學(xué)術(shù)英語課后答案-unit2

1、Unit 2 Searching for InformationI. Teaching ObjectivesIn this unit, you will learn how to:1.search for reliable and better source materials for your research2.find your information by scanning and skimming3.identify topic sentences for a general idea in the paragraph4.guess word meaning through cont

2、ext clues and affixes5.read fast by following the organization of the text6.be a critical reader7.take notes effectively8.write a summary for what you have read9.enhance language skills with the help of the reading and listening materials presented in this unitII. Teaching Procedures1 Finding reliab

3、le and better sources Task 1 Answers may vary. Task 2 Answers may vary. Task 3 Answers may vary. 2 Scanning and skimming Task 11 Artificial intelligence. 2 The article may argue for/against the idea that artificial intelligence will replace human jobs in the future. 3 The story tells that computeriz

4、ation threatens to replace many white-collar jobs. 4 The author is optimistic and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs. 5 The specter of automation unemploying us all may have finally arrived. 6 But the mass job shrinkage that these observers all expected did not come. 7 Yet Americans

5、 as a whole were not automated out of work. (Para.8, L1) Yet, through all that, more new jobs appeared. (Para.11, L2) 8 Man will not lose jobs because there will always be demands of a new economy. 9 The neighbor would prefer to order the shoes from machine-handling factories. 10 Saving will lead to

6、 spending which in turn will create newer, perhaps better jobs tomorrow. 3 Identifying topic sentences for information Task 1 1 Pieced together, the topic sentences form a short, coherent paragraph or essay. 2 a) Paragraph 2 b) Paragraph 11 Task 2 1 Game theory is the science of strategy.（Para.1） 2

7、Games are fundamentally different from decisions made in a neutral environment.（Para.3） 3 The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.（Para.4） 4 A general principle for a player in a sequential-move game is to look ahead and reason back. （Para.5） 5 In contrast to the linear cha

8、in of reasoning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle.（Para.7） 6 Another way to make threats credible is to employ the adventuresome strategy of brinkmanshipdeliberately creating a risk that if other players fail to act as one would like them to, the outcome

9、will be bad for everyone.（Para.17） Task 3 1 Paragraph 1 2 Paragraph 5 to 10 3 Paragraph 12 to 19 4 Guessing word meaning Task 1 2 immutable (Para.4, L2): 不變的 Context clues: who realized that space is not an immutable stage on which events play out 3 trampoline (Para.4, L4): 蹦床，彈床 Context clues: resp

10、onding much as a trampoline does to a jumping child 4 malleable (Para.4, L5): 有彈性和延伸性的 Context clues: In fact, so malleable is space that, according to the math, the size of the universe necessarily change over time. 5 stay put (Para.4, L7): 不動的 Context clues: The fabric of space must expand or cont

11、actit cant stay put. 6 flew in the face (Para.5, L4): 敢于違抗 Context clues: It flew in the face of the prevailing wisdom. 7 stalemate (Para.6, L2): 僵局 Context clues: A static situation, like a stalemate in a tug of war 8 repulsive (Para.6, L5): 排斥的 Context clues: a counterbalancing force would need to

12、 provide a repulsive push 9 antigravity (Para.7, L2): 排斥力 Context clues: antigravitya gravitational force that pushes instead of pulls 10 exodus (Para.8, L3): 大批離開 Context clues: And the best explanation for this cosmic exodus came directly. 11 supernovae (Para.11, L2): 由于爆炸而突然變亮的星 Context clues: di

13、stant supernovaeexploding stars so brilliant they can be seen clear across cosmos 12 garner (Para.13, L5): 獲得、得到 Context clues: would have garnered him another Nobel Prize 13 perplexing (Para.14, L5): 令人不解的 Context clues: Perhaps most perplexing of all is a question of quantitative detail. Task 2 2

14、unprecedented (Para.1, L1): un-precedented 史無前例的 3 self-replicating (Para.1, L6): self-replicating 自我復(fù)制的 4 diameter (Para.3, L2): dia-meter 直徑 5 assembler (Para.10, L1): assembl-er 裝配器 6 contaminant (Para.13, L3): con-taminant 污染物 7 non-renewable (Para.13, L6): non-renewable 不可再用的 8 foreseeable (Par

