蛋雞高效飼糧設(shè)計(jì)

1、姚軍虎蛋雞高效平衡日糧的設(shè)計(jì)與應(yīng)用 中國(guó).石家莊 2008.08.168/16/20221蛋雞高效平衡日糧的設(shè)計(jì)與應(yīng)用1 保持適宜的飼糧能量和蛋白質(zhì)水平2 適當(dāng)降低蛋白質(zhì)水平，保持有效氨基酸含量3 采用有效氨基酸指標(biāo)設(shè)計(jì)飼料配方，使用雜粕和酶制劑/微生態(tài)制劑4 適時(shí)檢測(cè)主要原料的關(guān)鍵營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分，設(shè)計(jì)精準(zhǔn)飼料配方5 使用植酸酶，采用非植酸磷指標(biāo)設(shè)計(jì)配方 6 合理選擇效果和效益確定的添加劑7 飼糧配方應(yīng)體現(xiàn)季節(jié)、生理階段、采食量、市場(chǎng)、環(huán)境的概念8/16/202221 保持適宜的飼糧能量和蛋白質(zhì)水平 # 目前還沒有公認(rèn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，且各標(biāo)準(zhǔn)間差異很大。 典型日糧的實(shí)際采食量較高（一般為115-135g/h

2、.d），代謝能和粗蛋白的絕對(duì)采食量均已超過需要，其中粗蛋白超標(biāo)更為突出，能量與蛋白質(zhì)之比明顯偏低，養(yǎng)分浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重。建議根據(jù)公司的實(shí)際確定適宜的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。8/16/20223 產(chǎn)蛋高峰期營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要量對(duì)比（風(fēng)干飼糧中含量）指 標(biāo)中國(guó)NY/T 33-2004NRC(1994)Feedstuffs(2005)日采食量（g/d）-10095ME（kcal/kg）270029002900CP(%)16.5015.0019.00CP/ME(g/Mcal)61.1151.7265.52Lys(%)0.750.690.82Met(%)0.340.300.43M+C(%)0.650.580.71Thr(%)0.550.4

3、70.66Ca(%)3.503.254.00非植酸磷（%）0.320.250.488/16/20224產(chǎn)蛋雞日糧規(guī)格比較指標(biāo)專家建議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生產(chǎn)實(shí)際含量絕對(duì)采食量含量絕對(duì)采食量采食量100g/d135-115g/dCP17%17g/d15-16.5%20.25-18.98g/dME2800kcal/kg280kcal/d2500-2600kcal/kg337.5-299kcal/d ？Met0.36%360mg/d0.32-0.36%430-410mg/dM+C0.64%640mg/d0.55-0.62%740-713mg/dLys0.72%720mg/d0.65-0.72%880-828mg/d

4、Thr0.63%630mg/d0.55-0.60%740-690mg/dCa3.50%3.50g/d3.30-3.80%4.46-4.37g/dNPP0.40%400mg/d0.32-0.40%430-460mg/d 實(shí)際營(yíng)養(yǎng)濃度（特別是能量）太低，采食量及所有養(yǎng)分的實(shí)際攝入量增加，降低了日糧的有效性和生產(chǎn)效率，增加了代謝負(fù)擔(dān)和排泄污染。8/16/20225各類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的比較專業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 企業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制訂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的目標(biāo)生產(chǎn)性能最大經(jīng)濟(jì)效益最大防止?fàn)I養(yǎng)缺乏癥生產(chǎn)效果與效益最大制訂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的條件理想的環(huán)境條件環(huán)境變化大標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的代表性群體平均值個(gè)體差異較大質(zhì)量（安全）指標(biāo)無、少 多、嚴(yán)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的時(shí)效性相

