSNationalHumanGenomeResearchInstitute.Otherworriesincludetheprivacyoftheresultsandhowyourpersonalgeneticinformationmightbeusedbyinsurance(保險(xiǎn))companiestorefuseyourinsuranceoryourbosstodismissyou.ItwasProfessorAlbertMehrabianwhodiscoveredthatweexpressourfeelingsandattit

38、udeswith55percentbodylanguage,38percenttoneofvoiceandonly7percentactualwords.Apersontouchinghisnose,pullingathisearorrubbinghiseyewithhislefthandmightbelyingtoyou.Ithinkitwouldbeamistaketousethesetoolstocontrolorlietopeople,butweneedtorealizethesignalswearegivingsowecanshowpeoplethattheyreallydomatt

39、ertous.Weallknowthatitisdifficulttolearneverythingintheclassroom,forexample,thewaysEnglishpeoplearelivingandworkingtodaycanbelearntbyreading.BecauseIwantstudentstofullystudythematerialanddiscusswitheachotherintheclassroom,Ihavearulenocomputers,iPads,phones,etc.Whenstudentsweretoldmyrule,someofthemwe

40、renothappy.Iveseldomhadstudentsmakewronguseoftechnologyinmyclasses;however,Ihavebeene-mailedbystudentswhiletheywereinotherteachersclassrooms.TherealreasonwhyIaskstudentstoleavetechnologyatthedoorisIthinkthereareveryfewplacesinwhichwecanhavedeepconversations.Iwantthemtopusheachothertothinkdifferently

41、andtomakeconnectionsbetweenthecoursematerialandtheclassdiscussion.Ihavebeenteachingmyhistoryclassinthiswayformanyyearsandtheevaluations(評(píng)價(jià))showstudentsatisfactionwiththeenvironmentthatIcreate.Studentsrealizewithdeepconversationanddifficulttasks,theylearnatadeeperlevelalevelthathelpsthemkeepthecourse

42、materialbeyondtheclassroom.IamnotsayingthatIwonteverchangemymindabouttechnologyuseinmyhistoryclass,butuntilIhearareallygoodreasonforthechange,Iwillcontinuemyplan.Toerr,ortomakemistakes,isindeedapartofbeinghuman,butitseemsthatmostpeopledontwanttoaccepttheresponsibilityfortheproblem.Commonsensetellsyo

43、uthatyoutakeanumbrellaoutintoarainstorm,butyouleavetheumbrellahomewhenyouhearaweatherforecastforsunshine.Oneofthecommonproblemswithmakingexcusesisthatpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,gettheideathatitsokaynottobetotallyhonestallthetime.Whenstudentsandparentsareaskedtogradesubjectsaccordingtotheirimportan

44、ce,theartsareusuallyatthebottomofthelist.Musicisnice,peopleseemtosay,butnotimportant.Becausemusicisanexpressionofthebeingswhocreateit,itshowstheirthinkingandvalues,aswellasthesocialenvironmentitcamefrom.ThejazzinfluencethatGeorgeGershwinandothermusiciansintroducedintotheirmusicisobviouslyAmericanbec

45、auseitcamefromAmericanmusicaltraditions.Whenwedonotgivechildrenanimportantwayofexpressingthemselvessuchasmusic,wetakeawayfromthemthemeaningsthatmusicexpresses.Onceinsidethelobby,shehadtostandattheelevatorsandwaitseveralminutesbeforeshecouldgetononegoingtothesixthfloor.Forthosesecretarieswhosebossesa

46、skthemtoprintoutalltheire-mailsandleavethemintheirin-trays,thismeansusingupagreatdealofpapereverymonth,MetcalfsaysBut訐thebrotherhoodbundleisbroken,itwillhappentoyoujustasithastothesesticks,whichlietherebrokenontheground.”Thirtyyearsago,hetellsFriedman,ifyouhadtochoosebetweenbeingbornagiftedpersoninShanghaiandacommon

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