2020年考研英語一真題及答案

1、2020年英語（一）考研真題及參考答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWESRHEET.(10points)Eveniffamiliesarelesslikelytositdowntoeattogetherthanwasoncethecase,millionsofBritonswillnonethelesshavepartakenthisweekendofoneofthenationsgreattr

2、aditions:theSundayroast._1_acoldwintersday,fewculinarypleasurescan_2_it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedthatthis_3_shouldberenderedyetanotherguiltypleasure_4_todamageourhealth.TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has_5_apublicwarningabouttherisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscoo

3、ked_6_highmeansthatpeopleshould_7_crispingtheirroastpotatoes,spurnthin-crustpizzasandonly_8_toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice_9_studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno_10_evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.Scientistssaythecompoundis_11_

4、tobecarcinogenicbuthavenohardscientificproof._12_theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis_13_tofollowtheFSAadvice._14_,itwasrumoredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea_15_.Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe_16_uponSundayalongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withoutt

5、heYorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving_17_,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods_18_,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,their_19_riskscomingacrossasexhortationandnannying.Constanthealthscaresjust_20_withnoonelistening.AInBTowardsCOnDTillAmatchBexpressCsatisfyDinfluenceA

6、patienceBenjoymentCsurpriseDconcernAintensifiedBprivilegedCcompelledDguaranteedAissuedBreceivedCignoredDcanceledAunderBatCforDbyAforgetBregretCfinishDavoidApartiallyBregularlyCeasilyDinitiallyAUnlessBSinceCIfDWhileAsecondaryBexternalCinconclusiveDnegativeAinsufficientBboundClikelyDslowAOnthebasisofB

7、AtthecostofCInadditiontoDIncontrasttoAinterestingBadvisableCurgentDfortunateAAsusualBInparticularCBydefinitionDAfterallAresemblanceBcombinationCconnectionDpatternAmadeBservedCsavedDusedATobefairBForinstanceCTobebriefDingeneralAreluctantlyBentirelyCgraduallyDcarefullyApromiseBexperienceCcampaignDcomp

8、etitionAfollowupBpickupCopenupDendupSectionnReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1AgroupoflabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUKtownofcultu

9、reaward.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsidetheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2017andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryforZozl.CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin220mofinvestmentandanavalacheofarts,outnottobeconfinedtotown,itistruearenotpreventedfromapp

10、lying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoputtogetherabittobeattheirbiggercompetitions.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued,becomeanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerbeabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapita

11、lofculture,asought-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLivorpoolin2008.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:aftertownofculture,whoknowsthatwillfollow-villageofcultureSuburbofcultureHamletofcult

12、ureItisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrunyearofculturewashesinandoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsand

13、goodpressforayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,communitygroupsandculturalorganisations.Butitcanbed

14、one:GlasgowsyearasEuropeancapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneofcomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerofart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.Atownofculturecouldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonouringatownspeculiarities-helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandabove

15、allcelebratingitspeopleandturnitintoaction.andhercolleaguearguethatatownofcultureawardwould_.consolidatethetowncitytiesinBritainpromotecooperationamongBrainstownsincreasetheeconomicstrengthofBrainstownsfocusBrainslimitedresourcesonculturalevents.toparagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas.sensib

16、lecompromiseself-deceivingattempteye-catchingbonusinaccessibletargetTheauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifitendeavortomaintainitsimagemeetstheaspirationofitspeoplebringsitslocalartstoprominencecommitstoitslong-termgrowth“Glasgow”ismentionedinParagraph3topresentacontrastingcaseasupportin

17、gexampleabackgroundstoryarelatedtopicWhatistheauthorsattitudetowardstheproposalSkepticalObjectiveFavorableCriticalText2Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjoumalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespec

18、ialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfndamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyrepo

19、rtprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan210min2016toenableresearcherstoa

20、ccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepubli

21、shedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbe

22、enverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publish

23、ershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaround500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthesearticlepreparationcostshadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomeways

24、thescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.Scientificpublishingisseenas“alicencetoprintmoneypartlybecause_A.itsfundinghasenjoyedas