5、對(duì)滯后時(shí)效性強(qiáng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的靈活性小較大新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用少較多（如添加劑等）8/16/20226營(yíng)養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的調(diào)整專業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（特別NRC）有效能偏高，微量元素和維生素 偏低；中國(guó)育肥豬標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中能量和氨基酸水平均偏低：尤其是前 期氨基酸更低，后期能量更低；中國(guó)蛋雞配合飼料標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中粗蛋白略顯高;設(shè)計(jì)配方時(shí)可不考慮粗蛋白和總磷含量；設(shè)計(jì)配方時(shí)以有效能為參照確定其他指標(biāo)含量；中國(guó)飼料數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中賴氨酸含量估計(jì)偏低，蛋氨酸偏高；.實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中鈣/磷容易超標(biāo)；以本公司的典型配方推算或企業(yè)定位確定營(yíng)養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。8/16/20227營(yíng)養(yǎng)需要量是逐漸變化的圖1 肉雞氨基酸、礦物質(zhì)實(shí)際需要 與飼養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及生產(chǎn)中供給量比較圖2 肉雞能量實(shí)際需要與飼

6、養(yǎng)標(biāo) 準(zhǔn)及生產(chǎn)中供給量比較 8/16/20228營(yíng)養(yǎng)及飼養(yǎng)措施的平衡飼糧諸營(yíng)養(yǎng)素之間平衡飼料、動(dòng)物、飼喂與管理間的和諧飼糧與具體動(dòng)物間的配套飼糧全價(jià)性與飼料原料種類及品控間的關(guān)系飼料原料與加工間的關(guān)系基礎(chǔ)飼料與添加劑間的配套飼料表觀養(yǎng)分與有效養(yǎng)分間的關(guān)系藥物與動(dòng)物免疫間的關(guān)系8/16/20229例1 日糧能量含量對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋性能的影響-日糧組成（Wu等，2005）8/16/202210日糧代謝能含量對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋性能的影響(21-36WK)ME,kcal/kg2719279828772956P值 ADFI, g/d107.6a105.4b103.2c101.1d0.0001 MEI, kcal/d292.6

7、294.9296.9298.9- 產(chǎn)蛋率，% 82.5383.2582.7983.540.7396 蛋重，g/枚60.85c60.98bc61.47a61.40ab0.0286 FCR2.14a2.08b2.03c1.97d0.0001飼糧CP,g/雞蛋，g0.40a0.39b0.38c0.37d0.0001飼糧Lys,mg/雞蛋，g21.87a21.20b20.72c20.12d0.0001-蛋重的增加是飼糧能量濃度和亞油酸含量增加的共同結(jié)果。8/16/2022118/16/202212例1的結(jié)論 -Wu,et al.,Poult Sci.,2005,84:1610-16158/16/202

8、213 例2 日糧能量水平、添加油脂及亞油酸含量對(duì)產(chǎn)蛋性能的影響 （Crobas等，1999）8/16/2022148/16/202215例2 的結(jié)論-Grobas,et al.,Poult Sci,1999,78:1542-15518/16/202216糾正蛋雞飼糧粗蛋白質(zhì)與能量失調(diào)的措施 添加0.5%-2%的植物油脂或動(dòng)物油脂。添加復(fù)合酶制劑或微生態(tài)制劑。采用氨基酸或可消化氨基酸設(shè)計(jì)日糧，保持氨基酸間平衡，適當(dāng)降低粗蛋白質(zhì)含量。設(shè)計(jì)飼糧動(dòng)態(tài)配方。 8/16/2022172 適當(dāng)降低蛋白質(zhì)水平，保持有效氨基酸含量3 采用有效氨基酸指標(biāo)設(shè)計(jì)飼料配方，使用雜粕和酶制劑/微生態(tài)制劑8/16/202

9、218 項(xiàng)目玉米豆餅日 糧玉米-雜餅日糧平衡AAAA不平衡NRC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)日糧中CP（%）18.116.518.618.0Lys(%)0.930.870.800.85Met(%)0.310.340.310.32Arg(%)1.081.061.211.00Leu(%)1.321.331.431.00日增重（g)309.4318.0290.9-飼料CP（g)/增重(g)0.540.510.62-例3 使用AA平衡原理,可降低0-6周齡蛋雞日糧CP水平8/16/202219例4 蛋雞飼糧配方設(shè)計(jì)思路-飼料常用原料 8/16/202220例4 產(chǎn)蛋雞優(yōu)化配合飼料配方組成(%) 8/16/202221例4 蛋

10、雞優(yōu)化配合飼料成本及營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分含量 8/16/2022228/16/202223千分含量）8/16/2022248/16/2022258/16/2022268/16/202227Total amino acid contents analyzed in compound broiler feeds ranked according to year(497 Starter diets, AMINO NEWSTM, Degussa)YearCPLYSMETM+CTHR20010.870.8320030.900.83200322.01.260.530.8

11、80.83200422.01.260.530.880.83200522.31.280.540.890.85200622.21.290.550.900.868/16/202228Total amino acid contents analyzed in compound broiler feeds ranked according to year(604 Grower diets, AMINO NEWSTM, Degussa)YearCPLYSMETM+CTHR20000.850.7620000.860.76200380.84

12、0.75200480.820.76200500.840.77200690.830.778/16/202229Total amino acid contents analyzed in compound broiler feeds ranked according to year(426 Finisher diets, AMINO NEWSTM, Degussa)YearCPLYSMETM+CTHR200119.81.020.420.770.73200219.71.060.460.820.73200319.21.060.460.8

13、00.71200440.780.73200580.810.73200690.810.778/16/202230Optimum dietary amino acid levels(% of diet) are dependent on the production targetsCriteriumLys Met+CysThrWeight gain 1.100.930.66Feed per gain1.171.050.68Breast meat yield1.210.990.70 Pack et al.(2003) estimate

14、d in literature survey comprising 9 Met+Cys, 5 Lys and 4 Thr dose response trials conducted with 15-42 (Met+Cys,Lys) and 20-56(Thr)days old broilers.8/16/2022314 適時(shí)檢測(cè)主要原料的關(guān)鍵營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分，設(shè)計(jì)精準(zhǔn)飼料配方根據(jù)原料營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)整配方配合飼料變異主成分分析根據(jù)產(chǎn)品化驗(yàn)結(jié)果判斷質(zhì)量8/16/202232例5 主要飼料常規(guī)養(yǎng)分含量名稱DM(%)CP(%)CF(%)DE(MJ/kg)玉米范圍85.26-91.466.29-11.371.

15、63-2.5912.05-16.19樣本數(shù)61625656平均值88.021.328.55 1.002.09 0.2314.58 0.97豆粕范圍82.1 92.640.2-47.73.00-6.0012.00-14.71樣本數(shù)50503938平均值88.15 2.3243.58 1.754.84 0.6613.41 0.71棉籽粕范圍86.13-95.7029.90-49.607.1-18.38.91-10.81樣本數(shù)3336298平均值90.92 1.7841.63 5.2311.61 2.479.78 0.74菜籽粕范圍80.8-94.933.15-42.107.20-14.010.21

16、-14.24樣本數(shù)4244328平均值89.61 2.2438.87 2.3811.83 1.5811.97 1.28/16/202233 例5 主要飼料的氨基酸含量名稱Lys(%)Met(%)Thr(%)Trp(%)玉米范圍0.17-0.320.08-0.230.16-0.430.06-0.08樣本數(shù)4544457平均值0.26 0.030.16 0.030.34 0.060.07 0.01豆粕范圍1.22-3.890.27-0.710.72-2.140.40-0.71樣本數(shù)4039408平均值2.460.550.46 0.121.60 0.370.55 0.11棉籽粕范圍1.22-1.75

17、0.24-0.750.93-1.38-樣本數(shù)2388-平均值1.46 0.180.40 0.191.13 0.17-菜籽粕范圍0.77-2.560.47-0.921.03-1.990.32-0.49樣本數(shù)3838384平均值1.45 0.360.63 0.131.49 0.210.42 0.088/16/202234測(cè)定次數(shù)8/16/202235測(cè)定次數(shù)8/16/202236飼料原料營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分的確定實(shí)測(cè)：現(xiàn)時(shí)的準(zhǔn)確性和及時(shí)性問題突出經(jīng)驗(yàn)估計(jì)查表：為平均值，誤差大回歸計(jì)算（氨基酸、有效能）盡量少用變異大的原料添加質(zhì)量可靠的酶制劑或微生態(tài)制劑8/16/202237 例6 根據(jù)飼料中粗蛋白質(zhì)含量估算

18、賴氨酸含量的回歸系數(shù)樣品粗蛋白質(zhì)系數(shù)常數(shù)R2 P值玉米330.01510.1040.600.000小麥310.03020.1070.590.000大豆粕210.1800-5.4160.440.001棉粕220.0541-0.5720.630.000魚粉470.0921-1.3680.830.0008/16/202238例7 配合飼料變異主成分分析（蛋雞）原料配比%對(duì)養(yǎng)分貢獻(xiàn)率，%MECPCaAPLysMet玉米62.7877.5334.35-19.8220.8730.75麩皮3.001.863.03-2.46-豆油0.501.77-豆粕15.0013.1541.51-12.2451.9326.

19、61棉粕4.002.6710.81-3.478.884.93菜粕4.002.709.40-4.426.956.60石粉8.60-89.39-氫鈣1.30-7.7758.15-Lys0.08-8.91-Met0.11-30.03其他0.63-養(yǎng)分總含量262315.543.510.380.710.368/16/202239飼料原料營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分的實(shí)測(cè)原則The higher the inclusion level of a raw material and the higher the variability of the nutrient in this raw material,the highe

20、r should be the frequency of analysis.The higher the number of samples taken from a truck or bag delivery will result in higher accuracy between the results of the analysis and the real nutrient content of the raw material.8/16/202240Effect of deviations in feed nutrient content on animal performanc

21、e and feed costNutrientsRealTheoreticalEnergy Intake/feed conversion Excretions Animal production Variability of flock Feed cost Intake?Animal production Fat depositionMineralsSeveral effects depending on mineral and species:Cu in sheep,Ca and P in layers,etc.Protein/Amino acids Animal production Va

22、riability of flock Feed cost N excretion8/16/202241測(cè)定次數(shù)8/16/202242次數(shù)8/16/202243測(cè)定次數(shù)8/16/202244例9-1 豆粕三種蛋白質(zhì)含量時(shí)蛋雞配合飼料配方比較(1)原料單價(jià)配方1配方2配方3麩皮8506.556.906.53豆粕 43%CP23506.00-豆粕 43.5%CP2350-5.65-豆粕 42%CP2300-6.0065%Lys72000.360.360.38成本，元/噸1403.171397.921402.448/16/202245例9-2 豆粕三種蛋白質(zhì)含量時(shí)蛋雞配合飼料配方比較(2)配方其他成分

23、相同：玉米（1440元/噸）60，棉粕（1450）7，DDGS(1100)6%, 菜粕（1350）4，磷酸氫鈣（1680）1，蛋氨酸（26800）0.13%,蘇氨酸（20000）0.02%,食鹽（865）0.2%,小蘇打（1200）0.2%,氯化膽堿（5200）0.1%,蛋雞多礦（2400）0.1%,蛋雞多維0.03%,5000U植酸酶(23000)0.006%配方理論營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分含量相同：CP 15%,Ca 3.4%,TP 0.55%,NPP 0.35%,Lys 0.70%,Met 0.36%,M+C 0.65%,Thr 0.56%,ME 2550kcal/kg8/16/202246Effect

24、 of reformulating broiler diets based on higher quality wheat(higher content of CP and AA)on CP or both CP and EAA(CP+AAs)(Carlos Dapoza,2006)Reformulation according to; CPCP+AAsIngredients(Inclusiondifference)Wheat,g/kg+ 70+ 70SBM,g/kg- 40- 30Fish meal,g/kg- 45- 45DL-Met,g/kg+ 1+ 0.6L-Lys,g/kg+ 4+

