創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神和創(chuàng)業(yè)家

1、Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityPart I: 創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神第一章創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神和創(chuàng)業(yè)家The Nature and Importance of Entrepreneurship1Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityContentGrowing interest in EntrepreneurshipDefinitions of ent

2、repreneurshipThe economical viewpoint of the EntrepreneurThe entrepreneurial decision processThe Benefits of EntrepreneurshipThe Potential Drawbacks of EntrepreneurshipMoving from passive to activeThe Cultural Diversity of EntrepreneurshipSmall Business2Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr.

3、Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen University學習要點： To introduce the concept of entrepreneurship and its historical development. To explain the role of entrepreneurship in economic development. To explain the entrepreneurial decision process. To identify the basic types of start-up ventures.Why? What? Who?3

4、Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityContentGrowing interest in EntrepreneurshipDefinitions of entrepreneurshipThe economical viewpoint of the EntrepreneurThe entrepreneurial decision processThe Benefits of EntrepreneurshipThe Potential Drawbacks of Ent

5、repreneurshipMoving from passive to active:The Cultural Diversity of Entrepreneurship:Small Business4Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen University新聞（新浪王志東，新希望等）大公司的企業(yè)家精神（GE，FedEx）經濟學家（小企業(yè)在國家經濟中的作用）大學Entrepreneurship教育課程的開設5Entrepreneurship and New Business Vent

6、ure Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen University問題：為什么創(chuàng)業(yè)（企業(yè)）家和小企業(yè)如此吸引人？在現代工業(yè)社會，規(guī)模經濟即意味著有效率，但為什么又有大量的小企業(yè)存在？ Stevenson 和Sahlman（1989）認為：Economic importance of entrepreneurship: 70年代Apple Computer 的成功 GDP和就業(yè)：SMEs consisting of over 95 of all enterprises, employing up to 80 of the work force and contribut

7、ing 30 to 60 of the GNP of APEC economies and accounting for 35 of exports in the region. 創(chuàng)新：424倍每1美元和2.5倍每雇員創(chuàng)新數。6Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityPsychological and personal rewards of entrepreneurs （Push or Pull)我們討厭了大組織的官僚氣氛？追求財富？人的特性即欣賞在那些小企業(yè)成功或失

8、敗后面企業(yè)家的故事？或者我們都有一種愿望設立自己的企業(yè)，成為成長企業(yè)的老板，欣賞企業(yè)的成長？7Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityTable 1 Job satisfying personal values Self-employed (%)Work for others (%)To a great extent53.634.6To a significant extent33.342.2To some extent9.415.4Not significantly

9、3.67.8Source: Stenenson and Sahlman (1989), Survey of 6000HBS graduates8Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityTable 2 The four most important job valuesSelf-employed (%)Not self-employed (%)Economic39.231.6Other job features29.940.2External rewards10.811

10、.6Life-style values19.916.5Table 3 Financial net worth fifteen or more years following graduation (%)($1000)2500SE1111.217.714.629.224.8Non SE1.920.124.322.819.111.89Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityPeters （1998）認為一個主要的原因是在企業(yè)背后的：創(chuàng)業(yè)家和創(chuàng)業(yè)家精神10Entrepren

11、eurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityContentGrowing interest in EntrepreneurshipDefinitions of entrepreneurshipThe economical viewpoint of the EntrepreneurThe entrepreneurial decision processThe Benefits of EntrepreneurshipThe Potential Drawbacks of Entrepreneur

12、shipMoving from passive to active:The Cultural Diversity of Entrepreneurship:Small Business11Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityEntrepreneur: An individual who establishes and manages a business for the principal purpose of profit and growth. The entr

13、epreneur is characterized principally by innovative behavior and will employ strategic management practices in the business.Small business owner: An individual who establishes and manages a business for the principal purpose of furthering personal goals. The business must be the primary source of in

14、come and will consume the majority of ones time and resources. The owner perceives the business as an extension of his or her personality, intricately bound with family needs and desires.12Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen University“An entrepreneur is someone

15、 who exercises business judgement in the face of uncertainty” (Cantillon, 1755)“The function of the entrepreneur is to reform or revolutionize the pattern of production by exploiting an invention or, more generally, an untried technological possibility for producing a new commodity or producing an o

16、ld one in a new way, opening a new source of supply of materials or a new outlet for products, by reorganizing a new industry” (Schumpeter, 1936)“Entrepreneurial judgement: the ability to discover new ways of dealing with known problems or new combinations of given knowledge” (Penrose, 1959)“Entrepr

17、eneurship is defined as the relentless pursuit of opportunity without regard to resources currently controlled. ” (Stevenson, 1983)13Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityCreation of valueTime and effortReadiness for riskRewards of monetary or independen

18、ce“Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial, psychic, and social risks, and receiving the resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and independence.” (Peters, 1998)14Entrepreneur

19、ship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityEntrepreneurial model FocusAssumptionSituationClassical or economicalInnovationEntrepreneurship is doing rather than owningStart-up and early growthPsychologicalUnique characteristicsPeople behave in accordance with their values

20、Start-upSociologicalFamily and environmental dynamicsEarly childhood influences affect career decisionStart-upManagementPlanning, organizing, leading and controlEntrepreneurs can be developed and trainedEarly growth and maturityIntrapreneurshipVenture teams within organisationsEntrepreneurs effect c

21、hange within organisationsMaturity and change15Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityContentGrowing interest in Entrepreneurship Definitions of entrepreneurshipThe economical viewpoint of the EntrepreneurThe entrepreneurial decision processThe Benefits o

22、f EntrepreneurshipThe Potential Drawbacks of EntrepreneurshipMoving from passive to active:The Cultural Diversity of Entrepreneurship:Small Business16Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityEntrepreneurUncertainty(Cantillon, 1755)(Knight, 1921)Risk-taker(C

23、antillon, 1755)(Knight, 1921)(Mill, 1948)MarketOpportunities(Kirzner, 1973)(Kirchhoff, 1994)(Leibenstein, 1978)New Product combinations (Schumpter, 1934)Manager (Marshall, 1920 )(Say, 1845)Capitalist(Smith, 1776)Decision-maker(Keynes, 1936)(Menger, 1871)(Mises, 1949)Organises Production(Coles, 1959)

24、(Say, 1845)17Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityOpportunity: A desired future state which is different from the present, and it is a belief that an achievement of that state is possible. Seeing and believing that, and how great things are possible, is

25、 really the heart of opportunity.Capital resources have been over-emphasized. Building teams of people, exploiting technology, and developing trust and mobility of resources. “Entrepreneurship is defined as the relentless pursuit of opportunity without regard to resources currently controlled. ” (St

26、evenson, 1983)18Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityStevenson (1989) : Entrepreneurship is a process，a range of behavioral phenomenon.Pressures toward this sidePromoterKey business dimensionTrustee Pressures toward this sideDiminishing opportunity stre

27、amsRapidly changing:TechnologyConsumer economicsSocial valuesPolitical rulesDriven by perception of opportunityStrategic orientationDriven by resources currently controlledSocial contractsPerformance measurement criteriaPlanning systems and cycle19Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Gu

28、o, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityAction orientationShort decision windowsRisk managementLimited decision constituenciesRevolution-ary with short durationCommitment to Opportunity Evolutionary of long durationAcknowledge-ment of multiple constituenciesNegotiation of strategyRisk reductionManagement of

29、 fitLack of predictable resource needsLack of long-term controlSocial need for more opportunity per resource unitInternational pressure for more efficient resource useMultistaged with minimal exposure at each stageCommitment of ResourcesSingle-staged with complete commitment upon decisionPersonal ri

30、sk reductionIncentive compensationManagerial turnoverCapital allocation systemFormal planning system20Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityIncreased resource specializationLong resource life compared to needRisk of obsolesceRisk inherent in any new vent

31、ureInflexibility of permanent commitment to resourcesEpisodic use or rent of required resourcesControl of ResourceOwnership or employment of required resourcesPower, status and financial rewardsCo-ordinationEfficiency measuresInertia and cost of changeIndustry structures21Entrepreneurship and New Bu

32、siness Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityCo-ordination of key non-controlled resourcesChallenge to legitimacy of owners controlEmployees desire for independenceFlat with multiple informal networksManage-ment StructureFormalized hierarchyNeed for clearly defined authority and responsi

33、bilityOrganizational cultureReward systemsManagement theoryIndividual expectationsCompetitionIncreased perception of personal wealth creation possibilitiesValue-basedTeam-basedUnlimitedCompensation/Reward policyResource-basedDriven by short-term dataPromotionLimited amountSocietal normsImpacted info

34、rmationSearch for simple solutions for complex problemsDemands of public shareholders22Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityContentGrowing interest in EntrepreneurshipDefinitions of entrepreneurshipThe economical viewpoint of the EntrepreneurThe entrepr

35、eneurial decision processThe Benefits of EntrepreneurshipThe Potential Drawbacks of EntrepreneurshipMoving from passive to active:The Cultural Diversity of Entrepreneurship:Small Business23Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityChange from present life-st

36、yle:Work environmentDisruptionForm new enterprise:DesirableCulturalSubculturalFamilyTeachersPeersPossibleGovernmentBackgroundMarketingFinancingRole models24Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityContentGrowing interest in EntrepreneurshipDefinitions of en

37、trepreneurshipThe economical viewpoint of the EntrepreneurThe entrepreneurial decision processThe Benefits and Potential Drawbacks of EntrepreneurshipMoving from passive to active:The Cultural Diversity of Entrepreneurship:Small Business25Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Ce

38、ntre, Xiamen UniversityThe Benefits of EntrepreneurshipOpportunity to cerate your own destiny;Opportunity to make a difference;Opportunity to reach your full potentialOpportunity to reap unlimited profits;Opportunity to contribute to society and be recognized for your efforts;Opportunity to do what

39、your enjoy and have fun at it;Challenge 26Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityThe Potential Drawbacks of EntrepreneurshipUncertainty of incomeRisk of losing your entire investmentLong hours and hard workLower quality of life until the business gets est

40、ablishedHigh levels of stressComplete responsibilityDiscouragement27Entrepreneurship and New Business Venture Dr. Lin Guo, MBA Centre, Xiamen UniversityContentGrowing interest in EntrepreneurshipDefinitions of entrepreneurshipThe economical viewpoint of the EntrepreneurThe entrepreneurial decision processThe Benefits of EntrepreneurshipThe Potential Drawbacks of EntrepreneurshipMoving from passive to activeThe Cultural Diversity of Entrepreneurship:Small Business28Entrepreneurship and New Bus