15、a.14, L2): foresee-able 可預(yù)見到的 9 exotic (Para.14, L2): exot-ic 非本地，奇異的 10 dissipate (Para.14, L6): dis-sipate 消失 Task 3 DerivativesAffixes or roots MeaningMore Words1multidiscipline multi- many or severalMulticolor multisteps multiform multipurpose2nanotechnologynano-one of a thousand millionnanorobo

16、t nanomachine nanoscopic nanostructure3convergence verg con-incline to join divergence verge concordconcourse conferate 4constructstructbuild or make structure reconstruct destruct obstruct substructure 5manufactureman-, manu- fact by hand make manuscript manual manage manipulate factory facture 6in

17、terdisciplinaryinter-between or among a group of things or peopleinterplay interweave interdependent interaction7insulatorinsul-protect sth. from unpleasant knowledgeinsulate insular insularity peninsula 8semiconductorsemi- duct- partly but not completely lead semiconscious semiofficial semitropical

18、 conduct induct 9microprocessorsmicro-extremely small microwave microcomputer microscope micrometer 10simultaneouoslysimul-in commonsimulator simulation simultaneity simulate11reversevers, vertturn obversion inverse subversion convert12automaticalauto Work by oneself; relating to oneselfautomate aut

19、onomous automobile autobiography 5 Using the organization of the text Task 1 organizationparagraphsIntroductionPara.1WhatThe definition of nanotechnologynanotechnologyPara.2nanometerPara.3nanoscalePara.4HowThe way nanotechnology worksParas.5-11HowThe applications of nanotechnology medical industryPa

20、ra.12 environmentPara.13 other fieldsPara.14 conclusion Para.15 Task 2 1 The writer develops his main ideas about global warming mainly through the structure of cause-and-effect. 2 The writer illustrates the effects of global warming through the structure of classification. 3 The effects are arrange

21、d from the most obvious to least obvious, and signal words include: the most prominent effect of global warming; another area affected by global warming; a third type of evidence of global warming. 4 Four types. They are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluocarbons. 5 Paragraph 11 fo

22、llows the pattern of problem-and-solution. The signal words are “a common problem that arises is”, “needs to take action now”. 6 Reading critically Task 1 The tone of ones writing indicates their feelings and attitude toward the topic being discussed. It reveals whether they are being playful or ser

23、ious, humorous or somber, whether they are angry or tranquil, bitter or confident. Through tone, their attitude toward what they are writing about and their relationship to their readers become clear. Controlling tone is largely a matter of selecting words and sentences, and choosing details so as t

24、o serve the purpose of writing well. Now lets consider the following sentences which you write to tell two facts: The sales of vitamin E have doubled in the past five years. The increase in sales has been helped by the statements from health food enthusiasts and doctors. 1 Combined into a single one

25、, sentence 1 is impartial in tone because it doesnt reveal yourattitude. Impartial and toneless sentences are what you want to write if you either have noopinion or want to seem factual and objective, rather than personal and subjective.2 Strong in tone and clear in attitude: sentence 2 reflects you

26、r belief that vitamin E sales have surged because of a deceptive and misleading advertisement campaign. If you feel the sentence is too strong, too opinionated, perhaps even biased, you may suggest your feelings instead of stating them directly. 3 By using the wordsfreaks and quack, this version can

27、 make your reader sense not only your reservation about the worth of the vitamin but also your contempt of those who promote it. But the tone is so strong that your reader may consider it exaggerated and may even question its truth. 4 This version is more suggestive and less explicit, though your at

28、titude is still negative because “faddists” (unlike enthusiasts) are a word with unfavorable associations and because claims “(unlike statements)” encourage the reader to doubt their truth. 5 By inserting the detail that only a few doctors make claims for vitamin, the version seems biased as the ton

29、e is stronger. 6 The phrase “some doctors” implies that there is another group of doctors who have made no claims for the vitamin and who may perhaps reject such claims. 7 The word “even” suggests your surprise that doctors, who should know better, have made such foolish claims, thus further weakens

30、 the support of the doctors without making your statement seem exaggerated or biased. 8, 9 Tone not only can be controlled by the choice of words and details but also by the choice of structures. Sentence 8 and 9 make the implied criticism more forceful as the negative words or phrases have been mov

31、ed to their beginning or end position, the position which is more emphatic for ones opinion. 10, 11, 12 The three sentences are not critical but favorable in tone toward the increased sales of vitamin E, because “experts” seem more trustworthy than “enthusiasts” and both “reports” and “testimony” ca

32、rry more weight than mere “statements”. 13, 14 The two sentences have a positive tone because the phrase “a number of doctors” sounds more impressive than “a few” or “some doctors”. And “a number of leading doctors” are supposed to be more reliable, though not as reliable as “l(fā)eading medical authori

33、ties”. 15, 16, 17 The three sentences are less formal and more personal than the previous sentences as the first-person view “I” is adopted to personalize their tone. 18, 19 The two sentences are more informal as the closer relationship between yourself and the reader is established by asking questi

34、ons. 20, 21 By addressing the reader as “you”, the sentences are more informal and personal. 22 The informality of your writing will be increased by contractions, slang, and short, simple words instead of longer, more complex ones. Task 2 1 Text 9 addresses readers with some knowledge of global warm

35、ing, because the author argues with strong evidence and reasons, quoting experts more frequently and trying to be impartial and impersonal by choosing more exact wording. On the contrary Text 10 talks to general readers, evidenced by using more definitions and easier language such as figurative spee

36、ch. It is an essay charged with strong emotion. 2 Text 10. 3 No. Text 9 illustrates the effects of global warming with strong evidence and reasons, showing that the author tries to be objective and impersonal. 4 No. These words lack preciseness. Text 9 tries to be more objective, quoting experts mor

37、e frequently and avoiding showing strong personal emotion. 5 Text 9 quotes Roger Revelle, an oceanographer, Jacques Chirac, French president, Al Gore, Vice president of USA, Ross Gelbspan, an author of a book about Earths climate change from global warming, Schneider, from the National Center of Atm

38、ospheric Research, and Elmer Robinson, the director of Mauna Loa Observatory. The quotation of those experts and authorities make the arguments more convincing. 6 The criticism of Text 9 avoids being subjective and personal and resorts to more authorities and cold reasoning, hence it is more objecti

39、ve. 7 Text 9. The use of the first-person view and figurative speech is often considered informal and less serious. 8 Text 9, because the author uses more quotations from experts and authorities and less emotional words than Text 10. 7 Taking notes Task Title: Global Warming and Its Effects Author(s

40、): Nicolas Dalleva Source: Main ideas: The essay mainly talks about the effects and causes of global warming. Main findings or ideas: Global warming have negative effects on climate changes, survival of animals, development of plants, peoples health and global economy. There are two major causes for

41、 global warming: burning of fossil fuels and greenhouse gases. Conclusion: The world needs to put forth a stronger effort to prevent global warming. ParagraphsOrganizationContentPara. 1PhenomenonGlobal warming has been a global issue now, despite minimal efforts are made to prevent global warming. P

42、aras. 2-4Effect IIt affects the climate change. Effect IIIt affects the survival of animals. Effect IIIIt affects the development of plants. Effect IVIt affects the health of people. Effect VIt affects economy. Paras. 5-7Cause Iburning of fossil fuels (carbon dioxide) Cause IIgreenhouse gases such a

43、s methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluocarbon Paras. 9-10Comments Global warming even affects economy and health.Paras. 11-12Conclusiona stronger and joint effort needed to prevent global warming8 Writing a summary Task 1 The source material uses a story of identical twins to illustrate the idea th

44、at apart from the important role the genes play in the development of an individual, their environmental experience also affects their traits greatly. The summary grasps the idea without details of the story. Task 2 2 History has demonstrated that technology affects education profoundly. Considering

45、 the definition of technology broadly, one may say that prehistoric people used primitive technologies to teach skills to their young. 3 Psychology can be divided into several important theories. Behaviourists emphasize the role of environment in shaping ones behavior, while cognitivists explain beh

46、avior by analyzing mental processes. Freudians and humanists are more concerned with exploring behavior through the personality whereas social constructivists connect individual behavior to its social-historic context. Task 3 Title: Global Warming and Its Effects Author(s): Nicolas Dalleva Source: S