25、3L-Thr,g/kg+ 1.6+ 0.9Nutrients（Inclusiondifference）CP total,g/kg00Lys total,g/kg+ 0.50Met total,g/kg+ 0.30Thr total,g/kg+ 0.70Cost, /ton- 10- 13Cost difference = 3 /ton8/16/202247設(shè)計(jì)飼糧配方時(shí)選擇原料的原則配方中原料盡可能的少優(yōu)選法計(jì)算使用此原料可否降低配方成本此原料供貨時(shí)間此原料本身變異大小及其對(duì)產(chǎn)品外觀及飼料內(nèi)在質(zhì)量的影響此原料對(duì)適口性及畜產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的特殊影響此原料對(duì)該飼料品種的重要性此原料中可能的抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)因子及毒素

26、含量8/16/2022485 正確選擇使用添加劑 添加劑的用量較小，一般不超過飼料總成本的15%，但對(duì)保證動(dòng)物健康、改善飼料質(zhì)量、提高飼料利用率、增加動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)性能、改善畜產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)等均具有重要作用。 選用原理明確、效果確實(shí)、長(zhǎng)期效益顯著的添加劑。 添加劑不在于多，而應(yīng)適時(shí)適量。8/16/202249例10 酶制劑對(duì)肉雞生長(zhǎng)性能的影響處理0120 mg/kg150 mg/kg180 mg/kgP日增重g54.11b57.69ab60.02a53.46b0.0141采食量g129.28132.87132.76127.450.2972料肉比2.42a2.30b2.20b2.40a0.00058/16/

27、202250例11-1 不同劑量酶制劑對(duì)肉雞養(yǎng)分利用率、成活率及糞便含水率的影響（%）處理0180mg/kg360mg/kg720mg/kgP干物質(zhì)64.64b74.10Aa71.02a62.90Bb0.0015能量64.27b75.10a73.95a61.86b0.0186粗蛋白質(zhì)38.18Bb57.58Aa50.12a36.20Bb0.0007成活率85.40b91.67ab95.83a92.70ab0.1416糞便含水率82.11a78.43b79.64b80.10b0.00138/16/202251例11-2 酶制劑對(duì)胰腺及各段小腸相對(duì)重量和長(zhǎng)度的影響處理0180mg/kg360mg/

28、kg720mg/kgP相對(duì)重量（g/kg體重）胰腺2.66Aa2.09Bb2.08Bb2.45a0.0012十二指腸 8.67Aa6.26bc5.37Cc7.41ab0.0081空腸13.16a9.87b9.89b11.96ab0.0550回腸7.68a5.72b5.22b6.44ab0.0472相對(duì)長(zhǎng)度（cm/kg體重）十二指腸 15.22Aa12.58b11.43Bb13.37ab0.0095空腸30.84Aa24.74bc23.76Bc28.54ab0.0134回腸20.28a18.42ab16.15Bb20.52Aa0.01178/16/202252 例11-3 酶制劑對(duì)胰腺及小腸淀粉

29、酶活的影響處理0180mg/kg360mg/kg720mg/kgP淀粉酶相對(duì)活性（U/g食糜）胰腺(105U/g)15.11B21.24A23.62A12.73B0.0001十二指腸6687.00bc12791.00Aa10553.50ab5098.50Cc0.0147空腸1380.00b3016.00ab4253.00a1071.50b0.0240回腸656.50b2019.00a1699.00ab843.50ab0.0894胰組織樣重及小腸食糜重（g）胰組織樣0.750.760.820.760.6080十二指腸2.382.562.933.120.7001空腸24.1619.8816.582

30、2.060.3805回腸13.2515.3711.6913.390.66448/16/202253例11-4 酶制劑對(duì)肉雞十二指腸絨毛形態(tài)（100）的影響01803607208/16/202254酶制劑對(duì)肉雞日增重的影響8/16/202255酶制劑對(duì)肉雞料肉比和成活率的影響8/16/202256例12 補(bǔ)充微量元素必須考慮基礎(chǔ)日糧中含量及其有效性 蛋雞基礎(chǔ)日糧銅、鐵、鋅、錳含量變異較大。四種元素而言，鐵變異最大（150-800），其次是鋅（40 - 160）和錳（45-90），銅含量（15-20）相對(duì)穩(wěn)定 生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)根據(jù)基礎(chǔ)日糧含量特點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充微量元素8/16/202257生產(chǎn)性能環(huán)境污染動(dòng)物健康資