25、teadyincrease.itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhavethrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.revivedthepublishingindustry.financedresearchersgenerous

26、ly.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-HubRelieved.Puzzled.ConcernedEncouraged.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccesstermsallowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.Whichofthefo

27、llowingcharacterisesthescientificpublishingmodelTrialsubscriptionisoffered.Labourtriumphsoverstatus.Costsarewellcontrolled.Thefewfeedonthemany.Text3Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingth

28、atbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensuregenderparityonboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsarelesst

29、han40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifomia,whichlastyearbecamethefir

30、ststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressanimportantpolicyinterest,Because

31、theCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeofequalprotection.ButaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessaryFemaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepereentageofwomeninthegeneralpopul

32、ation,butsowhatThenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitabl

33、yleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.WrtinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoagoldenskirtphenomenon,wh

34、erethesameclitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolittletohelpaveragewomen.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwills_A.h

35、elplittletoreducegenderbias.poseathreattothestategovernment.raisewomenspositioninpolitics.greatlybroadencareeroptions.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasureIthasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt,ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.Theau

36、thormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoilustrate_theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.theimportanceofconstitutionalguaranees.thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.Norwaysadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledtotheunderestimationofelitewomensrole.theobjectiont

37、ofemaleparticipationonboards.theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetextWomensneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.Majorsoci

38、alissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.Text4LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,wouldwhichimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargeting

39、advertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservces.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa“GAFAtax,meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon-inotherwords,multiationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.Thedigitalser

40、vicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUniteSatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichin

41、turncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritainsDPT(diverte

42、dprofitstax),AustraliasMAAL(multinationalantiavoidancelaw),andIndiasSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealld

43、esignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeep;upwiththecurrenteconomy.Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEc

44、onomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganizationswork,butFrancesdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltaxs

45、ystem.Francesplannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabilltoregulatedigitalservice

46、tectFrenchcompaniesinterests.imposealevyontechmultinationals.curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestaxmaytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.willpromptthetechgiantstoqui

47、tFrance.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthatredistributionoftechgiantsrevenuemustbeensured.thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading.techmultinationalsmonopolyshouldbeprevented.allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.ItcanbelearnedfromPara5thattheOECOscurrentworkisbein

48、gresistedbyUScompanies.needstobereadjustedimmediately.isfacedwithuncertainprospects.needstoininvolvemorecountries.Whichofthefollowingmightbethe.besttitleforthistextFranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctionsFranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTaxFranceSaysNOtoTechMultinationalsFranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconom

49、yPartBDirections：Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)EyefixactionsarebriefToomucheyecontactisinstinetivelyfe

50、lttoberudeEyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignalPersonalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontactBiologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigatedMostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangersEyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepay

51、ingattentioninafriendlyway.Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapoliticalcandidatetumstowardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontactthatsignalshostility.Hereswhathardsciencerevealsabouteyecontact:Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmotherseyes,andshewilllookback.Thismutualgazei

52、samajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.Inadulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbeacomplimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeonesattentioninacrowdedroom,Eyecontactandsmilecansignalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedinstudiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.Neuroscie

53、ntistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedtheamountofeyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthedirectionoftheirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomaytendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespondduringdir

54、ectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,dependingonthesituationWhileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnectionortrustinfriendlysi

55、tuations,itsmorelikelytobeassociatedwithdominanceOFintimidationinadversarialsituations.Whetheryoureapoliticianoraparent,itmightbehelpfultokeepinmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactmaybackfireifyouretryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasadifferentsetofbeliefsthanyou,saidMinson.Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureye

56、spauseononespotatatime,oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenassembledandperceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.Inpeo

57、plewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimensionassociatedwithself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociatedwithavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanenandcolleagues.Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbuttha

58、ttheirbrainreactionsalsodiffer-Amoredirectfindingisthatpeoplewhoscoredhighfornegativeemotionslikeanxietylookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmorecomfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyatthem.SectionHITranslationDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlineds

59、egmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavouredamorehumani

60、sticapproachtobeing.RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.(thegapbetween)thechurchsteachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweenthemedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbr