Unit11Approachestocostestimations(工程管理專業(yè)英語)課件

1、The Main Contentscost engineering is defined as that area of engineering practice where engineering judgment and experience are utilized in the application of scientific principles and techniques to the problem of cost estimation, cost control and profitability. the following are basic approaches of

2、 cost estimation第1頁，共22頁。Production functionFor a specified level of output, we may attempt to find a set of values for the input factors so as to minimize the production cost.Empirical cost inferenceEmpirical estimation of cost functions requires statistical techniques which relate the cost of cons

3、tructing or operating a facility to a few important characteristics or attributes of the system.第2頁，共22頁。Unit costs for bill of quantitiesThe total cost is the summation of the products of the quantities multiplied by the corresponding unit costs.Allocation of joint costs The basic idea in this meth

4、od is that each expenditure item can be assigned to particular characteristics of the operation.第3頁，共22頁。cost estimation 成本估算cost engineering 工程估價profitability n 贏利production function 生產(chǎn)函數(shù)statistical inference 統(tǒng)計推斷construction equipment 施工機具general office overhead 總部管理費Words and Expressions第4頁，共22頁。

5、the cost engineer or estimator 估算師cost control 成本控制empirical cost inference 經(jīng)驗成本推論法allocation of joint costs 綜合成本的分攤bill of quantities 工程量清單construction supervision 施工監(jiān)督第5頁，共22頁。English-Chinese translation1. regression analysis2. joint cost3. competitive bidding4. construction equipment5. constructi

6、on supervision6. at the beginning stage of a project life cycle7. reliable figures第6頁，共22頁。8. under the control of the construction project manager9. substantial fraction10. the base line11. the American Association of Cost Engineers12. a factor of production13. labor hours per square foot14. at a g

7、iven stage 第7頁，共22頁。Key StructuresA cost estimate at a given stage of project development represents a prediction provided by the cost engineer or estimator on the basis of available data.在項目開發(fā)過程中的某一特定階段的成本估算就是造價工程師在現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)上對未來成本的預測。第8頁，共22頁。According to the American Association of Cost Engineers, co

8、st engineering is defined as that area of engineering practice where engineering judgment and experience are utilized in the application of scientific principles and techniques to the problem of cost estimation, cost control and profitability.根據(jù)美國估算師協(xié)會的定義，工程成本是運用理性判斷和經(jīng)驗，運用科學原理和技術(shù)，解決成本估算、成本控制和盈利能力等問題

9、的實用技術(shù)領(lǐng)域。Association of Cost Engineers：美國估算師協(xié)會第9頁，共22頁。For example, the amount of output Q may be derived as a function of various input factors x1, x2, ,xn by means of mathematical and /or statistical methods.例如，代表產(chǎn)出的Q可以用由代表各種投入的不同參數(shù)x1, x2, ,xn等通過數(shù)學和/或統(tǒng)計方法表達。be derived as：表示成Mathematical and/or stat

10、istical methods：數(shù)學和/或統(tǒng)計方法第10頁，共22頁。Empirical estimation of cost functions requires statistical techniques which relate the cost of constructing or operating a facility to a few important characteristics or attributes of the system.成本函數(shù)的經(jīng)驗估算需要統(tǒng)計方法，將建造成本或開動設(shè)備的成本與系統(tǒng)的某些重要特征或?qū)傩月?lián)系起來。本句主語為Empirical estimat

11、ion of cost functions，謂語為requires，賓語為statistical techniques，which relate. to a few important characteristics or attributes of the system為定語從句。第11頁，共22頁。Once these tasks are defined and quantities representing these tasks are assessed，a unit cost is assigned to each and then the total cost is determi

12、ned by summing the costs incurred in each task.一旦這些作業(yè)及其工程量確定下來，每個作業(yè)的單價便確定下來，然后將每個作業(yè)發(fā)生的費用加起來，就可確定總費用。本句中Once these tasks are defined and quantities representing these tasks are assessed為時間狀語從句。第12頁，共22頁。The required levels of accuracy of construction cost estimates vary at different stages of project

13、 development，ranging from ball park figures in the early stage to fairly reliable figures for budget control prior to construction.在項目發(fā)展的不同階段，建筑成本估算的精確程度各不相同，早期數(shù)字較近似，而施工前預算控制時數(shù)字已相當準確。本句主語為The required levels of accuracy of construction cost estimates，謂語為vary，at different stages of project developmen

14、t為時間狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞ranging的主語與句子的主語一致。第13頁，共22頁。Comprehension Exercises1. What is a cost estimate at a given stage of project?A cost estimate at a given stage of project development represents a prediction provided by the cost engineer or estimator on the basis of available data.第14頁，共22頁。2. What is the cos

15、t engineering according to the American Association of Cost Engineers?Cost engineering is defined as that area of engineering practice where engineering judgment and experience are utilized in the application of scientific principles and techniques to the problem of cost estimation, cost control and

16、 profitability.第15頁，共22頁。3. What is the production function in construction?In construction, the production function may be expressed by the relationship between the volume of construction and a factor of production such as labor or capital. A production function relates the amount or volume of outp

17、ut to the various inputs of labor, material and equipment.第16頁，共22頁。4. What are Unit costs for bill of quantities?A unit cost is assigned to each of the facility components or tasks as represented by the bill of quantities.第17頁，共22頁。5. How many items do the basic costs include? Can they exist a caus

18、al relationship?In construction projects, the accounts for basic costs may be classified according to (1) labor; (2) material; (3) construction equipment; (4) construction supervision; and (5) general office overhead.Ideally, the allocation of joint costs should be causally related to the category o

19、f basic costs in an allocation process. In many instances a causal relationship between the allocation factor and the cost item cannot be identified or may not exist.第18頁，共22頁。Relating Cost and Schedule Information有關(guān)成本和進度信息a complex inter relationship復雜的相互關(guān)系Trade-offs 交換；協(xié)定；交易；平衡 ，權(quán)衡取舍 Unanticipated

20、 events 無法預料的事件excavation problems 挖掘問題activities requiring digging 需開挖的活動the inter-play 相互作用Reading Material第19頁，共22頁。cement workers 水泥工人concrete forms 具體形式standard piping 標準管道a Cost Account and Project Activity Matrix一個成本帳戶和項目活動矩陣第20頁，共22頁。2. A straightforward means of relating time and cost information is to define ind