31、源浪費(fèi)經(jīng)驗(yàn)式的盲目添加微量元素8/16/202258 例13 蛋雞常用飼料原料中銅、鐵、鋅、錳含量（DM為基礎(chǔ)）原 料Cu （mg/kg）Fe（mg/kg）Zn（mg/kg）Mn（mg/kg）玉米 n=207.672.6617.434.0419.584.773.370.50小麥 n=56.470.8536.817.2736.6513.126.348.91麩皮 n=814.353.3374.8824.7678.6410.2270.5225.49DDGS n=418.94.79587.06125.9639.0122.0818.749.44豆粕 n=2015.092.89123.5041.7747.

32、625.2421.682.58菜粕 n=817.728.54639.33392.3457.296.1437.9111.27棉粕 n=1019.013.43110.6741.2259.995.828.500.94玉米蛋白粉 n=619.835.41273.45120.3836.6920.852.170.58魚粉 n=813.612.12397.52307.0798.4039.2014.999.32石粉 n=168.342.971000.35458.4699.19160.62120.88101.72氫鈣 n=1213.256.28330.55131.72168.4858.94238.25150.7

33、98/16/202259不同階段蛋雞基礎(chǔ)日糧中銅、鐵含量比較銅（mg/kg）鐵（mg/kg）銅鐵1318wk產(chǎn)蛋雞28/16/202260錳（mg/kg）不同階段蛋雞基礎(chǔ)日糧中錳、鋅含量比較鋅錳鋅（mg/kg）8/16/202261例14 -1 試驗(yàn)結(jié)果 基礎(chǔ)日糧添加30 mg/kg鋅提高產(chǎn)蛋率，添加35 mg/kg錳降低產(chǎn)蛋率，但各處理不影響采食量和料蛋比產(chǎn)蛋率（%）產(chǎn)蛋率（%）試驗(yàn)一基礎(chǔ)日糧含Cu 14.5、Fe 869.2、Zn 76.1、Mn 90.3mg/kg試驗(yàn)二基礎(chǔ)日糧含Cu 18.1、Fe 557.4、Zn 162.4、Mn 46.4mg/kg試驗(yàn)1試驗(yàn)28/16/202262

34、例14-2 試驗(yàn)結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組相比，添加一定劑量的錳或（和）鋅降低蛋黃膽固醇含量試驗(yàn)1試驗(yàn)2試驗(yàn)一基礎(chǔ)日糧含Cu 14.5、Fe 869.2、Zn 76.1、Mn 90.3mg/kg試驗(yàn)二基礎(chǔ)日糧含Cu 18.1、Fe 557.4、Zn 162.4、Mn 46.4mg/kg8/16/202263例14-3 試驗(yàn)結(jié)果 隨著錳、鋅添加水平增加，排泄物錳鋅含量線性升高，錳鋅利用率線性下降8/16/202264例14-4 產(chǎn)蛋性能分析（試驗(yàn)3）處 理產(chǎn)蛋率蛋重料蛋比26.82Cu, 160.92Fe, 107.28Zn, 80.46Mn90.78 abc55.56a2.60 bc 26.82Cu, 1

35、60.92Fe, 27.28Zn, 20.46Mn90.53 abc55.52a2.62 bc26.82Cu, 40.92Fe, 107.28Zn, 20.46Mn90.13 abc55.9ab2.54abc26.82Cu, 40.92Fe, 27.28Zn, 80.46Mn91.08 abc55.8ab2.60 bc6.82Cu, 160.92Fe, 107.28Zn, 20.46Mn88.94 abc56.63 ab2.53abc6.82Cu, 160.92Fe, 27.28Zn, 80.46Mn89.38 abc55.76 ab2.63 bc6.82Cu, 40.92Fe, 107.28Zn, 80.