47、ummary: According to Nicolas Dalleva, global warming has become a great challenge to human beings, for it not only affects the climate change and leads to the decrease of the number of animals per species, but also affects the agricultural growth. Dalleva believes that the burning of fossil fuels is

48、 the culprit of global warming because it releases greenhouse gases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The other gases like methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluocarbons are also the causes of the greenhouse effect. In Dallevas opinion, despite the worldwide efforts, people do not take the issue ser

49、iously and do not realize that global warming will also exerts a negative effect on economy and health. He calls for, therefore, a stronger joint effort to prevent global warming. (134 words) Task 4 Lecture 6 Since the industrial revolution, peoples private sphere have been separated from their work

50、ing places. Institutions like offices, factories and schools impose isolation on people who are blocked to their privacy sphere at work or at school. Now people try to break the isolation and seek intimacy with high-tech communication tools like facebook, skype, cell phones and emails. The tools ena

51、ble people to gain comfort and warmth from close friends or families. (72 words) Lecture 7 The Kepler Mission is to search for planets by measuring the starlight, through which we can learn about how stars and planets interact to form their eco-system and whether there exist life in other planets or

52、 whether they are suitable for life living. In over two years of its operations, over 1,200 potential new planetary systems have been found around other stars. Apart from that, the Kapler also tries to find the size of a planet and how the distance from its parent star. It also observes the effects

53、of our suns magnetic activity. (94 words) Lecture 8 Traditionally, doctors treat cancers by attacking individual cells. By identifying separate forms cancer cells without molecule test or gene sequencing, however, we cant understand how the whole cancer system works. Thus the effect of this method i

54、s very limited. After exchanging thoughts with Danny, the speaker came up with a new strategy. That is the combination of atypical drugs, computer modeling and protein analysis. It may become one of the most effective ways to treat cancers. (76 words) Lecture 9 Mammography is the most common way to

55、detect breast cancer. However, with the increase of breast density, it would be harder to find cancer through X-ray. Dr. Deborah Rhodes has developed a new tool for tumor detection, which is three times as effective as traditional mammograms. Whats more, it is cheaper than other technology. But her

56、research was rejected for by journals, because it is so cheap that the producers of traditional mammograms wont be happy to see it. Furthermore, there are also some political forces keeping it from the market. (91 words) Task 5 Answers may vary. 9 Enhancing your academic language Reading: Text 5 1 M

57、atch the words with their definitions. 1 e 2 h 3 a 4 g 5 c 6 b 7 j 8 f 9 d 10 i 2 Complete the following expressions or sentences by using the target words listed below with the help of the Chinese in brackets. Change the form if necessary. 1 automation 2 occupational 3 immigrant 4 uplift 5 displace

58、ment 6 hand-crafted 7 ranched 8 nutritious 9 involved 10 assembly 11 yield 12 incredible 13 optimism 14 mob 15 professional 16 labeled 17 analyst 18 surplus 19 harbor 20 columnist 21 virtual 22 revolutionary 23 lace 24 undercut 25 barter 26 litigable 27 specter 28 sift 29 pot 3 Read the sentences in

59、 the box. Pay attention to the parts in bold. Now complete the paragraph by translating the Chinese in brackets. You may refer to the expressions and the sentences patterns listed above. increasingly important role （越來越重要的作用） tasks humans prefer not to do, or are unable to do（那些人類不愿做或不能做的事） and the

60、like（以及諸如此類的事） settle mans anxieties（解決人類的擔(dān)憂） Some questions are raised（問題提了出來） 4 Translate the following sentences from Text 5 into Chinese. 1 最近在紐約時報上刊登的一篇文章談到了一種新計算機(jī)軟件，該軟件瞬間就能篩選數(shù)以千計的法律文件并尋找到那些可訴訟的條款，為律師們節(jié)省了花費(fèi)在閱讀文件上的數(shù)百小時。 2 他們主要靠耕種來養(yǎng)活自己，多種的部分用以物品交易或賣出。 3 從事農(nóng)業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)者的絕對數(shù)量大約在1910年達(dá)到頂峰（約有 1100-1200萬）,在